Jacobinism

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Not to be confused with Jacobitism.

Jacobinism, also known as Montagnardism, is a populist (but authoritarian), radical liberal revolutionary ideology that originates from the Age of Enlightenment (18th century) and that advocates for a revolution against the traditional European society and the establishment of an egalitarian republic . They wanted to destroy any trace of the old feudal society, as opposed to the Girondist and general Liberal/Radical views of simply removing feudalism and the monarchy. Jacobinism supports radically transforming society quickly and violently, by removing organised religion (aside from Deism) and executing noblemen, clergymen and royals, because they, in the Jacobinist view, oppressed humanity for millennia and must be punished and brought to justice, or else they will seek to undermine the Republic which will allow them to oppress humanity once more.

Their influence is far and wide, as they are the parent of Babouvism and Philosophical Anarchism, and the ancestor of modern Progressivism, which in turn makes them the close ancestor of most left-wing ideologies. Most revolutionary forces, from the Revolutions of 1848 to the Vanguardist ones in the 20th century, owe much inspiration to the Jacobins. They were the first people to consider a revolution as a large scale movement and something of inherent value that must be defended, rather than the civil wars that English and American Liberals waged between the states against the empire or the aristocrats and Protestant clergy fighting against the King and Catholics.

They are forever infamous for their role in the French Revolution and for being responsible for the subsequent Reign of Terror , where by means of their signature weapon, the guillotine, everyone deemed to be counterrevolutionary was executed.

Etymology

The Jacobins got their name from the fact that their club, the Breton Club, and later the Society of Friends of the Constitution, met in the convent of the Dominicans, or Jacobins, on Rue Saint-Honoré in Paris. This was despite subsequent Jacobin persecutions of Dominicans and Catholics in general.

History

The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire on November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate. Many of its ideas are considered fundamental principles of Liberal Democracy, while its values and institutions remain central to modern French political discourse.

The causes are generally agreed to be a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the Ancien Régime proved unable to manage. A financial crisis and widespread social distress led, in May 1789, to the convocation of the Estates General which was converted into a National Assembly in June. The Storming of the Bastille on 14 July led to a series of radical measures by the Assembly, among them the abolition of feudalism, state control over the Catholic Church in France, and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

The next three years were dominated by the struggle for political control, exacerbated by economic depression. A series of military defeats following the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars in April 1792 resulted in the Insurrection of 10 August 1792. In September, the monarchy was abolished, and replaced with the First French Republic. Louis XVI was executed via guillotine in January 1793.

The Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy (French: Proclamation de l'abolition de la royauté) was a proclamation by the National Convention of France, announcing that it had abolished the French monarchy on 21 September 1792.

After another Paris-based revolt in June 1793, the constitution was suspended and effective political power passed from the National Convention to the Committee of Public Safety . In a period of the revolution known as the Reign of Terror, an estimated 1 million people had been arrested, 16954 official death sentences had been dispensed throughout France since June 1963, an additional 10000-12000 people had been executed without trial, and around 10000 had died in prison. The Terror ended in July 1794, when, weakened by external threats and internal opposition, the Republic was replaced by the Directory (1795-1799) in a coup d'etat that became known as the Thermidorian Reaction. Four years later, in November 1799, the French Consulate seized power in a military coup led by Napoleon Bonaparte. This is generally seen as marking the end of the revolutionary period.

Causes of the Révolution

-Bad harvests

-Profound social and economic inequality

-Serious economic crisis

-The Enlightenment

-Three Estate System

The American Revolution as an influence

The American Revolution influenced the French Revolution, both ideologically and politically. In fact, the two Revolutions were linked in a process of two-way, trans-Atlantic communication that began with the Enlightenment and continued during both revolutions.

The American Revolution provided a successful model of challenging monarchical power, which inspired the French people. It also contributed to France's financial crisis through the cost of supporting the American war effort. Furthermore, American ideals and documents, like the Declaration of Independence, influenced French thinkers and revolutionaries, while French soldiers returning from America brought back republican ideas.

Creation of the Jacobin Club

Formed by men from the urban petty bourgeoisie, the Jacobins were recognized in history mainly for their radical republicanism, and also for the centralizing role played by the state in the revolutionary process. Initially, the Jacobins were just members of a Masonic club called the Jacobin Club – which, in turn, had such a name because it was located in the Convent of São Tiago (in the original French, Jacques or Jacob). Some nobles and several rich bourgeois belonged to the group; Among these were important figures for the Revolution that would soon take place, such as Jacques-Pierre Brissot, who would lead the Girondin faction, and Maximilien Robespierre, who would lead the Montagnard faction.

French Revolution of 1789

(here goes the general history of the ideology stuff that does not fit into the proto, origin, peak, downfall and modern section)

Storming of the Bastille

(here goes the general history of the ideology stuff that does not fit into the proto, origin, peak, downfall and modern section)

Fall of the Ancien Régime

(goes on for as long as it needs to go on for)

Declaration of the Rights of Man

(this section is about the ideology and the peak of its intellectual, ideological strength and the height of its popularity)

Revolutionary Wars with Europe

(here goes the general history of the ideology stuff that does not fit into the proto, origin, peak, downfall and modern section)

Abolition of the Monarchy

(here goes the general history of the ideology stuff that does not fit into the proto, origin, peak, downfall and modern section)

Reign of Terror

(goes on for as long as it needs to go on for)

Thermidorian Reaction

(this section is about the eventual downfall of the ideology and what has caused this downfall)

Legacy

(which ideologies this ideology has influenced and how it influenced them)

Examples

Fictional Examples

(fictional examples of the ideology happening in fiction)

Comparisons

Socialism

(similar ideologies to the ideology and the parallels it has)

Fascism

(similar movements to the ideology and the parallels it has)

Intellectuals

Main Intellectual

(this section talks about the most important intellectual to the movement)

Intellectual etc.

(this section talks about less important but still critical people, it is numbered and goes on for however long it needs to go on for)

Foundations and Beliefs

Tenets

• Republicanism: The Jacobins were staunch proponents of republicanism, advocating for the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of a democratic republic. They believed in the sovereignty of the people and the elimination of hereditary privilege .

• Popular Sovereignty: The Jacobins emphasized the concept of popular sovereignty , asserting that political power should reside with the citizens and be exercised through representative institutions. They sought to empower the masses and ensure their active participation in political decision-making.

• Equality: The Jacobins advocated for social equality and the abolition of social hierarchies. They rejected the privileges of the nobility and sought to create a more egalitarian society based on merit and civic virtue.

• Liberty: The Jacobins placed great importance on individual and political liberties. They championed freedom of speech, press, and association, seeking to protect these rights as essential elements of a democratic society.

• Virtue and Civic Duty: The Jacobins believed in the cultivation of virtue and the fulfillment of civic duties as essential components of active citizenship. They promoted civic education and moral values as a means to create an engaged and responsible citizenry.

• Centralization of Power: The Jacobins supported a strong central government and centralization of power. They believed that a unified and centralized state was necessary to implement their reforms and to defend the republic against counterrevolutionary forces .

• Revolutionary Justice: The Jacobins implemented a policy of revolutionary justice, aiming to safeguard the revolution and punish its enemies. They established Popular Tribunals aswell as the Committee of Public Safety , and conducted trials and prosecutions of oppressors and enemies of the people , aswell as of perceived counterrevolutionaries . The revolution was marred with mass political violence and unrest, an infamous part of which was a period known as the Reign of Terror.

• Nationalism: The Jacobins promoted a strong sense of nationalism, emphasizing the unity and sovereignty of the French nation. They sought to spread their revolutionary ideals beyond French borders, encouraging the export of the revolution and supporting nationalist uprisings in other countries.

• Secularism: The Jacobins advocated for the separation of church and state. They sought to limit the influence of religion in political affairs and replace traditional religious practices with a more rational and secular civic cult.

• Revolutionary Internationalism: While primarily focused on the French Revolution, the Jacobins supported the idea of international solidarity among revolutionary movements. They envisioned a global struggle against monarchies and aristocracies, advocating for the spread of revolutionary principles throughout Europe and beyond.

Theory/Belief 1

(a belief or theory the ideology holds)

Theory/Belief 2

(a belief or theory the ideology holds)

Theory/Belief etc

(goes on for as long as it needs to)

Framework

(this section puts all the beliefs into a larger cohesive framework and makes them mix with eachother)

Misc

(random stuff that doesnt fit in any of those categories)

Variants

Internal conflicts in ideology

(this section is for conflicts members of the ideology have often had with eachother)

Sub-Ideologies

Cult of the Supreme Being

WIP

Jacobin Club

Request for Improvement

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This page has been identified as unsatisfactory, incomplete or containing erroneous information. You can help this page out by correcting the issues listed below.

Issues: There is nothing in this section
Improvements needed: Elaborate on the Girondin, Montagnard, and La Plaineist factions

Cordeliers Club

Request for Improvement

"Market's failed again. We'd better fix this page for the common good." - Social Liberalism

This page has been identified as unsatisfactory, incomplete or containing erroneous information. You can help this page out by correcting the issues listed below.

Issues: There is nothing in this section
Improvements needed: Needed elaboration for Hebertists and Dantonist factions

Regional Tendencies

Regional Tendency 1

(this is for explaing different regional interpretations of the ideology)

Regional Tendency 2

(this is for explaing different regional interpretations of the ideology)

Regional Tendency etc

(goes on as long as it needs to)

Personality and Behaviour

How Jacobinism acts

Jacobin is usually presented as being French. He loves his nation and people, and wants the best for them, advocating for national liberation and for unyielding struggle against oppressors and enemies of the people. To this end, he also strongly believes that la Révolution should not, and will not be civilized. Radically republican, democratic, egalitarian, liberal and progressive in his beliefs, he can be somewhat of a maniac in pursuit of these noble ideals, going as far as resorting to terror upon anyone who goes against them and against la République, including royalists, aristocrats, feudalists, reactionaries, clericals, obscurantists, traditionalists, conservatives, moderates and fence-sitters, and even other revolutionaries and normal French citizens.

Aesthetics

(the general aesthetics of the ideology)

Stylistic Notes

(generally small facts about the ideologies behaviour or looks)

How to Draw

Color Name		HEX	RGB
	Blue	#0055A4	rgb(0, 85, 164)
	White	#FFFFFF	rgb(255, 255, 255)
	Light Red	#EF4135	rgb(239, 65, 53)
	Red	#FE0010	rgb(254, 0, 16)
	Black	#141414	rgb(20, 20, 20)

How to draw

Symbols

(symbols the ideology has)

Flags

Flag of Jacobinism

The flag design for Jacobinism is identical to that of Girondism and La Plaineism, as they all share the laurel wreath as their main symbol, the difference being it has a red unicolor in the background, which is explained by the revolutionary and bloody nature of the ideology.

Props

(props the ideology often has)

Drawing

Drawing Jacobin requires a few steps:

1. Draw a ball
2. Draw a Phrygian cap on top
3. Draw a French cockade on the cap
4. Fill both the cap and the ball with red
5. Draw 2 intertwined branches in black in the ball
6. Add the eyes and you're done

Alternate Designs

(guides of the alternate designs)

Variation Designs

(guides of the variant designs)

Relationships

Amis de la liberté et de l'égalité (Friends of Freedom and Equality)

• Populisme de gauche - Bon sang ouais, rallier le peuple!
• Républicanisme - Down with the ancien régime! Down with monarques, absolutistes, tyranniques! Vive la République!
• Pensée des Lumières - Men are born and remain free and equal in rights.
• Démocratie - Les réalités et pratiques odieuses de l'ancien régime must be replaced with souveraineté populaire, société civile, processus démocratique et autonomisation du peuple!
• Nationalisme - The king must die because the nation must live.
• Patriotisme - Vive la France! When unified together, the people's power is unstoppable!!!
• Nationalisme révolutionnaire - VIVE LA REVOLUTION!!!
• Radicalisme - Tu es aussi excellent que toujours, mon meilleur ami.
• Libéralisme classique - Oui, liberté, égalité, fraternité, cher frère!
• Socialisme - Mon chéri camarade! Votre cœur est à la bonne place, vos idées sont géniales, and we both love the people! Although I do think you go a little too far with égalité. I am still a libérale and enjoy propriété privée.
• Socialisme libéral - Je dois dire que votre combinaison des idées des trois ci-dessus est vraiment glorieuse. You are certainly un de mes descendants et héritiers préférés! I do advise you to be more hardline and revolutionary, though.
• Laïcité - Egalement parmi mes descendants et héritiers préférés. Continuez la juste bataille pour la liberté, mon cher enfant!
• Neo-Jacobinisme - La tradition est une oppression!
• Libéralisme national - Carrying on my legacy and kicking monarchiste cul in 1848! Tu es excellent! Although, some of the moderne libéraux nationaux in my opinion aren't as égalitariste as a proper libérale ideally should be...
• Babouvisme and Anarchisme philosophique - Mon enfants who carried on my legacy and started beaucoup de grandes choses.
• Marxisme - Mon petit-enfant who considers me to be an important révolutionnaire démocrate anti-féodal. Je suis flatté! Le sentiment d'amitié est réciproque.
• Démocratie jeffersonienne - Merci for the assist in writing down our declaration, huge regards! La Révolution Américaine greatly influenced me!
• De Francisme - Mon enfant that took my ideas encore plus loin. Not a fan of your autocracy though.
• Ochlocratie - If le Tribunal Révolutionnaire sentences you to death, you die! À LA GUILLOTINE!
• Tridemisme - Je t'adore, mon Chinese camarade. Why didn't you execute Yuan Shikai and Puyi?
  • Shikai died of natural causes, while Puyi was just a kid at the time. But I should have killed him because of his betrayal.

• Kémalisme - Mon grand Turkish camarade. Why didn't you execute Mehmed VI?

Douteux (Doubtful)

• Libertarianisme civil - Oui, mon camarade, viva la Déclaration des droits de l'Homme et du citoyen de 1793! Civil rights, individual freedom and free speech are wonderful and very important, integral to a proper democratic nation! But... If the contre-révolutionnaires prevail, we will no longer have them. You must know, cher camarade, that la Révolution is not civil. As malheureux as it is, blood must be shed.
• Libéralisme - Mon cher petit-enfant, I thank you for maintaining my ideals in the modern day, but why must you be so lenient? Où est ta ferveur? You must push back against the moderne réactionnaires and not let them prevail!
• Progressisme - Mon good relatif and successeur. Continuez à lutter contre l'oppression! Though, while better than the above, you are still rather lenient as well in my opinion. I think you should be more like them !
• Néolibéralisme and Troisième voie - Et même si je vous aime aussi, mes bons descendants, j'ai peur que vous ne vous souciiez pas des gens autant que vous le devriez idéalement.
• La Plaineisme - You're actually more willing to work with us. Grand! You should continue to remain on our side and support la Terreur. La Révolution shall live on! You don't hold alliances partisanes? And why did you originally side with them?!
• Dantonisme - You helped safeguard la République from danger and conduct la Terreur, but you were also too moderate, c*nservative, and, more importantly, corrupt, so you were executed.
• Enragés - Camarade, j'apprécie votre enthousiasme, but you are being simply unreasonable! Your demands are too much, they are too radical, too destabilizing for the nation, and some are even anti-liberal!
• Bonapartisme - Unlike most nobles, you actually defended France from her enemies and truly cared about bringing reform, your civil code was great! That said, you did become an autocrat later on, and even appealed to the Church for legitimacy.
• Gaullisme - You are one grand liberalé, and you freed France from ces putains de merdiers, but you are also way too conservative. Mai 68 était vraiment génial, en fait - sans vouloir vous offenser, mais c'était une bonne chose que ses bons jeunes rebelles vous aient déposé.
• Athéisme d'État - Mon enfant who I believe goes too far. Removing the clergy from power is enough, the faith itself isn't necessarily bad; many of us still retain it, including Robespierre, who was a Deist and disliked atheism. Also, Hebert is cringe.
• Léninisme - Mon petit-enfant, l' admirateur and successeur in Russie, but you put too much emphasis on égalite, and too little, if at all, on liberté and fraternité. It is also evident to me that you are undemocratic, which is unfortunate. Still, despite your shortcomings, you were one vraiment grand révolutionnaire, and did plenty of good! I would like to note that while I personally prefer guillotines, firing squads are fine too.
• Marxisme-léninisme - Mon arrière-petit-fils. While he does still fight against oppression and for the people's cause, we have a very strained relationship, as he not only retains the errors of the above and in many ways exascerbates them, but often tends to quickly degenerate into becoming the new oppressor himself. And also, ce tyran était en quelque sorte bien pire que n'importe quel monarque absolu que je connaisse, et cela veut dire quelque chose...
• Maoïsme - Mon arrière-arrière-petit-fils... While I admire his rôle progressiste majeur aswell as how he fought off impérialisme and dealt with féodalisme and traditionalisme in China, his vivid absolutist tyranny, irrational hatred for libéralisme and liberté in general, aswell as what he did later on, are all utterly déplorable, tout simplement horrible, and very upsetting to me. Comment pourriez-vous laisser tomber votre peuple de la sorte?! Votre "Révolution" Culturelle a été un désastre, une perversion de mes idéaux!!!

À LA GUILLOTINE! (TO THE GUILLOTINE!)

• Girondisme - Dear brother, oh how it all went downhill! You betrayed us and the revolution! You even killed our poor boy Marat! À LA GUILLOTINE!
• Feuillantisme - Why on Earth do you want to keep the king?! À LA GUILLOTINE!
• Thermidorianisme - Comment ça c'est mon tour de mourir à la guillotine?!
  • À LA GUILLOTINE!

• • NON NO- ARGH, ma mâchoire!

• Monarchisme constitutionnel - Ton constitution will not save you, Monsieur Veto, for you are a coward and traitor to France. À LA GUILLOTINE!
• Aristocratie, Féodalisme and Monarchisme absolu - À LA GUILLOTINE!
• Longisme - Every man a King? Challenge accepted, EVERY MAN A GUILLOTINE!
  • NO THAT'S NOT WHAT I MEANT PLEASE STOP KILLING EVERYONE!!!

• Fascisme and Nazism - BON DIEU, COMMENT AVEZ-VOUS RÉUSSI À DEVENIR SI PIRE QUE CE QUI PRÉCÈDE?! À LA GUILLOTINE!
• Fascisme français - Le pire du pire. Je te déteste du fond du cœur pour ce que tu as fait à ma nation. À LA GUILLOTINE!
• Contre-Lumières - Une des racines de tous les maux. Brûlez en enfer. À LA GUILLOTI- gets torn to shreds by a mob of Sicilian peasants
• Traditionalisme - A thousand years of oppression. Your precious hypocrisy of tradition will burn along with you. À LA GUILLOTINE!
• Conservatisme classique - Fanboys attardés de l’ancien régime! À LA GUILLOTINE!
• Conservatisime - Les ennemis du progrès! À LA GUILLOTINE!
• Intégralisme and Catholicisme traditionaliste - Rats d'église hypocrite obscurantiste oppresseurs! À LA GUILLOTINE!
• Réactionnarisme and Conservatisme autoritaire - Les misérables ennemis du peuple ont pris les armes! Ils essaient de nous enlever nos réalisations! MAIS NOUS NE CÉDERONS JAMAIS! À LA GUILLOTINE!
• Libéralisme conservateur - Obscurantist faux liberale! La Terreur was justified! À LA GUILLOTINE!
• Kleptocratie - Ennemi du people! À LA GUILLOTINE!
• Populisme de droite - Démagogue, liar, and faux populiste! À LA GUILLOTINE!
• Conservatisme national and Alt-Droite - Moderne réactionairre scum! À LA GUILLOTINE!
• Modernisme réactionnaire - LITERAL moderne réactionairre, faux moderniste and filthy obscurantiste. À LA GUILLOTINE!
• Alt-Lite - Thermidorien moderne. À LA GUILLOTINE!
• Néo-réactionnarisme - Espèce de fils de pute, pourquoi continues-tu à essayer de défaire mon dur labeur?! À LA GUILLOTINE!
• Monarcho-fascisme - Tyran dégoûtant. Go to hell for what you did with his people, espèce de racaille. À LA GUILLOTINE!
• Jacobitisme - We are nothing alike, monarchiste swine! À LA GUILLOTINE!
• Illuminatisme - VOUS NE ME CONTRÔLEZ PAS, RETOURNEZ EN BAVIÈRE, ESPÈCE DE RACAILLE ÉLITISTE ANTI-DÉMOCRA- *Guillotined for no longer being useful*
• Fascisme clérical - Enfin, un adversaire digne! Notre bataille sera légendaire! À LA GUILLOTINE!
• Apolitisme - Et toi, tu sembles avoir des pensées anti-révolutionnaires... À la guillotine.

Bibliography

Literature

Works by Maximilien Robespierre

• On the Death Penalty
• On the King's Flight
• On Subsistence Goods
• Prospectus for "Le Défenseur de la Constitution"
• Defense of the Committee of Public Safety
• Principles of Political Morality
• Justification of the Use of Terror
• On the Enemies of the Nation
• Festival of the Supreme Being

Works by Marat

• Prospectus for L’Ami du Peuple
• Jews, Executioners, and Actors
• Illusion of the Blind Multitude on the Supposed Excellence of the Constitution
• The Flight of the Royal Family
• Freedom is Lost
• The Hébertists Back Marat
• What Men Are More Vain than the French?

Works by Hebert

• Fuck the Pope
• Philippe d'Orleans and the former Count de Mirabeau Judged by Père Duchesne
• Père Duchesne
• Deputy to the Second Legislature
• The Reawakening of Père Duchesne
• The Great Anger of Père Duchesne
• The Great Joy of Père Duchesne
• The Great Preparations of Père Duchesne
• On the Confiscation of Chateaux
• Deputy Procurator of the Commune, to his Fellow Citizens

Collection of Literature

• Principal Documents of the French Revolution by Marxists Internet Archive

Works by other authors

• Speeches of Maximilien Robespierre by International Publishers
• The Oxford History of the French Revolution (Preview) by William Doyle
• The Twelve who Ruled: The Year of Terror in the French Revolution ([1]) by R.R. Palmer
• Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution (Preview) by Ruth Scurr
• A Place Greater than Safety by Hilary Mantel

Periodicals

(here goes a list of publications and journals the ideology had)

Quotes

"To punish the oppressors of humanity is clemency; to forgive them is cruelty."

Maximilien Robespierre

Further Reading

• Treatise on the Social Compact, Or, The Principles of Political Law or just The Social Contract by Jean-Jacques Rousseau
• The Great French Revolution by Peter Kropotkin

Misc Texts

(texts that do not fit into any of these categories)

Further Information

(here would be a list of similar movements with pcb articles check out CyberFeminism as a good example

Websites

(here go websites related to the movement)

Wikipedia

• French Revolution
• French Revolutionary Wars
• Jacobinism
• Revolutionary Tribunal
• Committee of Public Safety
• Sans-culottes
• Reign of Terror
• Cult of Reason
• Cult of the Supreme Being

Online Communities

(here go online communities of the movement)

Subreddits

• r/Jacobinism

Videos

• Art, Fashion & The French Revolution by lemoncholy
• The French Revolution by Oversimplified (Part 1) (Part 2)

People

• Maximilien Robespierre
• Jean-Paul Marat
• Georges Danton
• Jacques Hébert

Organizations

Political Parties

• Jacobin Club
• Montagnards
• Cordeliers Club
• Indulgents

Groups

• Hébertists/Exaggerators

Misc

(here go goes stuff that doesnt fit in any of the categories)

See also

(a list of links to more information)

Gallery

Comics

• 
  Credit: u/The-Posadist, Source
• 
  Credit: u/marty_mcclarkey_1791, Source
• 
  Credit: u/BoIuWot, Source
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  Credit: u/Viharu, Source
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  Credit: u/character-confusion, Source
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  Credit:TrixOfTheTrade, Source
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  Credit: u/AndalusianUnion, Source
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  Credit: u/K-Tech, Source
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  Credit: K-Tech, Source
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• 
  By u/cryaki on Reddit. Source

Portraits

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Portraits of Variants

(here go portraits of the variants of the ideology)

Portraits of Alternate Designs

(here go portraits of the alternate designs of the ideology)

Compasses

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• 
  By AquaHeart