Classical Liberalism

"It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest."

Adam Smith

Classical Liberalism is an economically center-right to far-right, mildly to moderately libertarian, and culturally variable ideology.

He was conceived some time in the early 18th century as a child of the Enlightenment. He used to believe that people had an inherent right to their "Life, Liberty and Property" though he later amended that to "Life, Liberty and The Pursuit of Happiness".

Classical Liberalism hatched the idea, partly inspired by the French Physiocrats and their concept of laissez-faire, that individual freedom and a free market would result in a balanced economical equilibrium - as long as monopolies were not allowed to develop and destroy competitiveness. He viewed free trade as a path to universal peace and prosperity. He also often strongly opposed landed aristocracy, struggling against Monarchist and Reactionary tendencies.

ClassLib is considered the original inspiration for most of the Lib-Right ideologies, including Capitalism, even though the modern concept of capitalism isn't necessarily entirely free market and free trade focused compared with the original Classical Liberalism; since monopoly and market power isn't vigorously kept in check, the state provides benefits to multiple specific corporations, and Protectionism sometimes sneaks in when it's in the interest of powerful political and economical actors - revealing the connection to ClassLib's old enemy Mercantilism.

Some time in the early 20th century ClassLib became the father of Liberalism, who managed to then make the Liberal Dynasty into what it is today; with his other offspring, Libertarianism and National Liberalism taking on more fringe positions.

History

Origins

Historically the philosophy of classical liberalism has a set of factors which have contributed to its creation and development; the most prominent of these factors include the individualistic attitudes and beliefs of especially the protestant Christian faith, opposition to authoritarian social contract theories which put the state or law as the source of ethics as opposed to the other way around, as well as the rise of international trade and industrialisation.

The foundation of classical liberal philosophy is generally attributed to the English philosopher John Locke and his "Two Treatises of Government" (1689) - while the arguably equally important and intrinsically linked classical economy is based on Adam Smith's "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" (1776).

Throughout the history of liberal thought, there's been competing branches, ranging from what could be called "traditionalism" to "radicalism" . Thinkers such as John Locke and David Hume may be considered relatively traditionalist, while thinkers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Thomas Paine were much more radical in their concepts of liberty. Even Adam Smith may be considered relatively radical in his approach to certain things such as aristocracy and monopoly power, perceiving that markets could fail if natural monopolies were allowed to form.

Development and decline

The United States Constitution was firmly cemented in a liberal philosophy, and the later 19th century success of liberal policies, free trade, etc. in Western Europe and the United States contributed to a massive growth in productivity and exchange.

Later thinkers such as Jeremy Bentham and J.S. Mill would introduce a utilitarian liberal approach which could be considered a part of a more left-wing branch, at least relatively, being also concerned with inequality resulting from the failures of markets in certain situations. This would eventually give rise to Social Liberalism.

Towards the 20th century, there was still a marked division within the liberal ideology, and political radicals such as David Lloyd George in the UK were at odds with more traditionalist liberals as he passed the People's Budget which provided hitherto unprecedented welfare and sought to impose taxes on the wealthy, especially the landed aristocracy.

In the UK, the liberals would eventually be marginalised by the increasingly dominant dichotomy between Socialism and Capitalism, with the Conservative Party taking on the mantle of Paternalistic Conservatism and the newly formed Labour Party wanting to drive social reforms even further than the Liberal Party.

Modern Liberalism and its meaning

In the US previous to the 1930s election, Democrats, such as Grover Cleveland, were Classical Liberals, thus the party was associated to (Classical) Liberalism and its members were regarded as Liberals. Franklin D. Roosevelt, however, despite representing a huge shift from this ideology, kept on identifying along with his followers as a "Liberal". That's why in The US, liberalism is more often used to refer to Social Liberalism, while in other parts of the world liberalism kept a meaning closer to the original one of Classical Liberalism (though in Europe especially, political parties espousing the term "Liberal" are oftentimes mostly a mixed bag of Neoliberal, Neoconservative, Liberal Conservative and Social Liberalism).

Classical Liberalism and Libertarianism

Those who, in the US, used to identify as Liberals in the broader sense had to start calling themselves Classical Liberals, or Liberals in the Classical tradition, and later in the 40s they started using the term "Libertarianism" to refer to themselves, appropriating the term from Libertarian Socialists, to be differentiated from the Democratic party adherents; and with the passing of time and the radicalization of ideas, the meaning of the term Libertarianism shifted from a synonym of Classical Liberalism to a more modern version of it, and usually more radical, but sometimes the terms are still used interchangeably, such as Milton Friedman who described himself sometimes as a Classical Liberal and sometimes as a Libertarian.

Some modern Libertarian anti-statists have started to (re)appropriate the term in order to make their vision of a society based purely on property rights and the free market more legitimate, but some say that it bears little resemblance with the views of the original founders of Liberalism, who were far from being Anarcho-Capitalists, proposing instead something close to a night-watchmen state.
However some Anarcho-Capitalists argue that during the 20th century one can identify a distinct radical wing within the Classical Liberal movement, referring to Classical Liberals such as Gustave de Molinari, Herbert Spencer and Auberon Herbert, thus calling themselves Classical Liberals (or rather Radical Classical Liberals) wouldn't be as far from the original meaning as it might seem at first.

Around the World

Germany

In the Weimar Republic, the German Democratic Party was founded in 1918. It had both a social-liberal and classical liberal wing. It heavily favored republicanism over monarchism. Its ideas consisted of a socially balanced economy with solidarity, duty and rights among all workers, but it struggled due to the economic sanctions of the Treaty of Versailles.

Italy

In Italy the presence of liberal ideas, closely linked to unitary and nationalist ones, began to emerge during the Napoleonic occupation, with various sister republics allied with the French and based on Jacobin principles that replaced the old reactionary monarchies until the Congress of Vienna. In this period the Italian innovators and enlighteners were generally very pro-French and admirers of the revolution. During the Risorgimento, moderate and monarchist liberals like Cavour managed to marginalize republican radicals like Mazzini and Garibaldi and unify Italy by gradually expelling the last Habsburg bastions in the north-east. During the Risorgimento the two main Italian parties, the historical right and the historical left, were fundamentally liberal and secular, but despite the prevalence of anticlerical sentiments and freemason influences, a current of Catholic liberals developed and included figures such as Manzoni and a specific faction called "neo-Guelph" which, led by Vincenzo Gioberti, wanted a confederal unification of Italy with the leadership of the Pope.

The liberal elite's monopoly on Italian politics began to decline in the early 20th century when the Pope ended the non expedit which excluded Catholics from political life in protest against the occupation of Papal Rome. In this context the liberals, who in the meantime were no longer divided between the old right and left parties but united in the liberal union since 1913, veered to the left under the leadership of Gentiloni and formed an alliance with the Catholics of the PPI to stop the growing socialist influence, despite the skepticism of the more secular and radical liberal currents. Many liberals initially collaborated with Mussolini's fascism in what they saw as a temporary necessity to restore order and stop the communist revolution, however with the Matteotti crime and the formation of the totalitarian dictatorship many liberals went to the opposition (Croce signed the manifesto of anti-fascist intellectuals) and only a minority of them continued to work with the regime. After the Nazi-fascist occupation, many liberals, who were also royalists, took part in the right-wing anti-communist factions of the resistance that liberated Italy and in the 1946 referendum between monarchy and republic they sided with the King, although they later integrated into the democratic republican system. The PLI, formed in 1922, banned by fascism like all parties and reformed in 1943, collaborated with communists and Catholics in the drafting of the Italian constitution.

In the post-war period the centre-right PLI was the main liberal current in Italy and was dominated by the more conservative and atlanticist factions of Italian liberalism, although with the presence of minority left-wing and progressive currents. The PLI sometimes collaborated with centrist Christian Democratic governments while opposing centre-left coalitions, sometimes ending up in opposition, although always refusing to form a common front with the far-right MSI, which was generally marginalized by all parties except sometimes the monarchists.

In 1974, at the height of the Cold War, a plan called the "white coup" thinked by former liberal partisans was discovered; the cospirators want to overthrow the government and abolish parliamentarianism by reforming the constitution in a French-style semi-presidentialism, as well as to abolish the extremist forces of the PCI and neo-fascists, seen as a threat to Western-aligned democracy.

With the end of the first republic, the PLI, like all the main parties, dissolved and many of its right-wing members joined the Milanese entrepreneur Berlusconi, who dominated Italian politics and promised a "liberal revolution" of deregulation and privatization.

Nowadays classical liberalism is not the main current in Italy, however those who support a more laissez faire economy can support the minoritary and moderate currents of the center right coalition such as Forza Italia.

Beliefs

Democracy

WIP

Equality

WIP

Economy

Classical liberals believe in Smith's theory that an "invisible hand" would harmoniously self-regulate the market without the need for authoritarian interference from governments, also favoring the free market as opposed to fashionable mercantilist protectionism back in the day, which they helped bring down in many countries. Not being anarchists but instead having a vision more similar to that of modern minarchists, classical liberals reserved a very limited role, as a "night watchman", for the state in the economy, possessing institutions such as the police and army and defending individual rights and property.

Foreign Relations

WIP

Religion

WIP

Variants

Smithianism

Adam Smith was a Scottish economist and philosopher who was a pioneer in the thinking of political economy and key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment. Also seen as "The Father of Economics" or "The Father of Capitalism", he wrote two classic works, The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. The latter, often abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work that treats economics as a comprehensive system and as an academic discipline. Smith refuses to explain the distribution of wealth and power in terms of God’s will and instead appeals to natural, political, social, economic and technological factors and the interactions between them. In his work, Smith introduced, among others, his theory of absolute advantage. The Wealth of Nations was a precursor to the modern academic discipline of economics. In this and other works, Smith expounded how rational self-interest and competition can lead to economic prosperity.

Smith was controversial in his own day and his general approach and writing style were often satirised by Tory writers in the moralising tradition of Hogarth and Swift, as a discussion at the University of Winchester suggests. In 2005, The Wealth of Nations was named among the 100 Best Scottish Books of all time. In light of the arguments put forward by Smith and other economic theorists in Britain, academic belief in mercantilism began to decline in Britain in the late 18th century. During the Industrial Revolution, Britain embraced free trade and Smith's laissez-faire economics, and via the British Empire, used its power to spread a broadly liberal economic model around the world, characterised by open markets, and relatively barrier-free domestic and international trade. Smith has been commemorated in the UK on banknotes printed by two different banks; his portrait has appeared since 1981 on the £50 notes issued by the Clydesdale Bank in Scotland ,and in March 2007 Smith's image also appeared on the new series of £20 notes issued by the Bank of England, making him the first Scotsman to feature on an English banknote.

Bourbon Democratism

The Bourbon Democrats were a faction in the Democratic Party during the late 19th century. They were never a formal group but were instead a collection of Democrat voters who coalesced around shared political goals. The term "Bourbon Democrat" was actually a term created by their critics to describe their ideas as being old fashioned. Bourbon Democrats were supporters of Fiscal Conservatism and Laissez-Faire Capitalism, while opposing bimetallism favoring the gold standard. They also supported Civil Service Reform. Bourbon Democrats supported the business interests of banks and railroads as well as the presidential candidacies of Samuel Tilden and Grover Cleveland. The Bourbon Democrats ceased to be a force in American politics after Woodrow Wilson was elected president in 1912 and named William Jennings Bryan, a leading opponent of the Bourbon Democrats, as Secretary of State.

Lockeanism

Lockeanism is political philosophy developed by John Locke, a 17th-century philosopher. It centers on the idea of natural rights, which are inherent to all individuals by virtue of their humanity. These rights include life, liberty, and property. According to Locke, these rights are not given by governments but are fundamental to human nature. Lockeanism also emphasizes the social contract theory, which suggests that individuals form societies and governments to protect their natural rights and ensure order. However, governments only have legitimacy if they obtain the consent of the governed. If a government fails to protect citizens' rights or becomes oppressive, individuals have the right to rebel and establish a new government. Furthermore, Lockeanism advocates for limited government power. Locke believed that governments should have restricted authority and be bound by laws and constitutions to prevent abuse of power. The primary role of government, according to Locke, is to safeguard the natural rights of its citizens.

Maderismo

Maderismo is a political movement based on the ideology of Francisco I. Madero who seeked the resignation of the then President of Mexico Porfirio Díaz. As a member of the upper-class Madero was able to acknowledge the systemic problems around Díaz's technocratic government. As a classical liberal from his time and taking inspiration from previous figures like Benito Juarez he valued the political participation of the citizens from all sectors of society, freedom of speech and assembly, restitution of land and the adoption of a liberal economy that would allow the population to participate without restrictions from Porfirian aristocracy.

Washingtonism

Washingtonism is based on the political ideology of the first President of the Untied States, George Washington. Despite being elected unanimously, Washington was not a very deep political thinker. He considered himself to be a farmer and a soldier rather than a politician. As such, he took a moderate approach to his position as President and surrounded himself with the brightest minds in America including Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton. While Washington valued the input from both men, he more often sided with Alexander Hamilton, particularly on economic and foreign policy issues. Above all, Washington's main goal as president was to unite the thirteen colonies under the new federal government and prevent fractioning over geographic or political lines.

Personality

• Sleepy and old
• Tired and mellow demeanor
• Slight Scottish accent
• Likes to talk about the benefits of individual freedom and its correlation with knowledge and wealth
• True gentleman

How to Draw

Flag of Classical Liberalism

1. Draw a ball with Eyes
2. Draw a tricolour of Dark Blue, Gold and White.
3. (Optional) draw a renaissance wig.

You're finished

Original: Flag of Classical Liberalism : vexillology

Color Name		HEX	RGB
	White	#FFFFFF	rgb(255, 255, 255)
	Yellow	#FFDB28	rgb(255, 219, 40)
	Dark Blue	#39386E	rgb(57, 56, 110)

Relationships

Fellow Freedomites

• Enlightenment Thought - You're brilliant, dad. Where would we all be without you?
• Social Liberalism - My progressive and welfare-loving grandchild.
• American Constitutionalism - One of my major inspirations, I greatly admire him!
• Capitalism - We kicked their ass together!
• Liberalism - Love ya, son! I don't think you will be as influential as me, but I hope that someday you'll prove me wrong.
• National Liberalism - 1848, best year in Europe!
• Georgism - Ah yes, my forgotten nephew! Ground-rents, and the ordinary rents from land, are probably the best sources of tax revenue, indeed.
• Christian Liberalism - Definitely the best Christians, not to mention that many classical liberal writers were Christian.
• Libertarianism - Good ideas, but I did also invent the idea of a social contract.
• Liberaltarianism - Oh boy... Well you do combine the best aspects of Social Liberalism and Libertarianism but you're kind of *ahem* inbred.
• Social Libertarianism - Liberty and free markets, but do try to ease off the subsidies though.
• Fiscal Conservatism - I like to discuss economics with him.
• Civic Nationalism - The most respectable kind of nationalism. Ernest Renan was great.
• Patriotism - Glory to Columbia!
• Jeffersonian Democracy - The American revolution was fucking awesome! Also the rest of your ideas are pretty enlightening!
• Girondism - My main representative in the French Revolution. It is such a shame that you and my brother did not get along.
• Friedmanism and Hayekism - My greatest representatives in the XX century.
• Coolidgism - Protectionist but overall pretty good president.
• Monetarism - Good monetary policy but gold and no central banks will be even better.
• Helvetic Model - The best model nowadays.
• Steiner-Vallentyne School - A left-wing version of me. Also, we both like John Locke.
• Minarchism - Limited government are necessary to preserve individual autonomy.
• Radicalism - My beloved son. He mostly has amazing takes on freedom, liberty and democracy (my influence!), and he also used to rightfully criticize me for not emphasizing what it meant to be equal under the law. Look, son, that was a long time ago! We all make mistakes, don't we?
• Jacobinism - Oh, dear brother... Together, we declared the first republic of Europe, and it was truly glorious. You were invaluable in safeguarding and spreading the values of liberalism, but you also became too radical and made severe mistakes as a result, like conflicting with him. Still, love ya bro.
• Jacksonian Democracy - Extremely based ideology, but your racism and populism...
• Bull Moose Progressivism, Lincolnian Democracy and Jeffersonianism - MOUNT RUSHMORE ASSEMBLE!

Tolerable

• Hamiltonianism - Washington may like you but you are too protectionist and Jeffersonian Democracy is closer to me then you. Not to also mention you remind me of Tradcon.
• Anarcho-Capitalism - It's undeniable that you took on my principles, but Anarchism doesn't work.
• Panarchism - You claim to be the full realization of my ideals, but how could we possibly maintain liberty without a state to maintain the rule of law?
  • Through voluntary associations, of course!

• Libertarian Socialism - Life, Liberty and Property!, at least you cared about freedom.
• Ricardian Socialism - You completely misunderstand Ricardo! At least you understand why we must have a market though.
• Market Socialism - My son, how exactly do you expect this to work? At least you're rational enough to understand why we need a free market. John Stuart Mill is based
• Liberal Socialism - I have to admit, Mill's critique of classical economics was a good read, but it is still rather puzzling to me that you think of socialism - an idea that is somewhat fundamentally in contradiction to the values of liberty and property - as an extension of liberalism.
• Social Democracy - I admire your willingness to accept the need for capitalism, but you're still too close to him.
• Social Capitalism - Thank you for (kind of) renewing capitalism, too much statism though.
• Conservative Liberalism - My very moderate son, stop being so conservative and stop compromising with aristocrats and tyrants!
• Liberal Conservatism - I like Peel for joining with me but you are still too conservative for me.
• Neoconservatism - I can respect your dedication to our economic system, but Washington was against America intervening in foreign conflicts.
• Reactionary Liberalism - Bastard child. And I thought he could be a little crazy...
• Ordo-Liberalism - Classical Liberalism beats New Liberalism!
• Neoliberalism - I wish you weren't so regulatory like your dad. Also, what's with all these invasions with your friend?
  • Regulations? Name one.

• Third Way - Ah yes, my great-grandchild who isn't very different from their parent...
• Liberal Hawk - Am I seeing double?
• American Model - America, the land of the free! Why must you have changed your ways?
• Paleolibertarianism and National Libertarianism - Alright, you two are pretty crazy, sometimes even downright unhinged, but you are also family, so I still love you.
• Austrian School - My dear son, I admire your economic vision, I really do, but can't you see that they stand in the way of the free market? I cannot believe I'm saying this, but some regulations are absolutely necessary!
• Objectivism - Huge fan of mine, but she's very irritating. Even when I agree with her, she's still kind of annoying.
• Feuillantism - End slavery! End the monarchy!
• Right-Wing Populism - Some of you are okay but many are statist protectionists, massively mixed bag.
• Nationalism - I remember when we both overthrew the old feudal systems, but you also caused a lot of damage in recent times, so you're a mixed bag overall. Please keep an eye on your deranged children , would you?
• Constitutional Monarchism - Tolerable unlike other members of his family. You helped me in Britain but I had to expel you from the Thirteen Colonies. No taxation without representation, bruv.
• Globalism - Economic globalization and world pacifism are based, but a one world government would be way too much centralization of power. I prefer competition between nation-states.
• World Federalism - Interesting idea, but still too much centralization.
• Liberal Autocracy - Hayek was right.
• Timocracy - I used to support you. Forbidding welfare recipients from voting is a good idea.
• Revolutionary Nationalism - We used to be the best of friends, but I find you’re methods to be unnecessary and brutal in the modern day.
• Welfarism - A bit less, a bit less, a bit less, etc.

Tyrants

• Absolute Monarchism - 1848 WILL COMMENCE AGAIN!
• Monarcho-Fascism - SIC SEMPER TYRANNIS!
• Classical Conservatism - Tool of the above. At least we eventually had a baby.
• Enlightened Absolutism - Ok, what the actual fuck?
• Mercantilism - We need free trade!
• National Conservatism - Delusional populist.
• Feudalism - Stop attacking me all the time, backward medievalist!
• Marxism-Leninism - He keeps calling me the "reactionary status quo" but look at me kicking absolutist ass over here!
• Reactionaryism - Why on Earth would you reject the Enlightenment!?
• Carlism - Really? Fuck you. Goddamn reactionary scum. Though I admit that the Fueros sounds great.
• Socialism - Will never work.
  • I'm sure your predecessor thought much the same about you.

• Fascism - Vile despot who opposes freedom and liberty, and the antithesis of everything we stand for. Appointing De' Stefani as the Minister of Finance was a good choice though.
• Austrofascism - Same shit, but Austrian. Though thanks for appointing Mises as the Minister of the Chamber of Commerce.
• Nazism - Absolute monster. You tried to kill Mises!
• Corporatocracy and State Liberalism - We need to talk, my child... WHAT IN THE BLOODY HELL IS THIS?!
• Alt-Right - You're an outright Neo-Nazi. Stop saying that only white people and white civilizations are able to follow or be the closest to my philosophy! Go ask Reactionary Liberalism. But do ignore that many people who followed me indeed believed that Whites were the only people who would rationally exercise the duties associated with liberty.
• Alt-Lite - Stop hijacking my movement! But at least we agree that illegal immigration is bad and Islam is incompatible with my values.
• Manosphere - Gonna have to agree with Wollstonecraft on this issue. If all men are born equal, then so are women. But MGTOWs, Neomasculinity, and redpillers are based.
• White Nationalism - Another one?! Good Lord, leave me alone already!
• Silver Legionism - Same garbage as him again, only American this time. Doesn't do you any favors. They really like Washington for some reason.
• Babouvism - The seed of the communist evil!
• Marxism - My archenemy in the modern days.
• Illegalism - Own a musket for home defense, since that's what the founding fathers intended. Four ruffians break into my house. "What the devil?" As I grab my powdered wig and Kentucky rifle. Blow a golf ball-sized hole through the first man, he's dead on the spot. Draw my pistol on the second man, miss him entirely because it's smoothbore and nails the neighbor's dog. I have to resort to the cannon mounted at the top of the stairs loaded with grapeshot, "Tally ho lads" the grapeshot shreds two men in the blast, the sound and extra shrapnel set off car alarms. Fix bayonet and charge the last terrified rapscallion. He Bleeds out waiting for the police to arrive since triangular bayonet wounds are impossible to stitch up. Just as the founding fathers intended.

Gallery

Portraits

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Comics

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  Credit: u/duy_physics, Source
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  Credit: u/Pirate_Tails Source

Further Information

Literature

Note: List kept in rough chronological order.

• On the Law of War and Peace and The Freedom of the Seas by Hugo Grotius
• Areopagitica by John Milton
• Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina of 1669 by John Locke and Anthony Ashley Cooper
• Two Treatises of Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration by John Locke
• The Fable of the Bees; Or, Private Vices, Public Benefits by Bernard Mandeville
• Cato's Letters by Thomas Gordon and John Trenchard
• The Spirit of the Laws by Baron de Montesquieu
• Reflections on the Formation and Distribution of Wealth by Anne Robert Jacques Turgot
• The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith
• A Treatise Concerning Civil Government by Josiah Tucker
• Common Sense by Thomas Paine
• Rights of Man by Thomas Paine
• The Limits of State Action by Wilhelm von Humboldt
• The Liberty of Ancients Compared with that of Moderns and Principles of Politics Applicable to All Governments by Benjamin Constant
• A Treatise on Political Economy by Destutt de Tracy (and translated by Thomas Jefferson)
• A Treatise on Political Economy and Letters to Mr. Malthus by Jean-Baptiste Say
• Democracy in America by Alexis de Tocqueville
• The Bastiat Collection by Frédéric Bastiat
• Social Statics; or the Conditions Essential to Human Happiness and Principles of Ethics by Herbert Spencer
• On liberty by John Stuart Mill
• Essays on Freedom and Power by John-Dalberg Acton
• A Plea for Liberty: An Argument against Socialism and Socialistic Legislation by multiple writers
• The Bloody Tenant of Persecution for Cause of Conscience by Rodger Williams

20th century and after

• Tracotanza Proteccionista by Luigi Einaudi
• Liberalism: In the Classical Tradition by Ludwig Von Mises
• The Constitution of Liberty by Friedrich August von Hayek
• Two Concepts of Liberty by Isaiah Berlin
• The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy by Jacob Leib Talmon
• Classical Liberalism: A Primer by Eamonn Butler
• What is Classical Liberalism? by Ralph Raico
• An American Classical Liberalism by Llewellin H. Rockwell Jr.
• Five False Assumptions of Liberalism and its follow-up article by Carl Benjamin
• Liberalism and Its Discontents by Francis Fukuyama

Wikipedia

• Classical liberalism
• Classical economics
• Neoclassical economics
• Manchester Liberalism
• French Liberal School
• Gladstonian liberalism
• Liberism
• Constitutional liberalism
• Homestead principle
• Labor theory of property
• Lockean proviso
• Harm principle
• John Locke
• Adam Smith
• Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs
• Bourbon Democrat

Parties

• People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
• ACT New Zealand
• FDP.The Liberals

Videos

• A Guide to Classical Liberalism and Classical Liberalism, Part 2: The Rise and Fall (and Rise and Fall) by The Academic Agent
• How Classical Liberalism became Libertarianism by Casual Historian
• What is Classical Liberalism? and The History of Classical Liberalism by Learn Liberty
• Liberalism: where did it come from and are its days numbered? by The Economist
• What is a Classical Liberal? (Animated) by The Rubin Report
• The Truth About Classical Liberalism by Martin Goldberg
• Adam's Myth: What Classical Liberalism really is? by Sprachielle
• Liberalism vs Mass Democracy by Russell Walter
• Alphabet of Classical Liberalism

Online Communities

• r/Classical_Liberals
• r/Liberalist

Websites

• Adam Smith Institute
• Niskanen Center