National Bolshevism

"Fascism is the stage reached after communism has proved an illusion."

Friedrich Hayek

National Bolshevism, colloquially known as Nazbol, is an authoritarian, economically far-left, ultranationalist, and culturally variable, but usually far-right and ultraconservative ideology which believes in the combination of bolshevik economic policy with ultranationalism, which may borrow elements and aesthetics from Nazism.

National Bolshevism is often seen as a syncretic ideology between far-left and far-right currents of political thought, due to its unique combination of economic and cultural views. National Bolshevism has achieved notoriety and prominence in internet circles due to the "Nazbol Gang" meme, but it is important to stress that many different variants of the ideology really do exist in politics. One of the prominent examples of nazbolism in the modern day is the Russian National Bolshevik Party, later reformed as The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov.

History

This article focuses on the two main 'branches' of National Bolshevism; the German branch, and the Russian branch.

Origins in Germany

Laufenberg and Wolffheim

While the idea of combining nationalism with socialist economic principles had existed for decades prior, so-called "National Bolshevism", an attempt to merge the communist movement with the nationalist tradition would start within the Communist Party of Germany and the Communist Workers' Party of Germany.

Following the failure of the Wikipedia:November Revolution to establish a socialist state in Germany, Heinrich Laufenburg and Fritz Wolffheim, who advocated for an alliance with the dissident nationalist factions in the country who rejected the Treaty of Versailles. According to them, they sought to establish a dictatorship of the proletariat that would utilize German nationalism to place Germany back on a war footing against the occupying Allied armies in alliance with the Soviet Union. Class struggle was to be placed to one side in favour of cross class co-operation, in a war of national liberation. While the idea was initially met with some support and enthusiasm of the members of the Communist movement, support for it quickly ended when Vladimir Lenin publicly denounced the policy and labeled Laufenberg as "absurd". After the two attempted to wrestle control of the Communist Party from Wilhelm Pieck, the two were expelled from the Communist Party.

Soon afterwards, Laufenberg and Wolffheim would become founding members of the Communist Workers' Party of Germany, a council communist organisation. Soon after the group's founding, Laufenberg and Wolffheim were expelled from the party for their National Bolshevist ideals. Laufenberg soon afterwards became a persona non grata in German communist circles and retired from politics, in 1932 dying.

Paetel and the Group of Social Revolutionary Nationalists

Karl Otto Paetel, a young theorist from Berlin, had his start in the German Youth movement and the German communist movement. Paetel was a member of the Jungnationaler Bund (Junabu), an anti-democratic and anti-semitic faction of the Bündische Jugend which considered itself part of the tradition of the Conservative Revolution which came to the forefront of German politics after World War I.

Seeking to establish a supra-national political union, Karl Otto Paetel would initiate a union of members of the Junabu, the Deutsche Freischar, the Artam league and the League of Free Socialist Youth into the so-called Junge Front, who's aim was to achieve "an anti-capitalist union from right to left". The Junge Front advocated for a "Prussian socialism", who's socialism was defined as "an attitude... that thinks in terms of 'we' instead of 'I'."

Soon afterwards however, many members of the Junge Front would find an echo in the Nazi Party and Hitler Youth, with several members 'converting' to the Hitler Youth and Nazi Party. Paetel initially was a supporter of the Nazi Party, but soon became disillusioned with the party and Hitler, as he believed that the Nazis were no longer genuinely committed to either revolutionary activity or socialist economics. Seeking to split members off from the Nazi Party, similarly to the Black Front, Paetel established the Group of Social Revolutionary Nationalists: which committed itself to the nation as "the ultimate political value", along with to the Volk and to socialism. The GSRN called for the nationalisation of all large and medium-sized enterprises and "class struggle of the oppressed", which would include an alliance with the Soviet Union and "all oppressed classes and nations".

The GSRN initially was founded to attract "left-wing" National Socialists who were dissatisfied with the Nazi party following Strasser's break with Hitler. Following the Communist Party of Germany's declaration "on the national and social liberation of the German people", however, the GSRN's focus and policy changed. Paetel spoke of going "shoulder to shoulder with the... KPD" in order to achieve a "socialist" revolution. The GSRN would never achieve any notable status in German politics, having failed in its goal to siphon members off the Nazi party and other fascist organisations. On the day of Hitler's appointment as Chancellor, Paetel would publish the National Bolshevist Manifesto, in which he wrote:

• The German people can only establish for themselves a true German nation through nation-building, socialism, and revolution.
• The nation is the highest value.
• "National Socialism" cannot be reformed, and a new ideology must take its place.
• National Bolshevism must reject fascism.
• National Bolshevism must ally with the KPD.
• National Bolshevists must commit themselves to a socialist planned economy, which binds Volk and Nation into an organic economic structure.
• The fulfilment of the aims of the National Bolshevists is the Free Greater-German Peoples' Council-State.
• The means of production must be transferred to the nation as common property, and the nation must fundamentally own all land and soil.
• Colonization of the East, nationalization of all large-scale and medium-scale industrial enterprises, the partial socialization of state goods, the nationalization of the monetary system
• National Bolshevists must struggle for a racially-appropriate religion attuned to the German people as a pre-condition for its unity.
• National Bolshevism must ally itself with the Soviet Union.
• National Bolshevism is not a 'reformed Marxism'.
• So-called 'Germanic democracy' is best practiced through the 'council-state'.

Shortly afterwards, Paetel was banned from writing and then fled to Czechoslovakia and then to Paris. As an opponent of Nazi Germany, he sought to, from exile, infiltrate the Hitler Youth to overthrow the Nazi state. In 1940, he fled France to immigrate to New York, where he continued his writings until his death in 1975.

Niekisch and Widerstand

Parallel to Paetel was Ernst Niekisch. Niekisch was a member of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and was instrumental in the foundation of the short-lived Bavarian Soviet Republic in 1919. Niekisch later joined the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD), from which he was expelled due to his vehement opposition to the Dawes Plan, the Locarno Treaties and the pacifism of the USPD. Following his expulsion, Niekisch joined the Old Social Democratic Party, in which he launched his own journal known as 'Widerstand'. Niekisch emphasized nationalism, and, inspired by Paetel and Laufenberg, adopted the name for him and his followers "National Bolsheviks".

Niekisch looked towards the Soviet Union as a continuation of both Russian nationalism and the old state of Prussia, who was glorified in conservative circles. Niekisch rejected Adolf Hitler, which he believed to be a democratic demagogue that lacked any real socialism, and instead looked towards Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union as the model for the Führerprinzip. Niekisch believed in the necessity of a German-Soviet alliance against "the decadent west" and the Treaty of Versailles.

While Niekisch would initially be tolerated by the Nazi authorities following their rise to power, the Nazis would soon ban Widerstand and, after an attempt to organize a revolution against Nazi authorities with Paetel, would be arrested by the Gestapo in 1937. Niekisch would go blind by the time of his release by the Red Army, where he then returned to Berlin. Niekisch's wartime experiences would lead him to reject nationalism bitterly, turning instead towards orthodox Marxism. Niekisch would join the Communist Party of Germany and then the Socialist Unity Party in 1946. Niekisch became a deegate of the German People's Congress and then the first People's Chamber (Volkskammer) of the German Democratic Republic. After the DDR's violent suppression of the East German uprising of 1953, he resigned from all political offices and then from the SED in 1955. Niekisch died 12 years later.

Origins in Russia

The origins of National Bolshevism in Russia mirror Germany to some degree. In the midst of the Russian Civil War, prominent members of the White movement defected to the Bolsheviks, as they saw them as the only hope to 'restore Russia to greatness'.

'National Bolshevism' was coined as an ideology for these defectors by Russian emigre and professor Nikolai Ustryalov, a former anti-communist who believed that Bolshevism could be modified to serve nationalistic purposes. His followers, the Smenovekhovtsy, believed that there could be a reconciliation between the Bolshevik government and the White Russian diaspora. It was thought that Soviet power could evolve to the point of nationalism, rather than the internationalism of the 1917 revolution. Similar ideas were expressed by members of the Eurasianism movement and the Mladorossi.

Many National Bolsheviks saw Stalin's policies, which emphasized Russian folk heroes and socialism in one country, as a victory for National Bolshevism.

Variants

Alt-Right National Bolshevism

Alt-Right National Bolshevism is an ideology that emerged from some Alt-Rights who are also National-Bolsheviks, with the Traditionalist Worker Party and leader Matthew Heimbach having taken this position. In addition to Heimbach Alt Right National Bolshevism is represented propagandist Eric Striker (real name being Joseph Jordan) who founded the National Justice Party.

The main exponent of Alt-Right NazBol: Matthew Heimbach, is a self-declared Marxist-Leninist, Socialist Internationalist and "pro-white" national Bolshevik, but he took a step back on the racial issue, imposing himself more on the economic and anti-capitalist issue. He is the founder of the Traditionalist Worker Party (TWP, in which he promoted white separatism and nationalism, neo-Nazism, ethnopluralism, white identity, rejection of modernity, denial of the holocaust and opposition to capitalism and globalism, also following the models of George Lincoln Rockwell and Richard Spencer. Initially it was called the Traditionalist Youth Network (TYN), in which it would be a form of "white student union" and its ideals would be against "economic exploitation, federal tyranny, and anti-Christian degeneracy" , also claiming to be a Strasserist. He believes in the global Jewish conspiracy and that multiculturalism and globalization would be harming the white race, being a strong opponent of Zionism and supporting Islamic terrorist groups, calling Zionists Satanic, in addition to his racial views being based in Pat Buchanan's book "The Death of the West", also being a supporter of the Golden Dawn and the Imperial Russian Movement. He converted to Eastern Orthodoxy in 2016, he was also arrested for repeatedly pushing an anti-Trump protester and turned defendant for participating in Unite the Right. In 2020 he relaunched the TWP under a more strictly National Bolshevik line and claims to no longer be a White Nationalist or a Neo-Nazi but this is debatable.

Joseph Jordan, also known as Eric Striker or just Striker, is an Alt-Right propagandist and writer on the neo-Nazi website Daily Stormer, known for making racist and anti-Semitic publications. He once sided with Richard Spencer, like Heimbach he supports the Golden Dawn and calls himself a "morally conservative" socialist and NazBol. In a video while saluting Hitler, he shouted, "white sharia" and "white Afghanistan", opposing women's rights. He also swore at twitter users for "LGBTP", in which he substitutes the Q of Queer for the P of Pedophilia. He also supports conspiracy theories such as Pizzagate and that the gay dating app Grindr, would have "gay pedophiles use this to find boys to rape. Sick f--- use it to give AIDS to people known and unknown to purpose" and also said of Jews that "Jews try to use pornography to try to infect normal people with the mental insanity of queers, pedophiles, zoophiles". He participated in Unite the Right, calling the cops pigs and together with Mike Peinovich, made "Strike and Mike", in which he kept talking repeatedly about globalism and Illuminati. Peinovich and Striker formed the Mational Justice Party in 2020.

Beness Aijoism

Benes Aijoism came from the ideas of the Ugandan-Russian mulatto Benes Hristoforovich Ayo, known as Beness Aijo. He is an openly national Bolshevik, civic nationalist and Marxist-Leninist, and a member of The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov. He is pro-Russian and anti-American, in which he defended Russia's invasion of Ukraine and was arrested in 2005 for setting off smoke bombs during George W. Bush's visit to Lithuania. Other ideals would be his support for Palestinian and Arab governments against Israel, nostalgia and use of Soviet symbols and support for Putin, in which he was accused of promoting Russian-Ukrainian unrest and reported participating in rebel military brigades and infantry in Ukraine, being caught by Ukrainian Border Guard, also reporting torture and beatings by the Ukrainian National Guard. He has already participated in several protests using smoke bombs and has already fled from Latvia to Tallinn, then taking a ferry to Finland in 2015. He was arrested again for illegal participation in the conflict, in which he asked Putin for political asylum in Russia, Aijo was released in 2020.

Boseism

Subhas Chandra Bose believed that the Bhagavad Gita was a great source of inspiration for the struggle against the British. Swami Vivekananda's teachings on universalism, his nationalist thoughts and his emphasis on social service and reform had all inspired Subhas Chandra Bose from his very young days. The fresh interpretation of India's ancient scriptures had appealed immensely to him. Some scholars think that Hindu spirituality formed an essential part of his political and social thought. As historian Leonard Gordon explains

"Inner religious explorations continued to be a part of his adult life. This set him apart from the slowly growing number of atheistic socialists and communists who dotted the Indian landscape."

Additionally Bose visualized an India which will be absolutely neutral and impartial towards all religions.

Bose first expressed his preference for "a synthesis of what modern Europe calls socialism and Fascism" in a 1930 speech in Calcutta. Bose later criticized Nehru's 1933 statement that there is "no middle road" between communism and fascism, describing it as "fundamentally wrong". Bose believed communism would not gain ground in India due to its rejection of nationalism and religion and suggested a "synthesis between communism and fascism" could take hold instead. In 1944, Bose similarly stated,

"Our philosophy should be a synthesis between National Socialism and communism."

Authoritarianism

Bose came to believe that an independent India needed socialist authoritarianism, on the lines of Turkey's Kemal Atatürk, for at least two decades to bring liberation and reconstruction of Indian society.. For political reasons Bose was refused permission by the British authorities to meet Atatürk at Ankara. Additionally, he expressed admiration for the authoritarian methods which he saw in Italy and Germany during the 1930s

To a large number of Congress leaders, Bose programme shared many similarities with Showa Statism. After getting marginalized within Congress, Bose chose to embrace fascist and communist regimes as allies against the British and fled India. Bose believed that India "must have a political system—State—of an authoritarian character," and "a strong central government with dictatorial powers for some years to come".

Earlier, Bose had clearly expressed his belief that democracy was the best option for India. However, during the war (and possibly as early as the 1930s), Bose decided that no democratic system could be adequate to overcome India's poverty and social inequalities, and he wrote that a socialist state similar to that of Soviet Russia (which he had also seen and admired) would be needed for the process of national re-building. Bose's alliance with the Axis during the war was based on pragmatism and to use any means necessary to free India of colonialism from his attempts to enter the Soviet union which he found no success in due to being accused of being a British spy, then his trip to Germany who could not promise him support, and then his trip to Japan who helped him create the Azad hind.

Anti-Semitism

Since before the beginning of the World War II, Bose was opposed to the attempts to grant Jewish refugees asylum in India. In early December 1938, the pro-Hindu Mahasabha journals published articles lending support to German anti-Semitism. This stance brought Hindu Mahasabha into conflict with the Congress which, on 12 December, issued a statement containing references to recent European events. Within the Congress, only Bose opposed this stance of the party. After some months in April 1939, Bose refused to support the party motion that Jews can find refuge in India.

In 1938, Bose had denounced Nazi racial policy and persecution of Jews. However, in 1942 he had published an article in the journal Angriff, where he wrote that Indians were true Aryans and the 'brethren' of the Germans. Bose added that Swastika (symbol of Nazi Germany) was an ancient Indian symbol. Bose urged that anti-Semitism should be part of Indian liberation movement because the Jews assisted the British to exploit Indians. The Jewish Chronicle had condemned Bose as "India's anti-Jewish Quisling" over this article.

Roman Hayes describes the troubled legacy of Bose with atrocities related to Jews in the following words

"The most troubling aspect of Bose's presence in Nazi Germany is not military or political but rather ethical. His alliance with the most genocidal regime in history poses serious dilemmas precisely because of his popularity and his having made a lifelong career of fighting the 'good cause'. How did a man who started his political career at the feet of Gandhi end up with Hitler, Mussolini, and Tojo? Even in the case of Mussolini and Tojo, the gravity of the dilemma pales in comparison to that posed by his association with Hitler and the Nazi leadership. The most disturbing issue, all too often ignored, is that in the many articles, minutes, memorandums, telegrams, letters, plans, and broadcasts Bose left behind in Germany, he did not express the slightest concern or sympathy for the millions who died in the concentration camps. Not one of his Berlin wartime associates or colleagues ever quotes him expressing any indignation. Not even when the horrors of Auschwitz and its satellite camps were exposed to the world upon being liberated by Soviet troops in early 1945, revealing publicly for the first time the genocidal nature of the Nazi regime, did Bose react.

Kharchikovism

WIP

Limonovism

Limonovism is the ideology of Russian poet, publicist, and dissident Eduard Limonov, born Eduard Veniaminovich Savenko. Savenko was born in the Soviet Union in 1943 to a father in the military, while his mother was a homemaker. At 13, he began writing poetry under Eduard Limonov and committed petty crimes.

Limonov moved to Moscow in 1967 and married fellow poet Yelena Shchapova in a Russian Orthodox ceremony in 1973. While in Moscow, he was involved in the Konkret poets' group, sold volumes of his self-published poetry, and worked various jobs. By the mid-1970s, he had achieved some success. 1974 he and his wife emigrated from the Soviet Union under unclear circumstances. Reportedly, the KGB gave him the choice of becoming an informant or leaving the country. Although neither he nor Shchapova were Jewish, the Soviet Union permitted them to emigrate to Israel, but they soon relocated to the United States. Limonov settled in New York City, where he and Shchapova divorced.

In New York, Limonov worked as a proofreader for a Russian-language newspaper and occasionally interviewed recent Soviet emigrants. Like Eddie, the protagonist of his first novel, It's Me, Eddie, Limonov was drawn to punk subculture and radical politics. His acquaintances included Studio 54’s Steve Rubell and members of the Trotskyist Socialist Workers Party, which was a political target of the FBI. Limonov himself was harassed by the FBI, which interrogated dozens of his acquaintances. He later recounted how a friend was questioned about "Lermontov" in Paris after he had resettled in France.

Limonov criticized both the Soviet Union and the United States, stating: "I did not find the freedom to be a radical opponent of the existing social structure in the country that pompously calls itself the 'leader of the free world,' but neither did I notice it in the land that represents itself as the 'future of all humanity.' The FBI is just as zealous in suppressing American radicals as the KGB is with its dissidents. True, the methods of the FBI are more modern. The KGB, however, is studying the techniques of its older brother and modernizing its methods."

The first chapter of It's Me, Eddie, was published by an Israeli Russian-language journal. Completed in 1977, the book was consistently rejected by publishers in the United States and was only published in France in 1980, where it became an instant success. Limonov claimed it was rejected in the U.S. because it lacked anti-Soviet tones, unlike other Russian literature admired there.

In New York, Limonov experienced another side of the American Dream. Living in poverty due to low income, he rented a room in a run-down hostel and spent time with homeless people. Dissatisfied with the USA, he eventually moved to Paris. In 1991, he returned to Russia, restored his citizenship, and became politically active.

Limonov strongly supported Serbia during the Yugoslav Wars and participated in a sniper patrol in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The film Serbian Epics includes footage of him traveling to the front lines of Sarajevo in 1992 with Radovan Karadžić, then the Bosnian Serb president and later a convicted war criminal, and firing a few rounds with a machine gun toward the besieged city. When questioned about this in 2010, Limonov claimed he had been shooting at a target range. That filmmaker Paweł Pawlikowski had altered the footage to make it appear he had fired at an apartment complex, though this explanation has been challenged. On another occasion, Limonov stated that he "celebrated his 50th birthday in Kninska Krajina [...] by firing from a Russian-made heavy gun at Croatian Army headquarters."

During the 1990s, he supported Bosnian Serbs in the Yugoslav Wars and Abkhaz and Transnistrian secessionists against Georgia and Moldova. Initially an ally of Vladimir Zhirinovsky, Limonov was named Security Minister in Zhirinovsky's shadow cabinet in 1992. However, he soon accused Zhirinovsky of being too moderate and close to the Russian president, leading to a split. In 1994, Limonov published Limonov Against Zhirinovsky.

In 1993, along with Aleksandr Dugin and Yegor Letov, Limonov founded the National Bolshevik Party (NBP), which published the newspaper Limonka (a reference to the F1 hand grenade and a play on Limonov's pen name). In 1996, a Russian court ruled that Limonka disseminated illegal and immoral information, accusing Limonov of advocating revenge and mass terror as state policy. This led to an official warning, legal investigations, and a criminal case against him for inciting ethnic hatred.

On 24 August 1999, during Ukrainian Independence Day, Limonov and 15 supporters climbed the clock tower in Sevastopol, calling for a review of the city's status and urging the Russian State Duma not to ratify the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between Russia and Ukraine.

Limonov was arrested in April 2001 on charges of terrorism, plotting the overthrow of the constitutional order, and illegal weapons purchases. Based on an article he wrote in Limonka, the government accused him of planning to raise an army to invade Kazakhstan. His trial occurred in Saratov, where Russian Duma members Vladimir Zhirinovsky, Alexei Mitrofanov, and Vasiliy Shandybin appealed for his release. Limonov dismissed the charges as politically motivated but was convicted of arms purchases and sentenced to four years in prison, while the other charges were dropped. He served nearly two years before being paroled for good behavior, during which he wrote eight books.

In 2006, Limonov married actress Yekaterina Volkova, with whom he had a son, Bogdan, and a daughter, Alexandra. They separated in 2008. On 19 April 2007, the Moscow City Court banned the National Bolshevik Party as extremist, a decision upheld by the Supreme Court.

Limonov continued his political activities, becoming a leader of The Other Russia alongside liberal, nationalist, and communist politicians. He participated in protests, including the Dissenters' Marches. On 3 March 2007, he was detained at the first Saint Petersburg Dissenters' March, arrested again after an anti-government rally in Moscow on 14 April 2007, and detained once more on 31 January 2009. In July 2009, he helped organize the Strategy-31 protests but later split from the liberal opposition. In July 2010, he and his followers established The Other Russia political party as an informal successor to the NBP. Still, it was denied official registration in 2010 and again in 2019 after being re-established without him in formal leadership.

From 2014 onward, Limonov supported the annexation of Crimea, the unrecognized DNR, and LNR, and encouraged Russians to fight in the Russo-Ukrainian War on Russia’s side.

Eduard Limonov died on 17 March 2020 in Moscow. Reports indicated that he had been battling cancer, with complications from two surgeries—including throat problems, struggles with oncology, and inflammation—cited as the direct cause of his death.

Lindermanism

WIP

Militarized Communist Party of Peru

WIP

Nazi-Maoism

Nazi-Maoism is the ideology followed by Italian Neo-Fascist Franco Freda and the political group known as "Struggle of the People". The ideology wants to use Maoist guerrilla warfare to topple the bourgeoisie establishment and create a "fascist dictatorship of the proletariat". It wants to destabilize society to make it easier to reach its goals and therefore advocates for a form of Accelerationism. Freda, like most Fascists, wants the state to be the centre of society, but unlike other fascists, intends to abolish private property in favour of the state commanding all production. Following Italy's capitulation in World War II, the nation was plunged into a period of profound political turmoil and upheaval. This era was marked by widespread political violence, suppression, and instability, notably with the rise of the Italian Social Movement (ISM) in 1946. Comprising staunch Mussolini supporters and Fascist enthusiasts, the ISM sought to oppose the fledgling democratic government of Italy, which found itself vulnerable to disruptions from various extremist groups in the aftermath of the war. The geopolitical landscape, characterized by the juxtaposition of Soviet-influenced states to the east and American-led democracies to the west, exacerbated anti-American and anti-Soviet sentiments within Italy, particularly among those who lamented the Fascist regime's downfall at the hands of these powers.

In this environment, Franco Freda emerged, diverging from the conventional anti-Communist Fascist narrative, Freda adopted a more radical stance, which led to his classification as a "Nazi-Maoist." His ideological stance was eclectic, drawing from a diverse array of influences; including communists like Mao Zedong and Amadeo Bordiga; Third Position theorists like Adolf Hitler and Giovanni Gentile; and notable philosophers like Julius Evola, Plato, and Nietzsche.

Niekischism

WIP

Paetelism

Paetelism is based on the thoughts of German political figure Karl Otto Paetel. Paetel sought to combine ordinary Marxist thought with Ultranationalism. He, unlike the meme version, hated Fascism and Nazism due to their Anti-Marxism and, according to him, non-German nature. Also unlike the modern, stereotypical NazBol, he was opposed to the Strasser brothers, specifically Otto, accusing him of not understanding Marxism and being insufficiently socialist. Christianity was also something that he despised as he saw it as a philosophy which was alien to German society.

Thiriartism

Thiriartism is based on the ideas of Jean-François. Thiriart wishes to combine Ethnic Ultranationalism and National Communism and thus bridging the gap between the far-left and far-right. Although he publically disavowed Fascism, his political beliefs could be described as rather fascistic. He also wanted to create a revolutionary Euro-Soviet empire with a centralized government. Much of southern Asia would also be incorporated into this hypothetical nation.

Yockeyism

Yockeyism is based on the thoughts of America political figure Francis Parker Yockey.

He was born at Chicago, Illinois, United States of America on September 18th 1917 and he was the youngest of four siblings in a Catholic bourgeoisie family of Irish & German descent but there is a rumour in which Francis Parker Yockey was one-quarter Jewish according to a biographer named Kevin Coogan. He was moved to be raised in Ludington, Michigan and he learned classical piano while his father was a stockbroker.

Francis Parker Yockey has studied for two years from 1934 to 1936 as a undergraduate at the University of Michigan but later moved to Georgetown University and he completed his undergraduate degree at the University of Arizona. Yockey has been attracted to Socialist/left-wing movements in his early life but then supported Adolf Hitler and National Socialism during the 1930s while in the colleges or universities supported Oswald Spengler & Carl Schmitt in which he lead himself being accused of plagiarizing. Yockey did not see race as strictly biological definition but as a spiritual definition in which he paired with German general Karl Haushofer's geopolitics and he joined up with the Silver Legion of America 1933-1941 & the German American Bund 1936-1941.

In 1938, Francis Parker Yockey wrote an essay called "The Tragedy of Youth" in which it was published in a political journal called Social Justice known for publishing Far-Right stuff to be distributed by radio Priest Charles Coughlin and in 1939, Yockey spoke at a Silvershirt gathering. Yockey began to study law in the Northwestern University but later at De Paul University and he graduated from the Notre Dame Law School in 1941, but he declared himself not to dine with Black, Communist & Jewish students in those schools.

In 1942, Francis Parker Yockey enlisted in the U.S. Army serving in an intelligence unit but he went AWOL from his camp in Georgia in November 1942, for a mission to Texas and Mexico while the rumours according to the same biographer named Kevin Coogan suggests that Yockey secretly helped German Nazi spies who had landed in North America. In 1943, Yockey received a discharge from the U.S Army for "Dementia Praecox, paranoid type" after suffering a nervous breakdown or feigning it one but after that he is placed in a government list of Americans suspected of Pro-Nazi or Pro-Fascist views and in 1944, he just became an assistant prosecuting attorney for Wayne County, Michigan, but then got bored by the work leaving it in 1945.

In 1946, Francis Parkey Yockey got a job with the United States War Department in Wiesbaden, Germany as a post-trial review attorney for the Nuremberg Trials and moved to Germany with his wife along with his two daughters while the rumours suggests the fact that Yockey may have tried to help accused German war criminals including SS General Otto Ohlendorf by sharing top-secret documents with German defense lawyers in which led him to be fired in November 1946, for the "abandonment of position" by helping German National Socialists. After Yockey got fired from his job he agitated against Allied occupation of Germany while accusing the Nuremberg Trial for bias and then later he worked for the Red Cross in Germany but abandoned his post that lead to the U.S. intelligence try to track him down from 1946 to 1947 in which lead Yockey to left his estranged wife along with his two daughters in Germany for his exile in Brittas Bay, Ireland.

In 1948, Francis Parker Yockey wrote a book called "Imperium : The Philosophy of History and Politics" in which about a Spenglerian critique of 19th century Materialism & Rationalism while it scorns Democracy & Equality, praising Nazism, deny the Holocaust, fulfil the Roman role of uniting Europe into an empire and blame the Jews for the various problems of the world. Yockey mailed the copies of the book to far-right figures from Europe to America and the views expressed in it were endorsed by German General Otto Remer, Revilo P. Oliver & Julius Evola.

Francis Parker Yockey became embittered with Sir Oswald Mosley after refusing to publish or review Imperium upon its completion after having promised to do so and then Mosley punched Yockey in the nose during a dispute in London's Hyde Park. After that Yockey along with small groups of British Fascists including Guy Chesham & John Gannon formed the European Liberation Front 1948-1954 as a alternative to the Union Movement and it has ties with old German Nazis along with other fascists while the newsletter of the organization was named "Frontfighter". In 1949, Yockey published "The Proclamation of London" in which called for a reinstatement of National Socialism in Europe it was an Anti-American, Anti-communist and Anti-Semitic text. The European Liberation Front was opposed by Leftist groups, Liberal groups & other Neo-Fascist groups and in 1954, it was dissolved due to 150 members being alienated by Yockey's imperious personality.

In 1950, Francis Parker Yockey moved back to the United States in which he travelled into Los Angeles, New York & San Francisco to collaborate with Far-Right activists according to the FBI and he spoke at the 1950 Christian Nationalist Party convention in Los Angeles organized by Gerald L. K. Smith while also spent time in New Orleans writing propaganda for use to Fascists in Latin America even his intercepted letters to sent were often signed "Torquemada" after the torturer of the Spanish Inquisition. In 1951, Yockey was approached by the group of Anti-Communists and he was asked to ghost-write a speech for U.S Senator Joseph McCarthy in which tell the importance of greater friendship between America & Germany but McCarthy never delivered it as the theme of the speech when it was announced that cause a great deal of controversy.

In 1952, Francis Parker Yockey collaborated with the Soviet bloc intelligence to travel behind the Iron Curtain into the Soviet Union, East Germany & Cuba while he wrote an approval of Anti-Semitic purges in the Eastern bloc countries and he travelled to Prague, Czechoslovakia to witnessed the Prague Trials while it asserted that they foretold a Russian break with Jewry but with that He became a Czech Secret Service courier. In 1953, Yockey went to Cairo, Egypt in which he met President Gamal Abdel Nasser whom he called a great vigorous man and then worked briefly for the Egyptian Information Ministry by writing down Anti-Zionist propaganda in the Arab world while he made contact with German Nazi exiles including Otto Ernst Remer & Johann von Leers even Yockey reportedly tried to persuade Nasser to finance development of a cobalt bomb by Ex-Nazi scientists.

In 1957, the FBI have rumoured about Francis Parker Yockey being a womanizer while assessed that he was living in Los Angeles as a pimp or a gigolo and had written pornography for money including a sadomasochistic booklet called "Arduous Figure Training at Bondhaven" even it was later found in his suitcase. In 1960, Yockey was finally arrested in the location of Oakland, California after returning to his home country after a trip but his suitcase in which had either been lost or had broken open at the Dallas airport and the authorities found several of Yockey's falsified passports with some birth certificates that later to be reported to the federal government. Yockey was sent to prison in San Francisco in which visted by Willis Carto who later became the chief advocate and publisher of Yockey's ideas. In June 16th 1960, Yockey was soon after found dead with an empty cyanide capsule in his jail cell under FBI supervision leaving a note in which he claimed that he was committing suicide in order to protect the anonymity of his political contacts and the San Francisco Chronicle declared him "as a important figure in world Fascism as we now know."

George Lincoln Rockwell who is leader of the American Nazi Party 1959-1983 that have rejected Francis Parker Yockey due to his Anti-American attitude and willingness to work with Anti-Zionist Communist governments or movements while Colin Jordan disagreed with Yockey's views on race while saw him as advocating a new type of Strasserism in which would undermine Nazism.

Yockeyism had a greater impact in the Europen Far Right including figures like Aleksandr Dugin, Jean Thiriart, Alain de Benoist & Guillaume Faye who praise Francis Parker Yockey for his ideas and Dan Burros, James H. Madole, & Carl Schmitt had a copy of his book called Imperium.

Woltmannism

Ludwig Woltmann was originally a physician, who later came to embrace anthropology, and in the process conjured a blend of Kantian philosophy, Marxism, and Arthur de Gobineau’s racial hierarchy from Inequality of The Human Races. He aligned himself with the Social Democratic Party (SPD), speaking at its 1899 Hannover congress, and explicitly sought to integrate Darwinian evolution into socialism, arguing in Die Darwinsche Theorie und der Sozialismus (1899) that "Socialism must be brought into closer relationship with the teaching of natural evolution than has hitherto been the case." Woltmann viewed Marx and Engels' framework as incomplete without biological underpinnings, drawing on their own documented racial prejudices, such as Engels' 1849 dismissal of Slavs as "non-historic peoples" destined for the "dung-heap of history" and Marx's portrayal of Eastern Europeans as stagnant "barbarians" in The Eastern Question (1853–1856), to argue that these were not aberrations but implicit recognitions of racial dynamics in historical dialectics. He amplified these leanings into a systematic theory, positing that true revolutionary progress required acknowledging racial hierarchies as the biological substrate of class conflict. Woltmann made a radically racial reorientation of dialectical materialism, transforming it into a "racial theory of history" where biological descent, not merely economic conditions, propelled societal evolution. In Politische Anthropologie (1903), he contended that the "Nordic" or "Germanic" race possessed an innate superiority in "spiritual energy" and creative capacity, making it the exclusive driver of all major cultural, scientific, and political advancements. He claimed that even non-Germanic civilizations, such as the Italian Renaissance, owed their genius to Germanic tribal infusions rather than indigenous Roman or Latin elements, as detailed in Die Germanen und die Renaissance in Italien (1905). This Nordicism, influenced by Arthur de Gobineau's Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (1853–1855) and Houston Stewart Chamberlain's The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century (1899), positioned Slavs, Latins, and other "inferior" races as evolutionary dead-ends, incapable of sustaining progress or socialism without Germanic leadership. Articles like "Marxismus und Rassentheorie" (1905) and "Die Rassen- und Klassentheorie in der Soziologie" (1905) in his journal Politisch-Anthropologische Revue explicitly fused race and class, arguing that class struggle was a manifestation of racial conflict: only the Nordic proletariat could achieve genuine class consciousness and revolutionary agency. Woltmann thus advocated for Marxism's evolution into "racial socialism", a term he used interchangeably with early notions of "national socialism", where socialism would be race-specific, protective, and eugenic. In this vision, the state would enforce racial hygiene to preserve Nordic dominance, subordinating or excluding "degenerate" elements (particularly Slavs, whom he implicitly targeted as counter-revolutionary ballast) to ensure the dialectical march toward communism. He rejected environmental determinism, insisting in Rassenpsychologie und Culturgeschichte (1904) that biology trumped milieu in shaping societal outcomes, and critiqued orthodox Marxists for ignoring this "scientific" imperative.

Zadrugism

Article in the Polish wiki: here WIP

Personality and Behavior

In the comics, Nazbol is most often depicted as closer to the meme version of the ideology as opposed to any real-life counterparts. He can be depicted with a range of stereotypes surrounding political extremists (himself being a combination of two of them) but is usually seen as erratic, insane, edgy, and occasionally prone to violence, especially in response to perceived threats from subversive globalists and capitalist pigs. Nazbol commonly uses a "GANG GANG GANG GANG", mantra. Additionally, he has an unhealthy obsession with Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler and has posters of both all across his room, occasionally having posters of other dictators, such as Pol Pot, Kim Il-Sung, Mussolini, etc. He's also portrayed as a racist and ethnocentrist but justifies it as "class-warfare" against "hereditary-reactionaries", which he uses for all minorities he dislikes but especially for Jewish people. Mostly hangs out with Strasserism and National Anarchism. Has a one-sided relationship with Nazi and ML/Natcom, with neither of the three having any respect for him.

How to Draw

Flag of National Bolshevism

The Nazbol flag is a fusion of the Nazi and Marxist-Leninist flags.

1. Draw a ball
2. Color the ball red (#EC0002).
3. Draw a white (#FFFFFF) circle in the middle of the front of the ball.
4. Draw a black (#141414) hammer and sickle in the middle of the circle.

Color Name		HEX	RGB
	Red	#EC0002	rgb(236, 0, 2)
	White	#FFFFFF	rgb(255, 255, 255)
	Black	#141414	rgb(20, 20, 20)

Relationships

GANG

• Stalinism - The Molotov-Ribbentrop pact was based. Love how Stalin, a member of the Georgian Aryan race, expanded the Soviet Union made by the socialist values first established by the Pure Russian people and spreading its homelands' superior ethnocultural socialist values, worldview and ideology for all in its borders, to its honorary satellite-states, and beyond to forcefully be embraced under threat of being sent to Gulags. WHICH IS GIGABASED AS F*CK! Too bad that you and him turned sworn enemies. Why detain Ustryalov? And why are your modern fans woke globetards?
• Nazism - Identifies himself as "socialist", I don't know about that... if anything, you purged the socialists in your party later on. What a shame... but regardless we still work together very often. Still, you can still be a loyal part of my GANG. Nice job with the camps, will take note for when we prepare to deal with those Jewish hereditary reactionaries! Cool down with bullying Slavs and your gleichschaltung "privatization" scheme though, or at least that's what they say it means. However, your only mistake was betraying the USSR.
• Strasserism - My closest friend and is closest to me ideologically. We love hunting down k*ke capitalists together. (I don't know about your "daughter" though)
• Neosocialism - Strasserism's French son and a true revolutionary comrade.
• Juche - The closest thing to me in real life that is still around. GANG GANG.
• Fascism - Your cultural views, commitment to nationalism and critique of degenerate (((capitalists))) will always be worthy of respect in my eyes. But please shift more economically to the left though.
• National Syndicalism - Like Fascism but more Socialist. Welcome to the GANG, my friend.
• Eco-Fascism - We've been getting along well lately as his views on environmental protection need economic collectivism.
• Falangism - Spanish associate and high-ranking GANG member. Shouldn't have shot Stalinists in the Spanish Civil War though but we can ignore that today.
• Ba'athism - Socialism? Based. Authoritarianism? Also based. Committing genocide on ethnic minorities? BASED!
• Marxism - Yes, you might be a Jew but you are /OURJEW/. I absolutely love your ideas and writings, especially on the Jewish question, one of the few of your race to be born without such hereditary reactionary qualities and which we will use to purge the other social parasites of your race.
• Anarcho-Collectivism - Opponent of the guy above, who is no less based! Good economics, and views on Slavic patriotism and Jews. You can join the GANG too.
• Anti-Centrism - The reason everyone thinks I'm some sort of nazi-communist... which is because I am! Unite left and right, and against the center... CLASS AND NATION!
• Ethnocacerism - My Native American son I love your dedication to getting rid of those filthy invaders and immigrants, alongside your reactionary nature and belief in the overt ethnic supremacy of your people.
• Futurism - This is how revolutionary nationalism shows in art, great job Carli!
• Satirism - Thanks for popularizing me with the Nazbol Gang meme! It's just a shame that now people think I'm some made up joke.

Semi-Gang

• Fourth Theory - My son who reintroduced my theories into the real world. But why don't you like your grandpa? I know he killed Russians but so did he, you gotta learn to forgive and forget, son. Also why have you become anti-nationalist recently?
• Pol Potism - Agrarian socialist ethno-states are based. Please don't kill my intellectual reactionary friends though.
• Ingsoc - You also combine German and Soviet totalitarianism, but you don't really care about race nor class. How generic.
• National Communism - We're almost an ideological match in regards to strong nationalism, but flirting with progressivism is just degenerate, and you are too moderate in regards to racism towards hereditary reactionaries, and fascism isn't bad, he is just jealous that I am going to become his successor who takes his ideas to the next level.
• Conservative Socialism - Another culturally-right socialist. Most of you are moderates who need more fascism and totalitarianism. Sorry, but you on steroids is still more based. That being said, some of your members like Haz are a great exception, whose a really f*cking epic Dugin enjoyer, and support me and my ideas even if he openly denies it and sometimes calls me a "liberal" for working with the Russian opposition.
• Putinism - I support your war against eurolibtards and you like the GREAT Soviet past (at least aesthetcially), but you're too pro-corporate. Still much better than Y*ltsin. Also Possibly a Liberal Jew...
• Council Communism -
• Jewish-Nazism - He also is hated by both his parents! Also, he hates Jews as much as I do! But he still is one, so that kinda sucks.
• Sternism - Jews that formerly supported Nazi collaboration, but later sympathized with the USSR.
• Maoism - Good comrade but what's up with this internationalism and cultural revolution bullcrap? At least you inspired that very based Franco Freda, a true Nazi-Maoist comrade for sure.
• Left-Wing Nationalism - You may have been a good steppingstone for my praxis, but you are WAY too moderate, and even worse your hate for imperialism, and how you sometimes try to HELP or even REPRESENT the will of those disgusting minorities is just cancer. I'm not letting you join the GANG unless you drop your cringe progressivism and become a BASED racist totalitarian like me.
• Democratic Socialism - You could have been helping me infiltrate liberal democracies but you're too busy spending time with degenerates. How pitiful.
• Reactionary Socialism - Traditionalism is based but feudalism weakens the nation. Why can't you understand that central control is needed for our great socialist ethnostate?
• Black Nationalism - I didn't say that socialist racial states can't be made by inferiors blacks... based! But stop hating on BASED whites. Despite that, and many of you being descended from hereditary reactionaries, some of your views are fairly based, especially those wanting "Black Juche" which sounds really epic Now if only we can get white Juche. Though we probably will need to remain separate in our own ethnostates, since most of you are not of the master race and thus cannot become "true" communists, although one of you is 100% /OURGUY/ and has proven to us that a true Afro-Slavo-Proletaryan does in fact exist.
• Libertarianism - Your economics are cringe and so is your gun rights, but your foreign policy would be a useful measure to end US imperialism and you would certainly weaken American power for us to invade you and create our glorious national-internationale. Oh, and Haz did it better.
• National Libertarianism - Improved version of above *specially if we talk about your alt-self .
• Tuckerism - I wish the day you become the main representative of the GOP and win the elections. The day I turn on the old TV and see the breaking news of you getting 270 is in my dreams, that is the day Nazbol gang shall fully thrive. Still too moderate for me
• Crusade of Romanianism - Me but libertarian and anti-nazi.
• Imperialism - ABSOLUTELY DEPLORABLE!!! But also says I like him when I don't, Genghis Khan wasn't imperialist (and was a GREAT man along with Hitler, Stalin and Pol Pot) and neither was the Roman Empire! also Dengist China's means of dealing with minorities is BASED! You know, Scratch that. Imperialism is ONLY bad when it is done by the "West" basically anyone I see as my enemy... Otherwise it's BASED!!!
• National Capitalism - Fake nationalist and capitalist scum. Based for being against ethnic minorities, though.
• Xi Jinping Thought - Han supremacist socialism? Concentration camps for ethnic minorities! Based! Just be less capitalist and less friendly to Israel and you will be perfect. (your fangirls and Xinjiang enforcer are even better) However, you are far too economically and socially moderate for my liking, but still.
• Alt-Right - Matthew Heimbach announced that the TWP was going to take a more familiar current. Stop calling me a Judeobolshevik, we hate Jews too :(
• Homofascism - A revisionist f*g and hereditary reactionary who weakens the race with their judeo-capitalist degeneracy but at the same time we're also brothers in spirit in a way since we both attempt to combine the values of the left and right and are thus shunned by both sides for it, even if you're just a reverse of me on the economic-cultural axis. and we're also the only two who both secretly ship Hitler with Stalin unironically...
• Stransserism - ... WHAT?

(((ANTI-GANG)))

• National Democracy, Sanationism, Sikorskism, and National Radicalism - The partition of Poland by the Third Reich and the Soviet Union was one of the best moments in the 20th century. There are many Polish nazbol supporters though and Wojciech Olszański is based.
• Objectivism - Russophobic, capitalist and Jewish? You are one of the worst ideologies.
• Revolutionary Progressivism - Don't call yourself a leftist when all you do is believe in global Judeocapitalist lies.
• Neoliberalism - Judeocapitalist and the one causing the ills of the world, by combining the worst aspects of progressivism and capitalism.
• Capitalism - Degenerative system. F*CK YOU!!!
• Zionism - [Comment removed by moderator] But ignore the fact I did ironically did found Israel.
• Kahanism - [Comment removed by moderator, banned forever]
• Korwinism - Based social views, cringe economics. But comparing me to the friggin' EU? Not cool.
• Anarcho-Communism - Yes, I am a red fash, anarkiddy. Seethe and cope.
• Anti-Fascism - Are you not just anarkiddy again?
  • Not always. Either way, it's bashing time!

• Neo-Libertarianism - Yes, the left are the real racists, cope.
• Trotskyism - You deserved the ice-pick.

Further Information

Articles

• National Bolshevism: The History of Red-Brownism by Zoltanous, Momcilo Nevesky, and The Fascifist (Wayback Machine, Archive.Is)
• Ikki Kita Articles's in japanese
• Franco Freda and Nazi-Maoism by Zoltanous
• Eduard Limonov and His Vision of a Different Russia by Michael Kumpmann

Wikipedia

• National Bolshevism
• Widerstand (magazine)
• Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

Political Parties

• National Bolshevik Party
• The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov

Literature

• The National Bolshevist Manifesto - Karl Otto Paetel
• Nation and Working Class - Heinrich Laufenberg and Fritz Wolffheim
• The Hamburg Revolution - Heinrich Laufenberg
• Factory Organizations or Trade Unions? - Fritz Wolffheim
• The Disintegration of the System- Franco Freda
• Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics by Francis Parker Yockey
• The World in Flames: The Shorter Writings of Francis Parker Yockey by Francis Parker Yockey
• The Other Russia by Eduard Limonov

Quotes

“Russian Bolshevism and Italian fascism are kindred phenomena, they are signs of an epoch. They hate each other like brothers. They are both messengers of ‘Caesarism’, which sounds somewhere in the distance in the nebulous ‘music of the future’.”

Nikolai Ustryalov

Videos

• Franco Freda and Nazi-Maoism
• National Bolshevism... 100 Years Later
• What is Nazbolism (National Bolshevism)?
• What Is National Bolshevism?

Online Communities

• Partido Nacional-Bolchevique do Brasil
• Círculo Patriótico de Chile
• r/nazbolvexillology

Gallery

Comics

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  Credit: u/Roxxagon
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  Credit: u/MaxxineGameVI
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  Credit: u/Left-Alex; Source
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  Credit: TheLegend2T, Source
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  Credit: Based And Jedpilled
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  Credit to u/BiologicalFunfare
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  Credit to u/HristijanTheRealOne
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  By bonepennies
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  "Meet the Alt-Right" by NR34. National Bolshevism and National Capitalism are stating at each other, with National Capitalism being infront of the former.

Arts

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  Paetelism
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  White Juche
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  Old Art
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