Universal Monarchism

Universal Monarchy is a theoretical system of governance in which a single monarch rules over the planet, whether absolute or constitutional. As such Universal Monarchy can be identified as an ideology that is internationalist in nature.

History and Examples

Ever since even the concept of Empire and rulership, there were cases of great monarchs who with their might and wealth have claimed domain over the entire known world with the first examples being in Mesopotamia, It may thus be considered one of the most ancient variants of monarchy.
The concept itself has heavy religious undertones, be it with the concept of the God-King from ancient eras or all forms of divine right to rule or conquer.

Middle East

ㅤFor the ancient Egyptians, the four directions of the world were regarded as “united in one head” of the King. Ramesses III was presented as the “commander of the whole land united in one.” Except for the Amarna period, Egypt's official ideology did not recognise the coexistence of two or more kings. “The monarchy in Egypt constituted a unity, a single fraction, with universal application.” The Hymn of Victory of Thutmose III and the Stelae of Amenophis II proclaimed: “There is no one who makes a boundary with him … There is no boundary for him towards all lands united, towards all lands together.” Thutmose III was acknowledged: “None presents himself before thy majesty. The circuit of the Great Circle [Ocean] is included in thy grasp.” Asiatic kings recognised Tutankhamen: “There is none living in ignorance of thee.”
ㅤThe King was believed to be Son of the Sun and to rule all under the sun. The ascent of a king was associated with sunrise. The same verb “dawned” was used for the ascent of a king and the rising of the sun. On Abydos Stelae, Thutmose I claimed: “I made the boundaries of Egypt as far as the sun encircles … Shining like Ra ... forever.” The sun symbolised universality both in space and time. The Story of Sinuke expresses both: May all the gods “give you eternity without limits, infinity without bonds! May the fear of you resound in lowlands and highlands, for you have subdued all that the sun encircles.”
ㅤThe genre of king lists also illustrates the Universality of Monarchy. Introduced into the Egyptian tradition in the reign of Unas (2385 ACN – 2355 ACN) of the Fifth Dynasty, the ideological purpose of the genre was to stress the Royal Universality as the only legitimate King stretching back in an unbroken succession to the time of gods.
ㅤThe contemporary Mesopotamian civilization had a much weaker tradition of universal monarchy, but it also developed a King list with the same ideological purpose to stress the Royal Universality as the only legitimate king stretching back in an unbroken succession to the time of gods. Mesopotamian Kings did not claim to rule all that the sun encircles, but they did claim to be “King of the Four Corners” of the world and “King of the Inhabited World”.
ㅤAccording to the King List, kingship descended from heaven twice, before and after the Flood. After the second attempt, the city of Kish received it. When Kish declined in power, the status “King of Kish” obtained the meaning of King of the Universe without geographic sense. The term was used by Mesopotamian dominant monarchs from Sargon of Akkad (circa 2334 ACN – 2279 ACN) to the Seleucid king Antiochus I Soter (281 ACN – 261 ACN).
ㅤCyrus I of the Persian Empire claimed to be King of the World, Shahanshah (King of Kings), King of the Four Corners of the World, King of the Universe. The title King of the Universe was last used by the Seleucids, while the Shahanshah title remained in use by Persian/Iranian monarchs until the 1979 revolution.

East Asia

ㅤA similar phenomenon occurred in China. The title "“Son of Heaven” emerged during the Zhou dynasty. The title denotes Universality – Ruling all under Heaven. The Book of Odes says:

• Beneath all heaven
  
• There is no land that is not the king's;
  
• Throughout the borders of the earth,
  
• None who are not his subjects!
  

ㅤThe title also denotes a higher, “heavenly” rule (" Celestial Empire"), in contrast to kings who rule between heaven and earth, and by extension today to presidents who are mere base earthly rulers. Imperial China, as well as Japan, was regarded by its citizens as a Universal Monarchy where all other monarchs were regarded as tributaries. In China, this was exemplified in the Chinese name for the state, which survives to this day, Zhongguo, meaning “Middle/Central Kingdom”. Since the title Son of Heaven originated during the Zhou dynasty, the Chinese perceived universal monarchy as the only correct rule. During the centuries-long period of independent states (771 ACN - 221 ACN), none of the known thinkers tried to develop a concept of separate national identity or independence:

• Yet, when we examine the writing of the hundred schools of the [later] Zhou period, we are forcefully struck by the ongoing tenacious hold of the ancient idea of universal kingship even during this period of division. No outlook emerges that is prepared to treat the multistate system as normative or normal ... No Chinese Grotius or Puffendorf emerges.
  

ㅤThe inscription of the First Emperor of China said: “Wherever life is found, all acknowledge his suzerainty.” The Sinocentric paradigm survived until the 19th century. When George III (1780–1831) proposed trading contacts, the Chinese declined, because “ the Celestial Empire, ruling all within the four seas … does not have the slightest need of your country's manufactures.” They added that George III must act in conformity with their wishes, strengthen his loyalty and swear perpetual obedience.
ㅤThe Chinese concept of universal monarchy was taken up by the Mongol Empire, who under Chinggis Khan were able to enforce this concept more widely than China. The Chinese Son of Heaven also contributed to a counterpart in Japan, but in some aspects, the Japanese made their monarchy more universal. The Chinese emperor was bound to the Mandate of Heaven. No such mandate existed for the Tenno. Descended from the Sun Goddess Amaterasu in the immemorial past, one Dynasty is supposed to rule Japan forever. The Chinese ended their dynastic cycle in 1911; the Japanese Dynasty continues until the present day and today is the oldest active dynasty in the world, albeit Douglas MacArthur un-deified it in 1945.
ㅤThe Hindu/ Buddhist/ Jain concept of the Chakravartin is a perfect illustration of the ideal of a Universal Monarch.

Rome

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The Franks, HRE, Habsburgs, and Charles I/V

“I sought the imperial crown not in order to rule over a multitude of kingdoms but merely to ensure the welfare and prosperity of the country and my other kingdoms, and to preserve peace and concord in the whole of Christendom… To this purpose have I made many arduous journeys and have been compelled to wage many wars… but never wantonly, always very much against my own will. … I had great hopes – only few have been fulfilled and few have remained to me, and at the cost of what travails! This has made me sick and weary. Do not think that I seek to avoid any travails or perils; my powers no longer suffice. Place your trust in my son, be united, observe justice at all times and do not let unbelief appear in your midst…”

Charles I/V, on his conception of imperial office

ㅤThe idea of a sole sovereign emperor would re-emerge in the West with Charlemagne and the Holy Roman Empire. The idea of the Holy Roman Empire possessing special sovereignty as a universal monarchy was respected by the surrounding powers and subject states, even when the empire had undergone severe fragmentation. The symbolism of the “All the world is subject to Austria” (A.E.I.O.U.) phrase of Frederick III can be seen as an expression of the idea of all states being subject to one monarchy. Some, on the other hand, argued that the Pope was a universal monarch.
ㅤIn the person of Charles, the Habsburgs attained the status of a Great Power for the first time. Extending over several continents, his dominions were referred to by contemporaries as the empire “on which the sun never set”.
ㅤThe basis of his power was Spain: uniting in his person for the first time the crowns of Castilla, Navarra, and Aragón, Charles was the first King of Spain as a unified whole. His dominions also included the Kingdoms of Sicily and Sardinia together with the Netherlands as part of the Burgundian inheritance.
ㅤ Charles is also associated with the beginnings of the Spanish colonial empire in South and Central America. During his rule the destruction of the ancient American empires reached its zenith. Charles issued orders to the conquistadors and missionaries to protect the native population and to convert them to Christianity using convincing arguments rather than force.
ㅤFor a short time, Austria too belonged to Charles’s global empire. On the death of his grandfather Maximilian I in 1519 Charles had inherited the Austrian patrimonial lands. However, in 1521/22 he transferred his dominion over these Central European dynastic territories to his younger brother Ferdinand, the founder of the Austrian line of the Habsburgs.
ㅤFaced with this enormous increase in power, Charles soon developed the vision of a universal monarchy spanning the globe. The only element that was lacking to ensure his claim to hegemony in Europe was the title of emperor. Charles’s rivals for the imperial succession were Francis I of France and Henry VIII of England. In June 1519, the electors voted at Frankfurt for Charles as king, the prerequisite step to attaining the imperial title. Nevertheless, Charles’s lofty ambitions were confronted with a thoroughly mundane problem: lack of money. The electors expected to be rewarded for their votes. Charles’s election campaign was mainly funded by the Fugger merchant family, subsequently making the emperor financially dependent upon them. Charles I/V was also the last emperor to be crowned by a pope, his coronation being performed by Clement VII at Bologna.
ㅤ Charles’s claim to the leading role in the concert of powers was not uncontested: France became the ‘hereditary enemy’ for the next two centuries. A powerful adversary arose to the east in the shape of the Ottoman Empire. In a late continuation of the Spanish Reconquista against the Moors, Charles pursued campaigns in North Africa, leaving his brother Ferdinand to resist the inexorable expansion of the Turks in the Balkan territories. ㅤAlthough Charles saw himself as a defender of Christianity, it was during his reign that the unity of the Catholic Church finally collapsed due to his underestimating the power of the Reformation within the empire. This was not solely a question of theology but a political trial of strength between the Emperor and the princes of the empire who were insisting on their privileges and independence. Charles’s claim to universal rule is also evident in his attempts to solve the confessional conflict. The emperor wanted to effect a radical reform of the Church and saw himself as an impartial arbiter seeking to preserve the unity of Christendom. However, in this, he failed: the schism had become a reality.
ㅤThroughout his rule, Charles struggled with the contradiction between his claim to universal power and the difficulty of actually implementing this dominion in the various parts of his vast empire. Charles was forced to be constantly on the move to compensate for the lack of an efficacious modern administrative apparatus. An important factor in his failure was the nature of communications at that time: strung out over whole continents, his monarchy had become ungovernable.
ㅤ Charles also had to battle with the resistance of regional forces in Spain, the Netherlands, and within the empire to a Universal, supranational Habsburg Monarchy. Eventually, he abandoned his hopes, accepting the infeasibility of the undertaking. The office of Holy Roman Emperor passed to his brother Ferdinand and the Spanish crown to his son Philip. Even within the dynasty, it was no longer possible to prevent power from being split between several different lines.
ㅤFollowing his death in 1558, the Emperor’s mortal remains were initially interred beneath the altar of the monastery church. Later on, his son Philip II had his coffin transferred to the pantheon of the Spanish kings in the palatial monastery of El Escorial. Yuste monastery was destroyed during the Peninsular War and abandoned. In 1958, to mark the fourth centenary of Charles’s death, it was restored and given back to the Order of St Jerome. Today, the Hieronymites at Yuste continue to preserve the memory of the Emperor who came to grief with his vision of Universal Monarchy.

Byzantium

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Inca Empire

ㅤIn the Americas, the Inca Monarchy was Universal in the sense of a sole rule over the whole contemporary geopolitical area, around which were only unsettled societies. The Inca people called their state the “realm of the four quarters of the world”, a concept of universality in space analogous to the “four quarters” of other universal monarchies. As the Chinese called their country “Country in the middle”, the Incas called their capital, “the navel of the world”. This civilization did not develop writing, but the Spanish reports and Inca Garcilaso de la Vega tell that the Inca monarchy was one of the most absolute and divine in history.
ㅤAs the monarchs of Egypt and Japan, the Inca were Sons of the Sun, and as with the Egyptian kings, the Inca were mummified and worshipped as gods by subsequent generations. Their names, like that of ViracoPcha Inca, also imply their divinity. Burr Cartwright Brundage associated this name with the Near Eastern concept of King of Kings. The title of the Incas, Sapa Inca (lit. 'the only emperor'), implied that no other Emperor could exist anywhere in the world. The Inca oral tradition preserved a King list, an ideological genre of universal monarchies implying this universality in time and space. The Incas were of divine origins. Like the founder of the Japanese Dynasty, the Inca founder, Manco Capac, was supposedly the son of the Sun God Inti.

The Islamic World

ㅤIn Sunni Islam, the concept of the Caliphate can be considered a universal monarchy. Crucially, the Caliph is not necessarily a spiritual leader; rather, he is the secular head of the Muslim community and is (theoretically) bound by and subject to Islamic law. The word Khalifah can be translated variously as successor, steward, deputy, or viceregent, with the implication that the Caliph is the worldly successor to the Prophet Muhammad (and importantly is not his spiritual successor; as Muhammad is considered to be the last prophet, Sunni Muslims hold that he can have no spiritual successor). The duties of the Caliph, in theory, include the administration of Islamic law; the enactment of policies for the welfare of Muslims; the custodianship of Islamic holy sites and care of pilgrims; the custodianship of conquered non-Muslims and mediation of their interests relative to those of Muslims; the prosecution of holy wars (both offensive and defensive); and the representation of the diplomatic interests of the global Muslim community, even beyond the borders of the Caliphate's domains (a precedent set during Muhammad's life, with respect to the early Islamic community in Ethiopia).
ㅤIn Shia Islam, the concept of the Imamate is comparable to the Sunni Caliphate, but it is not identical. The Shia Imam is considered to be both the spiritual and the secular leader of the global Muslim community; therefore, the Imam not only holds authority over policy and administration but is also the infallible final Arbiter in the interpretation of law and theology. However, like the Sunni caliph, the Shia Imam's authority as a Monarch is considered Universal. [File:Imamate.png]] The Imamate is tied to the Ahl al-Bayt; dynasties that claim the Imamate also claim descent from Muhammad via Ali and Fatimah, and pass the title of Imam down from father to son, with different Shia denominations following different lineages. For example, the Twelver Shia Muslims follow the line of the Twelve Imams, of whom the last has supposedly been in occultation since the 9th century CE; however, the Nizari Shia Muslims follow a different and still-living line of Imams, of whom the Aga Khan V is the current head.

Beliefs

Cosmopolitanism

ㅤ Universal monarchies were the cradle of Cosmopolitanism. The earliest in history concept that men of all colours are equal comes from Ancient Egypt. The Great Hymn to the Aten dated during the reign of Akhenaten of the Eighteenth Dynasty (c. 1353–1336 BC) reads: The “tongues of peoples differ in speech, their characters likewise; their skins are distinct, for Aten distinguished the peoples.” But Aten cares for all of them. “In all lands of the world, you set every man in his place, you supply their need, everyone has his food…”
The Persian universal monarchs tolerated the cultures, languages, and religions of the subordinated peoples and supported local religious institutions. Local elites were integrated into the imperial administration. The Persians ceased the mass deportations practiced by the previous Assyrian and Babylonian empires, and allowed Jews to their land and restore their Temple.
ㅤFollowing the rise of Alexander the Great, Stoicism became the dominant school of Hellenistic philosophy. The Stoics articulated a form of Greek citizenship that disrespected the walls of the polis hitherto thought to constrain human communities. Its founder, Zeno of Citium (c. 334 – c. 262 BC), advised that inhabitants of all poleis should form “one way of life and one order.” Stoics were radically Cosmopolitan by contemporary standards and preached to accept even slaves as “ equals of other men because all men alike are products of nature.” Later Stoic thinker Seneca in his Letter exhorted, “Kindly remember that he whom you call your slave sprang from the same stock, is smiled upon by the same skies, and on equal terms with yourself breathes, lives, and dies.”
ㅤThe Stoics held that external differences, such as rank and wealth, are of no importance in social relationships. Instead, they advocated the brotherhood of humanity and the natural equality of all human beings. According to the Stoics, all people are manifestations of the one universal spirit and should live in brotherly love and readily help one another. Stoicism became the foremost and most influential philosophy under the Hellenistic and Roman universal monarchs and often is called an official philosophy of the monarchy. Edward Gibbon concluded on the Roman universal spirit of toleration: “The various modes of worship, which prevailed in the Roman world, were all considered by the people, as equally true; by the philosopher, as equally false; and by the magistrates, as equally useful.” ㅤThrough Saint Paul the Apostle, Stoicism influenced the Cosmopolitan revolution in Christianity. Paul decisively broke with the Judaist xenophobia and opened the religion to all humanity. The chosen people were no longer ethnically defined. Paul called Christians to embrace the ideal of a single humanity living in harmony with a divinely ordered Cosmos. Hitherto reserved to the Jews, salvation became available to the Gentiles. A book titled ㅤUnder the universal monarchy on the other side of Tibet, Cosmopolitanism flourished too. The Tang dynasty saw the influx of thousands of foreigners who came to live in Chinese commercial hub cities. Expatriates spilt in from all over Asia and beyond, with a bounty of people from Persia, Arabia, India, Korea, and Southeast and Central Asia. Chinese cities became bustling epicentres of commerce and trade, abundant in foreign residents and the plethora of cultural riches that they brought with them. A census taken in 742 AD showed that the foreign proportion of the registered population had massively increased from nearly a quarter in the early seventh century to nearly half by the mid VII century, with an estimated 200.000 foreigners in residence in Canton alone. Buddhism, Confucianism and Daoism were practised undisturbed in China, as well as in Japan, where the three coexisted with Shintō.

Divinity

ㅤThe Egyptian and Inca kings were mummified and worshipped for generations as gods (chapters on Egypt and Inca above). The Egyptian royal tombs – pyramids – are perhaps the best expression of the level of veneration. 700.000 workers worked on the Epang Palace and the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang, containing the Terracotta Army. The foundation platform of Epang is 1270 m * 426 m. Some estimates make the mausoleum the largest burial complex of a single ruler ever to have been constructed anywhere in the world. With the rise of universal monarchs in Japan, impressive megalithic tombs covered their land. Egyptologists debate whether the Son of the Sun was above or below the gods; Sinologists and Japanologists agree that their Sons of Heaven were above the gods and similar to the status of God in Abrahamic religions.
ㅤA divinity threshold was crossed the moment of Universal Conquest. Following Qin universal conquest in 221 ACN, the First Emperor of the universal realm was titled “Huang” meaning “august”, and “Di”, meaning “Divine”. Sima Qian explicitly states the causal link between the Universal Conquest and divinity. The Inca ruler, with the establishment of his universal monarchy, changed his royal “Capac” title, somewhat equivalent of “Duke,” for the divine name by which he was thereafter known to history, “Viracocha Inca.”
ㅤFollowing another Universal Conquest, Alexander the Great broke with much of the Macedonian royal tradition, where kings were mortal like the rest of humans. Alexander and his successors became divine, and some added to their names Epiphanes, meaning 'divine'. By 323 BC, several Greek states were worshipping Alexander as a living god. Cults were offered to his successors with greater frequencies and magnificence. Michael J. Puett finds that universal empire and the deification of monarchs developed together. He compares Macedonia with China, where a Universal Empire coincided with a new type of theomorphic claim.

Monotheism

ㅤThe rise of extremely absolute and divine personality on earth triggered a similar process in Heaven. Main gods rose to more universal and transcendent status, and on several occasions, Universal Monarchies generated Monotheism. Akhenaten undertook the earliest known attempt, albeit short-lived. The Great Hymn to the Aten is the earliest record in history to proclaim God as “sole” beside whom there is “none”. Beginning with Sargon II, Assyrian scribes began to write the name of Ashur with the ideogram for “whole heaven.” According to Simo Parpola, the Neo-Assyrian empire developed a complete Monotheism.
ㅤ The Assyrian case is crucial regarding Judaism — the only ancient Monotheism which is not a product of universal monarchy. According to Secular historical theory, the Jewish religion became monotheistic in Babylonian captivity. One hypothesis maintains that the Jewish priests adopted the local Monotheism and replaced Ashur with Yahweh. The Assyrian monotheist concept of “(all) the gods” was translated into Hebrew as Elohim, literally “(all) the gods.” This explains the puzzle of Psalm 46:4–5 with God dwelling in his City on the river. There is no river in Jerusalem, but the City of Assur was on a river. “Yahweh's emergence as a major player on the divine scene mirrored those of… Marduk and Assur.” The former, as Yahweh, had a temple without an image to express his monotheist nature. Some scholars also supposed the influence of the Egyptian universal monarchy, particularly of the Great Hymn to the Aten on Psalm 104.
ㅤSynchronously with Judaism, the Persian universal monarchy elaborated Zoroastrianism considered by most as monotheistic. It has been supposed that Darius elevated Ahura Mazda to monotheist status to associate the sole King with the sole God.
ㅤEventually, two most popular monotheist legacies of universal monarchies became Christianity and Islam. One God, one Emperor, one empire, proclaimed Eusebius (AD 290–330). One study names Islam as the clearest example of convergence between monotheist religion and universal monarchy. The edict of Chinggis Khan stated: “This is the order of the everlasting God. In heaven there is only one eternal God; on earth there is only one lord…” Similar proclamations by him and his heirs were issued, alternatively embellished with Quranic, Confucian, or Biblical verses, depending on their prospective audiences.

Vision of history

For Ancient Egypt, China, Japan, and the Inca Empire, the beginning of history was marked by the emergence of universal monarchy. This event in terms of their traditions originated during the time these people saw as what we would call prehistory. Universal monarchies lacked linear, teleological, utopian or progressive vision of history of the Western kind. For them, the ideal state is not in a utopian future but a historic past and no further progress was even theoretically possible. All that was needed ever since the rise of universal monarchy was to maintain it, and if lost, restore it as soon as possible. Thus, history acquired a cyclical pattern.
ㅤGerman Sociologist Friedrich Tenbruck, criticising the Western idea of progress, emphasised that China and Egypt remained at one particular stage of development for millennia. This stage was universal monarchy. The development of Egypt and China came to a halt once their empires “reached the limits of their natural habitat,” that is, became Universal.
ㅤPeriods when Monarchies were more Universal – Shang, Zhou, Han and Tang dynasties in China, Maurya, Gupta and Mughal dynasties in India, Heian Japan, Augustan and Antonine Rome – were remembered by posterity as “Golden Ages.” Edward Gibbon described the Antonine age as the best in human history. The Islamic Golden Age also begins during the universal Abbasid dynasty. The Spanish, Portuguese, and British Golden Ages similarly coincide with periods when their monarchies came closest to universal.
ㅤSeeing the ideal model in the past, most Universal Monarchies had a greater concern with history than their non-universal colleagues did. The difference is striking comparing the volumes of historical records of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, China and India, or Rome and post-Roman Europe. Not always, but as a rule, the more monarchy is universal in space and lasting in time, the more history it writes.
ㅤRegarding future, universal monarchies are prominent in their Optimism. They did not expect apocalypse or cosmic recycling, nor even lesser disasters like destructive warfare or imperial fall characteristic for Mesopotamian and Hebrew prophetic literature. Instead, they believed in eternal orderly existence. Those Monarchies were deemed Universal in both space and time. In Japan, even dynasties were not supposed to rise and fall. One Dynasty was believed to ever last. The First Emperor of China proclaimed the universal monarchy he established to last for ten-thousand generations. Gods provided the Egyptian kings with “eternity without limits, infinity without bounds.” A great culture of eternity evolved. The pyramids, mummies and Terracotta Army were designed to last forever. The years of the early Roman Principate, especially the rule of Augustus, are witness to the radical increase of references to aeternitas (eternity) especially in Augustan poetry (Virgil, Tibullus, Propertius, Horace and Ovid). The change reflected a new mentality towards the permanence and stability of the state. The Augustan poets proclaimed Rome “Urbs Aeterna,” which translates from Latin as the “Eternal City”, and Rome is known as such until today.

Personality

He loves talking about geopolitics & historical empires from the past, as such he wants to imitate them by expanding his empire into what is known as “the Universal Monarchy” used to civilise what he sees as savage or technologically backwards nations. He fears that trends of ethnolinguistic nationalism could lead to civil war in his colonies & the fall of his empire. He sees the nature of empires and politics and the world as all a giant game that will end once someone holds the entire world, something that the development of technology has made increasingly possible. As he believes that someone should be him, he is naturally extremely ambitious and imperialistic. A lot of justification behind his goals lies in a religious perspective: divine right, the chosen empire, etc. so should he be depicted as such. He despises any nationalist movements, that is, classical nationalism of the sprig time of nations, left-wing nationalism, revolutionary nationalism, any form of separatism and so forth, because these explicitly make things harder for him. The only exception is Pan-Nationalism, but only temporarily and under select circumstances.

Stylistic notes

Can be depicted as a min-maxing conqueror, constantly trying to figure out what method works best for achieving the eternal goal of world conquest.

How to Draw

Flag of Universal Monarchism

Universal Monarchism's designs are based on a flag that the Reddit user u/CenturioFabio made to represent a pan-monarchist movement, which he posted on r/monarchism under the title “My Take on a Pan-Monarchist Flag”.

1. Draw a ball with eyes and fill it purple.
2. In the middle, draw a gold fleur-de-lis (⚜).
3. Around the fleur-de-lis, draw a golden wreath.
4. Draw a crown with red jewels on top of the ball.
5. You're done.

Color Name		HEX	RGB
	Purple	#8C0094	rgb(140, 0, 148)
	Gold	#F9B234	rgb(249, 178, 52)

Relations

International loyalists

• Monarchism - ONE EMPIRE, ONE EMPEROR, ONE EARTH!
• Absolute Monarchism - It may be hard for a single ( wo-) man to manage such a large empire, but my model seems to inherently result in absolutism.
• Imperialism - I shall not stop until all continents and oceans are my domain! Am I not your ultimate goal? Some of you are too republican and ethnocentric.
• Caesarism - While Caesar wasn't a Monarch or universalist himself, all succeeding Emperors made Rome one of THE greatest empires destined to rule the world. Sadly this nationalist idiot tried to claim your legacy, created a republic in 1943, and failed miserably.
• Interculturalism - Now that's how we can unify our imperium culturally.
• Multiculturalism - You can't make a unified human empire that doesn't face constant problems if you don't treat the people as equals.
• Cosmopolitanism - My adopted son I love dearly.
• Alexander the Great - Excellent!
• Zoroastrian Theocracy - Cyrus the Great was, in fact, Great!
• Integralism - I am your Katechon, so long as I stand, the world will not end. I am the second sword the LORD has given Man to protect the faithful.
• Crusadism - Dante liked you a lot, the HRE routinely supported you, and Barbarossa claimed the title Dominus Mundi, similar to the above.
• Habsburgism - A.E.I.O.V.
• Reactionaryism - I usually defend myself with right-wing arguments like natural law, rather than the left-wing arguments of modern globalists. It certainly doesn't hurt that my main advocates were in power in the period that you want to return to. But my model wasn't ever completely implemented.
• Aurelian - Thank you for saving me, Restitutor Orbis.
• Byzantine Model - Justinian is my favourite of your Emperors, and I like your slogan.
• Khanism - He is LITERALLY me: Genghis Khan means Universal Ruler. Your empire was THE BEST ONE of all time because you treated all cultures equally (I know the Brits built a larger one, but they were sadly ethnocratic).

Temporary stepping stones

• Roman Republicanism - You are the predecessor to one of the greatest of Empires, but why do your supporters hate expansionism? And why do you hate Kings?
• Fourth Theory - You have some neat ideas regarding the nature of civilisations, Rome, Genghis Khan, and so forth, but you're not explicitly a Monarchist, and multipolarism goes against global unity.
• Feudalism - Way back in the past, we worked together in the HRE, but it ended up causing border gore.
• World Federalism - I am not sure if you intend on keeping me around. And you don't support my absolutist tendencies either.
• Pan-Nationalism - You're good for initial imperial momentum, uniting the immediate nations of say the Mongols, Franks, Persians, Hellenes, Latins, and such. But you can go wrong, especially in the hands of Republicans.
• Third Way - Trudeau and Blair technically support both monarchy and globalisation. Still, you're too limited and not dedicated enough, as you support the King only as a figurehead (not even a global one), and you limit yourself to economic globalism. But pan-Anglicist cooperation between the states in personal union is a good stepping stone (see above).
• Showa Statism - Your deeds were inconceivably horrible and directly caused by nationalism, but pan-Asianism is another stepping stone.
• Globalism - What's different between you and me is that you're unorganised, mostly economic, and have few long-term goals. While I believe that eventually, some institution will conquer the world, I intend for that to be me, making it last indefinitely and making something of the power that comes with it.
• Catholic Theocracy - You hold dominion over a billion people of different cultures and languages, who are loyal to the elective monarch, but you directly control only a tiny piece of land. Not to mention, religious tolerance is needed for global unity.
  • Learn from Dante, the Greeks, and Charles I/V. If you give up every identity, including a common religion, you can't hold an empire together, especially not by divine right!

• • • Okay, valid point. But forcing your faith on foreigners hinders globalisation. I learned from Genghis Khan and Cyrus too.

Speedbumps against world conquest

• Nationalism - You make my life much harder. At least in Austria, Radetzky put you down temporarily!
• Irredentism - The initial momentum isn't worth it, and you quite literally constrict yourself with your borders.
• Ultranationalism - You are a breeding ground for particularism, I can't even use you pragmatically.
• Republicanism - You can't depose me that easily. You will not be able to survive for even a month, since THE ENTIRE WORLD is now your enemy, especially my heir. And no one would be stupid enough to fight the whole Earth to take down one family. right?!
• Jacobinism & Girondism - If every monarch in the world teamed up, they would have put you down much faster.
• Separatism - You... Sons of PIGS!
• Jingoism - Truly the bloodiest of all nationalists. Once I unite the world, there will be peace. But for that, you must be put down like a rabid dog.
• Isolationism - You can't just sit on your ass and expect that it will somehow prevent my unification of the world.
• Fascism - A republican (most of the time), nationalist, and overall just terrible. Putting Dante in the lyrics of your anthem was awesome.
• Monarcho-Fascism - You must never be allowed to get the throne, for your discrimination will cause the empire to fall. Remember Benito's folly?
• Optimateism - You are the worst: republican, anti-expansion, against integration of our subjects AND also a massive hypocrite. YOU'RE ALL GETTING PROSCRIBED!
• Trotskyism - World communism and permanent revolution? My ass! The Imperial Army is going to squash you!
• Patchwork - LOOK AT WHAT YOU DID TO THE HRE, WHY YOU IMPUDENT BURGHER BASTARD! THESE BORDERS MAKE MY EYES BLEED!
• Tridemism, Arab Socialism, Kemalism - You've got 24 hours to resign from your presidencies and restore the monarchies, or else you will become my next victims.
• Khomeinism - While you may not be a Nationalist, I cannot forget what you did in 1979!
• Posadism - A part of me wishes there were nuke-happy aliens so humanity would unite against a common enemy.
• Lee-Kuan Yew thought - City-state? That is a republic? That broke off? From a monarchy, no less? *vomits* You are the worst. Oh wait, you did not want to separate and were given the boot for opposing ethnic supremacy? Not so bad, but still, you aren't good.
• Senatorialism - The universe has many horrors yet to throw at us. This is not the end of our struggle. This is just the beginning of our crusade to save Humanity. Be faithful! Be strong! Be vigilant!

Further Information

Literature

• De Monarchia by Dante Alighieri
• Charles V's vision of universal monarchy

Wikipedia

• Universal monarchy
• King of Kings
• Dominium mundi
• Chakravarti
• National Revolutionary Dividends Party

Gallery

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