Maoism: Difference between revisions
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Immediately after the end of the [[w:Second Sino-Japanese War|Sino-Japanese War]], the communists started seizing land and attacking the nationalist force<ref>According to the communists themselves, it was Chiang Kai-shek who started the first attact.</ref>. The army size was expanded to 1.2 million (With 2.6 million militias) versus 2 million nationalist troops (With 2.3 million militias) with the supplies of Soviet weapons from the equipment Stalin seized in Manchuria. Due to Chiang’s poor military skills, the massive collapse or morales of the nationalist soldiers after eight years of war with Japan, hyperinflation in the nationalist-controlled regions, and the American interference in the Marshall Mission, Mao and the communists were able to seize the Mainland in 4 years time after major battles that defeated the incompetent and corrupt military of the nationalists and Chiang’s extremely unpopular government. |
Immediately after the end of the [[w:Second Sino-Japanese War|Sino-Japanese War]], the communists started seizing land and attacking the nationalist force<ref>According to the communists themselves, it was Chiang Kai-shek who started the first attact.</ref>. The army size was expanded to 1.2 million (With 2.6 million militias) versus 2 million nationalist troops (With 2.3 million militias) with the supplies of Soviet weapons from the equipment Stalin seized in Manchuria. Due to Chiang’s poor military skills, the massive collapse or morales of the nationalist soldiers after eight years of war with Japan, hyperinflation in the nationalist-controlled regions, and the American interference in the Marshall Mission, Mao and the communists were able to seize the Mainland in 4 years time after major battles that defeated the incompetent and corrupt military of the nationalists and Chiang’s extremely unpopular government. |
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After the Communist force won the civil war, Mao declared that China entered a stage which was called the [[w:New Democracy|“New Democratic Revolution”]] by the newly established Chinese government. The CPC formed an alliance called the 'United Front' with parties such as [[File:RCCK.png]] [[Tridemism|the RCCK]]. Political dissents, Republic of China/KMT sympathizers, and landlords were purged in the subsequent political cleansings such as [[File:RedTerror.png]] [[w:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries|Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries]] and the [[File:AntiConservatism.png]] [[w:Anti-Rightist Campaign|Anti-Rightist Campaign]]. However, just as socialist construction began the Soviet Union would renounce [[File:Stalin.png]] [[Marxism-Leninism|Joseph Stalin’s theory of Marxism-Leninism]] and allied Eastern European states that had developed exactly in line with it began to one by one fall to this new ideology. China, however, refused to follow [[File:Khrusch.png]] [[Khrushchevism|Khrushchev’s path]] and denounced him as a revisionist pseudo-socialist eventually, even though the PRC supported Khrushchev’s invasion of Hungary and pressed for it. Therefore, the Sino-Soviet Split split happened with Soviet projects scrapped, economic aid cut off, and scientists left China, which was detrimental to China’s economic development. At this point began a debate amongst the |
After the Communist force won the civil war, Mao declared that China entered a stage which was called the [[w:New Democracy|“New Democratic Revolution”]] by the newly established Chinese government. The CPC formed an alliance called the 'United Front' with parties such as [[File:RCCK.png]] [[Tridemism|the RCCK]]. Political dissents, Republic of China/KMT sympathizers, and landlords were purged in the subsequent political cleansings such as [[File:RedTerror.png]] [[w:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries|Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries]] and the [[File:AntiConservatism.png]] [[w:Anti-Rightist Campaign|Anti-Rightist Campaign]]. However, just as socialist construction began the Soviet Union would renounce [[File:Stalin.png]] [[Marxism-Leninism|Joseph Stalin’s theory of Marxism-Leninism]] and allied Eastern European states that had developed exactly in line with it began to one by one fall to this new ideology. China, however, refused to follow [[File:Khrusch.png]] [[Khrushchevism|Khrushchev’s path]] and denounced him as a revisionist pseudo-socialist eventually, even though the PRC supported Khrushchev’s invasion of Hungary and pressed for it. Therefore, the Sino-Soviet Split split happened with Soviet projects scrapped, economic aid cut off, and scientists left China, which was detrimental to China’s economic development. At this point began a debate amongst the CPC arose over whether they had progressed the relations of production far enough in order to solely focus on economic development. Mao opposed this line, and instead believed that economic development could be obtained without sacrificing development in the relations of production. Agricultural policies such as collective farming and mass production were implemented, which was known as the ‘[[w:Great Leap Forward|Great Leap Forward]]’ that failed to achieve its main objectives due to a complex variety of reasons and led to the [[w:Great Chinese Famine|Great Chinese Famine]]. |
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After the Sino-Soviet Split, the party began to formulate the idea that China develops an independent course of their economy. Mao wanted to utilize the resources they had gathered in the abundance of labor and popular enthusiasm. Water conservancy and irrigation eventually led to sustained growth in agricultural production. Flood defense was developed along with the practice of Terracing. The slogan “walking on two legs” was used to describe the pattern of industrial development. The development of small to medium size industry alongside the development of the emphasis on heavy industry. Compared to the more rigid and centralized economic system which had prevailed in the USSR, this period saw a different course of events with China adopting its unique form of the command economy. The rural industry established made use of labor-intensive strategies as opposed to plans entirely dependent on capital. As they served more local interests they did not require the development of nationwide infrastructure to prevail. Life expectancy (partially due to Mao’s pro-natalist policy) rose from 36 years in to 62 years and the literacy rate in China tripled to a record 60% from 20% in 1949 as the government introduced universal healthcare and education. Not only were smaller rural industries somewhat improved, but the heavy industry was accelerated as well with one example being the Teaching oil field. China also developed its own nuclear weapons with the help of engineers such as Qian Xuesen, becoming the fifth nuclear power on earth. Additionally, during the Mao era, the female labor participation rate was over 70%. After Mao died, it continued to decline. Despite these achievements, 88.1% of Chinese were still living in absolute poverty in 1980, with one of the lowest GDP per capita on earth. |
After the Sino-Soviet Split, the party began to formulate the idea that China develops an independent course of their economy. Mao wanted to utilize the resources they had gathered in the abundance of labor and popular enthusiasm. Water conservancy and irrigation eventually led to sustained growth in agricultural production. Flood defense was developed along with the practice of Terracing. The slogan “walking on two legs” was used to describe the pattern of industrial development. The development of small to medium size industry alongside the development of the emphasis on heavy industry. Compared to the more rigid and centralized economic system which had prevailed in the USSR, this period saw a different course of events with China adopting its unique form of the command economy. The rural industry established made use of labor-intensive strategies as opposed to plans entirely dependent on capital. As they served more local interests they did not require the development of nationwide infrastructure to prevail. Life expectancy (partially due to Mao’s pro-natalist policy) rose from 36 years in to 62 years and the literacy rate in China tripled to a record 60% from 20% in 1949 as the government introduced universal healthcare and education. Not only were smaller rural industries somewhat improved, but the heavy industry was accelerated as well with one example being the Teaching oil field. China also developed its own nuclear weapons with the help of engineers such as Qian Xuesen, becoming the fifth nuclear power on earth. Additionally, during the Mao era, the female labor participation rate was over 70%. After Mao died, it continued to decline. Despite these achievements, 88.1% of Chinese were still living in absolute poverty in 1980, with one of the lowest GDP per capita on earth. |
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However, Mao feared a threat looming over the country as he believed if capitalism could be restored in the Soviet Union, why couldn't it be restored in the People’s Republic of China? To many, it seemed a far-off and distant threat. However many people (such as Mao Zedong himself and the [[File:RedGuard.png]] [[Revolutionary Progressivism|Gang of Four]]) believe they saw the beginning of the capitalist road among official party members. Mao believe that the reactionary ideology ran deep within China, as a result of years of hosting such relations of production. Land Reform annihilated the landlord class, but the conservative ideology was still prevalent in China, especially in rural regions. Mao feared that China was not travelling down the socialist path, and rather was on track to regress to capitalism. The [[File:Ultraprogressivism.png]] [[w:Cultural Revolution|Cultural Revolution]] happened in this context and the theory driving the event is simple: “The class struggle continues, and is even intensified under socialism”. The Cultural Revolution oversaw the destruction of many Chinese traditional cultural architectures and the prosecution of many intellectuals and teachers, and economic activities were halted in many regions. Many members that belonged to the so-called [[w:Five Black Categories|Five Black Categories]] and their family were also prosecuted in this era. |
However, Mao feared a threat looming over the country as he believed if capitalism could be restored in the Soviet Union, why couldn't it be restored in the People’s Republic of China? To many, it seemed a far-off and distant threat. However many people (such as Mao Zedong himself and the [[File:RedGuard.png]] [[Revolutionary Progressivism|Gang of Four]]) believe they saw the beginning of the capitalist road among official party members. Mao believe that the reactionary ideology ran deep within China, as a result of years of hosting such relations of production. Land Reform annihilated the landlord class, but the conservative ideology was still prevalent in China, especially in rural regions. Mao feared that China was not travelling down the socialist path, and rather was on track to regress to capitalism. The [[File:Ultraprogressivism.png]] [[w:Cultural Revolution|Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution]] happened in this context and the theory driving the event is simple: “The class struggle continues, and is even intensified under socialism”. The Cultural Revolution oversaw the destruction of many Chinese traditional cultural architectures and the prosecution of many intellectuals and teachers, and economic activities were halted in many regions. Many members that belonged to the so-called [[w:Five Black Categories|Five Black Categories]] and their family were also prosecuted in this era. |
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In the 1970s, as the relationship between China and the [[File:ML.png]] [[Marxism-Leninism|USSR]] further soured with the Chinese government isolated internationally, China began to look up to its old capitalist rivals. The USA also abandoned its hardline anti-communist doctrine in favor of pragmatism and realpolitik under [[File:Nixon.png]] [[Eco-Conservatism|Richard Nixon]] and [[File:HenryKissinger.png]] [[Neoconservatism|Henry Kissinger]] to deter the common enemy - the USSR. Therefore, the Ping-pong diplomacy initiative under [[File:ZhouEnlai.png]] [[Machiavellianism|Zhou Enlai]] eventually led to an improvement of the US-China relationship and the Sino-American rapprochement. A gradual establishment of diplomatic relationships happened between China and [[File:Necon.png]] [[Neoconservatism|western, NATO-aligned countries]], and eventually, the United States in 1979, with these countries renouncing their recognization of [[File:RightKMT.png]] [[Tridemism|Taiwan under the Kuomintang]]. The implications of the events were enormous as China since then, despite being a communist country, had a much better relationship with the West and NATO than with the USSR and the Eastern Socialist Camp. |
In the 1970s, as the relationship between China and the [[File:ML.png]] [[Marxism-Leninism|USSR]] further soured with the Chinese government isolated internationally, China began to look up to its old capitalist rivals. The USA also abandoned its hardline anti-communist doctrine in favor of pragmatism and realpolitik under [[File:Nixon.png]] [[Eco-Conservatism|Richard Nixon]] and [[File:HenryKissinger.png]] [[Neoconservatism|Henry Kissinger]] to deter the common enemy - the USSR. Therefore, the Ping-pong diplomacy initiative under [[File:ZhouEnlai.png]] [[Machiavellianism|Zhou Enlai]] eventually led to an improvement of the US-China relationship and the Sino-American rapprochement. A gradual establishment of diplomatic relationships happened between China and [[File:Necon.png]] [[Neoconservatism|western, NATO-aligned countries]], and eventually, the United States in 1979, with these countries renouncing their recognization of [[File:RightKMT.png]] [[Tridemism|Taiwan under the Kuomintang]]. The implications of the events were enormous as China since then, despite being a communist country, had a much better relationship with the West and NATO than with the USSR and the Eastern Socialist Camp. |
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===Modern Day=== |
===Modern Day=== |
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In Modern China, the rising social and economic inequality as well as the return of the capitalist class with red paint and exploitation of workers has caused a wave of resurgence of Maoist support such as the banned [[File:MLM.png]] [[Marxism-Leninism-Maoism|Maoist Communist Party of China]]. However, none of these movements are formidable and are usually crushed by the [[File:Dengf.png]] [[Dengism|Modern |
In Modern China, the rising social and economic inequality as well as the return of the capitalist class with red paint and exploitation of workers has caused a wave of resurgence of Maoist support such as the banned [[File:MLM.png]] [[Marxism-Leninism-Maoism|Maoist Communist Party of China]]. However, none of these movements are formidable and are usually crushed by the [[File:Dengf.png]] [[Dengism|Modern CPC]] with an iron fist. |
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==Additions to [[File:ML.png]] [[Marxism-Leninism]]== |
==Additions to [[File:ML.png]] [[Marxism-Leninism]]== |
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