Illiberal Democracy: Difference between revisions

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===[[File:CompAuth.png]] Competitive Authoritarianism===
===[[File:CompAuth.png]] Competitive Authoritarianism===
[[File:CompAuth.png]] '''Competitive Authoritarianism''' is a type of [[File:IllibDem.png]] illiberal democracy in which [[File:Liberal_Democracy.png]] liberal-democratic institutions remain the source of political power. The ruling party [[File:SemiAuthPar.png]] in a Competitive Authoritarian regime, however, wields an unfair advantage in elections by abusing government institutions, limiting [[File:Mediastocracy_flair.png]] media coverage of opposition parties, [[File:Sec.png]] persecuting those deemed too dangerous to state interests, and in rare cases electoral results are manipulated.<ref>[https://scholar.harvard.edu/levitsky/files/SL_elections.pdf "THE RISE OF COMPETITIVE AUTHORITARIANISM" pages 52-53]</ref> But the ruling party still allows opposition parties within the [[File:Anrad.png]] Overton window to compete with them for power, allowing minimal pluralism. Such regimes are often backed by powerful [[File:Technocracy.png]] state bureaucracies, as is the case in [[File:Cball-Singapore.png]] Singapore and [[File:Cball-Japan.png]] Japan.
[[File:CompAuth.png]] '''Competitive Authoritarianism''' is a type of [[File:IllibDem.png]] illiberal democracy in which [[File:Liberal_Democracy.png]] liberal-democratic institutions remain the source of political power. The ruling party [[File:SemiAuthPar.png]] in a Competitive Authoritarian regime, however, wields an unfair advantage in elections by abusing government institutions, limiting [[File:Mediastocracy_flair.png]] media coverage of opposition parties, [[File:Sec.png]] persecuting those deemed too dangerous to state interests, and in rare cases electoral results are manipulated.<ref>[https://scholar.harvard.edu/levitsky/files/SL_elections.pdf "THE RISE OF COMPETITIVE AUTHORITARIANISM" pages 52-53]</ref> But the ruling party still allows opposition parties within the [[File:Anrad.png]] Overton window to compete with them for power, allowing minimal pluralism. Such regimes are often backed by powerful [[File:Technocracy.png]] state bureaucracies, as is the case in [[File:Cball-Singapore.png]] Singapore and [[File:Cball-Japan.png]] Japan.

=== Also Variants of '''Liberal Non-Democracy''' ===


===[[File:AuthLibDem.png]] Authoritarian Liberal Democracy===
===[[File:AuthLibDem.png]] Authoritarian Liberal Democracy===
'''Authoritarian Liberal Democracy''' (also known as '''Liberal Non-Democracy''') describes a hybrid regime combining elements from [[File:Liberal_Democracy.png]] [[Liberalism|Liberal Democracy]] and [[File:Sec.png]] [[Authoritarianism]]. AuthLibDem governments entail power being concentrated in the hands of unaccountable officials—typically unelected [[File:Technocracy.png]] bureaucrats and [[File:Dem.png]] elected representatives who benefit from increased political apathy alike—which leads to a reduction in civil liberties. Local administrations, which tend to be the most truly democratic in the sense of high activity among citizens, increase political apathy. Liberal institutions which are supposed to be impartial actors (e.g., [[File:Krit.png]] courts) end up serving [[File:Parti.png]] partisan goals and their associated [[File:Crony.png]] special interest groups. AuthLibDem governments also empower [[File:PolState.png]] federal law enforcement agencies and routinely violate [[File:Civlibert.png]] civil or [[File:Consti.png]] constitutional rights (e.g., the Espionage Act and the Patriot Act, under [[File:Cball-US.png]] American Presidents [[File:Woodrow.png]] Woodrow Wilson and [[File:GHWB.png]] George H.W. Bush, respectively). It can be argued AuthLibDem regimes combine technocratic and electocratic elements.
'''Authoritarian Liberal Democracy''' describes a hybrid regime combining elements from [[File:Liberal_Democracy.png]] [[Liberalism|Liberal Democracy]] and [[File:Sec.png]] [[Authoritarianism]]. AuthLibDem governments entail power being concentrated in the hands of unaccountable officials—typically unelected [[File:Technocracy.png]] bureaucrats and [[File:Dem.png]] elected representatives who benefit from increased political apathy alike—which leads to a reduction in civil liberties. Local administrations, which tend to be the most truly democratic in the sense of high activity among citizens, increase political apathy. Liberal institutions which are supposed to be impartial actors (e.g., [[File:Krit.png]] courts) end up serving [[File:Parti.png]] partisan goals and their associated [[File:Crony.png]] special interest groups. AuthLibDem governments also empower [[File:PolState.png]] federal law enforcement agencies and routinely violate [[File:Civlibert.png]] civil or [[File:Consti.png]] constitutional rights (e.g., the Espionage Act and the Patriot Act, under [[File:Cball-US.png]] American Presidents [[File:Woodrow.png]] Woodrow Wilson and [[File:GHWB.png]] George H.W. Bush, respectively). It can be argued AuthLibDem regimes combine technocratic and electocratic elements.


===[[File:Authdirectdem.png]] Illiberal Direct Democracy===
===[[File:Authdirectdem.png]] Illiberal Direct Democracy===
[[File:Authdirectdem.png]] '''Illiberal Direct Democracy''' blends elements of [[File:IllibDem.png]] Illiberal Democracy with [[File:Directdem.png]] [[Democracy|Direct Majoritarianism]]. While illiberal democracies tend to have [[File:Repdemgen.png]] representative governments, illiberal direct democracies give power directly to the citizens. However, there are few if any [[File:Consti.png]] constitutional limits on the power the majority of citizens—as well as political officials often appointed through sortition—can exercise. As such, illiberal direct democracies reject the rule of law. In addition, the will of the minority is typically disregarded, making it non-pluralist. In many cases, a [[File:UniParti.png]] single party introduces direct majoritarianism as a way to rush their political agendas. <s>It's just Ochlocracy with a different name</s>
[[File:Authdirectdem.png]] '''Illiberal Direct Democracy''' blends elements of [[File:IllibDem.png]] Illiberal Democracy with [[File:Directdem.png]] [[Democracy|Direct Majoritarianism]]. While illiberal democracies tend to have [[File:Repdemgen.png]] representative governments, illiberal direct democracies give power directly to the citizens. However, there are few if any [[File:Consti.png]] constitutional limits on the power the majority of citizens—as well as political officials often appointed through sortition—can exercise. As such, illiberal direct democracies reject the rule of law. In addition, the will of the minority is typically disregarded, making it non-pluralist. In many cases, a [[File:UniParti.png]] single party introduces direct majoritarianism as a way to at least try to rush their political agendas. <s>It's just Ochlocracy with a different name</s>


The best examples of illiberal direct democracy include [[File:Cball-Libya.png]] Libya under [[File:Gaddaficap.png]] [[Gaddafism|Mummar Gaddafi]] and [[File:Cball-France.png]] Revolutionary France under the [[File:Jacobin.png]] [[Jacobinism|Jacobins]]. More recently, [[File:Orban.png]] [[Authoritarian Conservatism|Viktor Orbán]] has blended illiberal democracy with elements of [[File:Semidirect.png]] [[Democracy#Semi-Direct Democracy|Semi-Direct Democracy]], regularly holding referendums.
The best examples of illiberal direct democracy include [[File:Cball-Libya.png]] Libya under [[File:Gaddaficap.png]] [[Gaddafism|Mummar Gaddafi]] and [[File:Cball-France.png]] Revolutionary France under the [[File:Jacobin.png]] [[Jacobinism|Jacobins]]. More recently, [[File:Orban.png]] [[Authoritarian Conservatism|Viktor Orbán]] has blended illiberal democracy with elements of [[File:Semidirect.png]] [[Democracy#Semi-Direct Democracy|Semi-Direct Democracy]], regularly holding referendums.


===[[File:Authdem.png]] Electocracy===
===[[File:Authdem.png]] Electocracy===
[[File:Authdem.png]] '''Electocracy''' is a mild form of illiberal democracy. [[File:Repdemgen.png]] Representatives are democratically elected in free and fair elections, but due to a variety of factors, the average person has minimal or no say in daily politics as the government does not its power. This results in a situation where elected representatives have little accountability, capable of doing whatever they wish outside of election cycles. [[File:Thailand.png]] Thailand under [[File:Thaksin.png]] Thaksin before the 2006 military coup was an electocracy. [[File:Cball-Iraq.png]] Iraq today is considered an electocracy as well.
[[File:Authdem.png]] '''Electocracy''' is a mild form of illiberal democracy. [[File:Repdemgen.png]] Representatives are democratically elected in free and fair elections, but due to a variety of factors, the average person has minimal or no say in daily politics as the government does not share its power. This results in a situation where elected representatives have little accountability, capable of doing whatever they wish outside of election cycles. [[File:Thailand.png]] Thailand under [[File:Thaksin.png]] Thaksin before the 2006 military coup was an electocracy. [[File:Cball-Iraq.png]] Iraq today is considered an electocracy as well.


===[[File:Totdem.png]] Totalitarian Democracy===
===[[File:Totdem.png]] Totalitarian Democracy===
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