Peronism: Difference between revisions

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{{Info|Authoritarian Unity|AuthUnity}} ([[File:Tacuara.png]] Tacuarism and [[File:Neo-Peron.png]] Neoperonism)<br>

{{Info|Right Unity|RightUnity}}([[File:Menem.png]] Menemism)<br>

{{Info|Culturally Right}} ([[File:Menem.png]] Menemism, [[File:Biondini.png]] Biondinism and [[File:ArgentineAnticommunistAlliance.png]] Triple A)<br>

[[File:CulCentrism.png]] [[:Category:Cultural Center|{{Color|#C0C0C0|'''Culturally Centrist'''}}]] ([[File:Neo-Peron.png]] Neo-Peronism)

[[File:SocFash.png]] [[Social Authoritarianism|Social Fascism]]<br>

*[[File:Altr.png]] [[Alt-Right]]

*[[File:Anti-LGBT.png]] Anti-LGBT

*[[File:ConNeoLIb.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism|Conservative Neoliberalism]] (usually in a pejorative way)

*[[File:Econlib.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Economic Liberalism]] (partially)

*[[File:3P.png]] {{PCBA|Third Positionism}}

*[[File:Anticap.png]] Anti-Capitalism

*[[File:Anticommunism.png]] Anti-Communism

*[[File:Anti-LGBT.png]] Anti-LGBT

*[[File:Anti-Semitic.png]] Anti-Semitism

*[[File:Neoliberal-icon.png]] [[Neoliberalism]]

*[[File:Insarch.png]] [[Insurrectionary Anarchism]]

*[[File:LeftSocdem.png]] [[Social Democracy#Left-Wing Social Democracy|Left-Wing Social Democracy]] (specially to Héctor Cámpora)

**[[File:LeftSocdem-Alt.png]] [[Social Democracy#Left-Social_Democracy|Héctor Cámpora]] (1909-1980)

**[[File:Kirch.png]] [[Left-Wing Populism|Cristina Kirchner]] (1953-)

**[[File:Authpac.png]] {{PCBA|Authoritarian Pacifism|Raúl Alberto Lastiri}} (1915-1978)

**[[File:Pron.png]] [[Nationalism|Ítalo Luder]] (1916-2008)

**[[File:Pron.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Eduardo Duhalde]] [[File:Fiscon.png]] (1941-)

**[[File:Pron.png]] [[Nationalism|Eduardo Camaño]] (1946-)

**[[File:Nationalconservativeliberalism-icon.png]] [[National Liberalism|Ramón Puerta]] (1951-)

Peronism is a [[File:4way.png]] transversal, [[File:Syncretic.png]] syncretic and [[File:3P.png]] [[Fascism|third-positionist]] political ideology sustained in the [[File:Nation.png]] [[Nationalism|nationalist]] and [[File:SyndieSam.png]] [[Syndicalism|union-based]] doctrine that was formed around the figure of [[File:JuanPeron.png]] Juan Domingo Perón since the mid-1940s. Peronism defends variable ideals given its [[File:Pop.png]] [[Populism|populist]] and [[File:Pragmat.png]] [[Machiavellianism|pragmatic]] origin, and although it calls itself left-leaning and labourist, it has adopted multiple economic (such as [[File:Socdem.png]] [[Social Democracy|social democracy]] and [[File:Neoliberal-icon.png]] [[Neoliberalism|neoliberalism]]), civic (with actions ranging from [[File:Statist.png]] statist to [[File:Sec.png]] [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] that led it to be compared with [[File:Fash.png]] [[Fascism|fascism]], but at the same time having [[File:LeftBert.png]] [[Libertarian Socialism|left-libertarian]] and revolutionary supporters) and cultural (mostly [[File:Prog-u.png]] [[Progressivism|progressive]], but with [[File:Con.png]] [[Conservatism|conservative]] and [[File:React.png]] [[Reactionaryism|reactionary]] factions) frameworks since its creation to adapt to the changing and largely unstable political environment of [[File:Cball-Argentina.png]] Argentina.

The [[File:Pron.png]] "classical" or "historical" Peronism of Perón and Evita is synthesized in the 20 Peronist Truths and in the principles of [[File:EconNat.png]] [[Protectionism|economic independence]], [[File:Socjust.png]] [[Progressivism#Social_Justice|social justice]] and [[File:Nation.png]] [[Nationalism|political sovereignty]], borrowing inspiration from [[File:Mussolini.png]] [[Fascism#Italian_Fascism|Mussolini's Fascism]] and [[File:Hitler.png]] [[Nazism|Hitler's Nazism]] and proposing a [[File:TripartiteCorporatism.png]] [[Corporatism#Class_Collaborationism|corporatist]], [[File:Welf.png]] [[Welfarism|welfarist]], [[File:Econat.png]] [[Eco-Nationalism|environmentalist]], [[File:Protect.png]] [[Protectionism|protectionist]], [[File:Indust.png]] [[Industrialism|industrialist]], [[File:SyndieSam.png]] [[Syndicalism|syndicalist and labourist]], [[File:Anticommunism.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism|anti-communist}} and anti-marxist [[File:Anticommunism2.png]], culturally [[File:Progconf.png]] [[Progressive Conservatism|pragmatic]] (but mostly progressive) and civically [[File:Sec.png]] [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] socioeconomic system of a [[File:ChristNat.png]][[Religious_Nationalism#Christian_Nationalism|Christian nationalist]] character (although later Perón would find himself confronted to the [[File:Catheo.png]] [[Catholic Theocracy|Catholic Church]] in his second term).

===The seizure of power by Perón and the origins of Peronism===

In the late 1930s, [[File:Nacionalismo.png]] [[Nacionalismo|"nacionalistas"]] groups gained strength, some of which were oriented towards the idea of the [[File:Econfash.png]] [[Corporatism#Corporate_Statism|corporative state]] model of European fascism, propagated [[File:Socjust.png]] [[Progressivism#Social_Justice|social justice]] ("''justicia social")'' and found strong approval among the members of the urban industrial proletariat. In the spirit of this political current, which advocated a [[File:3P.png]] [[Fascism|third way]] between [[File:Cap.png]] capitalism and [[File:Soc-h.png]] socialism, the nationalist military personnel of the [[File:Nacionalismo.png]] [[Nacionalismo|Grupo de Oficiales Unidos (GOU)]] staged a coup named "Revolution of '43" against the ruling regime of [[File:Conservative.png]] [[Conservatism|Ramón Castillo]], the last of the de facto presidents of the [[File:Conservative.png]] [[Conservatism|"''Década Infame''"]] (Infamous Decade), a period that began after the overthrow of [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|President Hipólito Yrigoyen]] and that was characterized by promoting a [[File:Conservative.png]] [[Conservatism|conservative]], [[File:IllibDem.png]] [[Illiberal Democracy|fraudulent]] and [[File:Reactcross.png]] [[Reactionaryism|reactionary]] model based on [[File:Econfash.png]] [[Corporatism#Corporate_Statism|corporatist]] and [[File:Statist.png]] {{PCBA|Statism|statist}} principles. [[File:JuanPeron.png]] Juan Domingo Perón, accompanying [[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|Arturo Rawson]], [[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|Pedro Ramírez]] and [[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|Edelmiro Farrell]], participated in this coup as a junior officer.

With the alliance between the socialist and revolutionary union currents (represented by [[File:LeftPeronism.png]] [[Syndicalism|Juan Atilio Bramuglia]] [[File:Synd.png]], [[File:LeftPeronism.png]] [[Syndicalism|Ángel Borlenghi]] [[File:Synd.png]] and [[File:RevSynd.png]] [[Syndicalism|Luis Gay]]) and Perón, together with Colonel [[File:Pron.png]] [[Religious_Nationalism#Christian_Nationalism|Domingo Mercante]], already established, a profound reform was developed in terms of labor rights, collective labor agreements and social security, with Perón taking the role of vice president and labor secretary. The Peronist welfare state was conceived and the unions were strengthened, causing immediate opposition from business sectors and the [[File:Conservative.png]] [[Conservatism|conservative]] wing of the military government that would condense into [[File:Anti-Peronism.png]] anti-Peronism.

The Argentine economy, deeply affected and in crisis after the Great Depression of 1929, underwent rapid industrialization through [[File:EconNat.png]] [[Protectionism|import-substitution]] and enjoyed large internal migrations from the rural interior to the urban periphery. The quality of life grew enormously and the working class was expanded, laying the foundations of the Peronist movement.

In this period prior to the 1946 elections, the conflict of [[File:Internation.png]] [[Internationalism|Spruille Braden]] [[File:Anti-Peronism.png]] with Perón and [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|Hortensio Quijano]] (candidate for vice president) would also be unraveled.

Braden, as the [[File:Cball-US.png]] United States ambassador in Argentina, developed a great rivalry with Perón that would lead him to be used as the face of the [[File:AmericanModel_1.png]] [[American Model|American opposition]]

The popularity of Perón, who had risen to vice president, was soon perceived as a threat by the rulling military. They forced him to resign and he was finally arrested on October 12. On October 17 of the same year (a date considered the birth of Peronism and also know as the "''Día de la Lealtad''" or Day of Loyalty), he returned to office under massive pressure from his followers, whom initiated spontaneous strikes and mass rallies in his support. At this insistance, democratic elections were held in February 1946, in which Perón, as a candidate of the [[File:Synd.png]] [[National Syndicalism|"''Partido Laborista''"]] [[File:Relnat-alt.png]] (Labourist Party), was elected president by a large majority. Perón's wife, [[File:Evita.png]] [[National Feminism|Eva Perón]], led influential women's organizations of Peronist ideals (the most relevant being the [[File:Nazfem.png]] [[National Feminism|Female Peronist Party]]) and won women's suffrage in 1947.

Through the establishment of a comprehensive welfare state and social reforms – condensed in the [[File:Industrial.png]] [[Industrialism|''Primer Plan Quinquenal'']] (First Five-Year Plan), an industrialist [[File:Dirigisme.png]] [[State Capitalism|state-planning program]] that sought to guarantee the economic independence of Argentina –, Perón secured broad popular support. This began to wane, however, in 1949 (same year in which the [[File:Constitution.png]] [[Constitutionalism|Constitutional Reform]] would be carried out to modernize the Argentine Constitution and incorporate [[File:HumanRights.png]] second-generation human rights [[File:Synd.png]]), and continued with the beggining of the 50's. In the wake of a phase of economic weakness, this productive slowdown lead to an attempt to repproach to the United States that would be continued in the turn of Perón's economic plan. At the end of 1951, the economic team formed by [[File:RightPeronism.png]] [[Nationalism|Alfredo Gómez Morales]] and [[File:Pron.png]] [[Christian Democracy|Antonio Cafiero]] – a more orthodox group than that of the "Wizard of Peronist finance" [[File:Pron.png]] [[Industrialism|Miguel Miranda]] – set out to rethink its strategies to face the inevitable crisis that was brewing to explode around 1952; one that until that moment had hit the country with an enormous drop in real wages and record inflation. Then, Perón brought forward the elections from 1952 to November 1951, achieving re-election by a landside and beginning his second term on June 4, 1952, with a high tension between peronists and antiperonists. Before taking office, Perón announces to the country the [[File:Fiscon.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|"''Plan de Emergencia Económica''"]] (Emergency Economic Plan), a mixed austerity plan that incorporated [[File:Neoclassical.png]] [[Chicago School|orthodox-liberal]] economic measures with [[File:SyndieSam.png]] [[Syndicalism|syndicalist]] ones.

In 1952, the plan is put into action and there is a sharp reduction in public spending, reducing mainly the public works sector. Attached to this, and consequently, there was a considerable reduction in the fiscal deficit; State loans are limited and, as part of his strategy, Perón agrees to an increase in wages and freezes them for two years, promoting saving and production among workers and discouraging consumption. Private investment is also encouraged and foreign capital is attracted, allowing the establishment of multinational companies. This would be the same year in which [[File:Evita.png]] [[National Feminism|Evita]] would die, on July 26.

Real wages, however, never increased, and multiple sectors of the economy were affected, earning Perón multiple labor strikes and an increasingly strained relationship with the [[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|militar opposition]], which responded violently to the disappearances of oppositors of the government and the devotion that began to take shape around the figure of Perón and his wife, which used to be manifestated through acts commonly denoted as [[File:Cultofpersonality.png]] [[Cultism#Cult_of_Personality|"social indoctrination techniques"]].

One of the most notable successes during this period would also be Perón's break with [[File:Catheo.png]] [[Catholic Theocracy|Catholicism]] and the separation of Church and State, adopting the law of divorce and the [[File:Secular.png]] [[Secularism|secularization of schools]] in 1954.

Finally, in 1955, the civic-military dictatorship self-proclaimed [[File:StratoDictature-Antifurry.png]] [[Stratocracy|"''Revolución Libertadora''"]] (Liberating Revolution), headed by generals [[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|Eduardo Lonardi]] and [[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|Pedro Aramburu]], overthrew Perón on September 16, 1955; after a failed attempt on June 16, 1955, where a group of designated soldiers bombed the Casa Rosada and the Plaza de Mayo in hopes of killing Perón. This cicle is marked by a policy of [[File:Anti-Peronism.png]] "de-peronization" of society attached to events such as the kidnapping of Evita's corpse and the proscription of Peronism in Lonardi's government.

In the following years, after Perón fled into exile, the presidency rotated between [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|radicals]] and [[File:StratoDictature.png]] [[Stratocracy|military dictators]]. [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|Arturo Frondizi]] was the first of them, and had a broad confrontation with the Peronist sectors due to their economic policy and government acts, Even so, he allowed the participation of the Neoperonist party [[File:Neo-Peron.png]] [[Christian Democracy|"''Unión Popular''"]] (Popular Union) in the 1962 elections to renew half of the deputies and elect provincial governors, in which Peronism emerged triumphant in several of the provinces. This caused the military forces to carry out a coup on March 29 of the same year, putting the civilian [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|José María Guido]] in office under the "law of acephaly". Guido, with military pressure, put the Congress in reccess and called for elections in July 7th, 1963, in which [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|Arturo Umberto Illia]], for the [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|"''Unión Cívica Radical del Pueblo''"]] (Radical Civic Union of the People), was the winner. Illia removed the ban on the PJ, but kept it on Perón; and in June 26, the military finally intervened in a process known as the [[File:StratoOligarchy.png]] [[Stratocracy#Military_Junta|"''Revolución Argentina''"]] (Argentine Revolution), protagonized by Generals [[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|Juan Onganía]], [[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|Roberto Levingston]] and [[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|Alejandro Lanusse]].

In this period of time, from september 1955 to the May 25, 1973 (Cámpora's presidency), the "Peronist Resistance" was initiated, a period in which autonomous union, neighborhood and student organizations, among others, opposed and resisted dictatorships and civil governments that followed the departure of Perón. Attached to this uprising, [[File:Neo-Peron.png]] Neoperonism, also called "Peronism without Perón" or "Vandorism" (from the political ideas of [[File:RightPeronism.png]] [[Syndicalism|Augusto Vandor]] [[File:SyndieSamCon.png]], general secretary of the Metallurgical Worker Union), arose, as a tendency that defended Peronist ideas against the ban of the movement, with its highest fronts being the [[File:Neo-Peron.png]] [[Christian Democracy|"''Unión Popular Federal''"]] (Federal Popular Union) and the [[File:Neo-Peron.png]] [[National Syndicalism|"''Partido Laborista''"]] (Labourist Party). In response to the acts of oppression of the civic-military dictatorships and from constitutional government (such as the one of Frondizi), the different branches of Peronism responded from clandestinity using various tactics from the boycott of public and private companies, attempts at political participation (the aforementioned Neoperonist parties, for example) and even acts of [[File:Jingoism.png]] [[Jingoism|terrorism]].

After the military regime of the "''Revolución Argentina''" under Lanusse's government failed to get control over the country's economic problems, democratic elections were held in March 11, 1973. The military was unable and unwilling to keep the PJ away from the government and was reluctant to allow it to participate, but without Perón's presence. [[File:LeftPeronism.png]] [[Social Democracy#Left-Social_Democracy|Héctor José Cámpora]] [[File:LeftSocdem-Alt.png]] ran then as the presidential candidate of Peronism, in an electoral alliance called the [[File:Syncretic.png]] [[Nationalism|"''Frente Justicialista de Liberación''"]] (FREJULI), a gathering of [[File:Conservative.png]] [[Conservatism|conservative]], [[File:Cdem.png]] [[Christian Democracy|christian democrat]], [[File:Soc-h.png]] [[Socialism|socialist]], [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|radical]] and [[File:OrthPeron.png]] [[Fascism|orthodox Peronist]] parties, with the latter being the majority. He won the elections and began his short presidential term, known as the "''Primavera Camporista''" (Camporist Spring), distinguished for the policies of [[File:Soccorp.png]] [[Corporatism#Corporate_Statism|social agreements]] between the government, unions and employers, the adoption of a [[File:NAM.png]] nonalignment position in the Cold War and Cámpora's [[File:Prog-u.png]] [[Progressivism|progressive]] visions. Cámpora quickly removed the exclusion on Perón so that he would settle permanently in Argentina and participate in the elections on September 23 of the same year, after Cámpora and his vice president, [[File:Pron.png]] [[Paternalistic Conservatism|Vicente Solano Lima]] [[File:Patcon.png]] resigned from their charges. In this short period of time, [[File:Authpac.png]] {{PCBA|Authoritarian Pacifism|Raúl Alberto Lastiri}} temporarily held the position of president as an interim before the elections and immediately outlawed the [[File:LeftTerrorist.png]] {{PCBA|Terrorism|ERP (''Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo'')}} (People's Revolutionary Army), which functioned as the guerrilla structure of the [[File:ML.png]] [[Marxism-Leninism|PRT (''Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores'')]] (Revolutionary Party of Workers), a far-left political party that was also banned after the assault on the Army Sanitation Command.

When Perón arrived to the country, the tense relations between the [[File:OrthPeron.png]] [[Fascism|orthodox Peronists]] and the [[File:Montoneros.png]] "''Tendencia Revolucionaria''" (Revolutionary Tendency) led to the "''Masacre de Ezeiza''" (Ezeiza Massacre), a mass murder occurred at the Ezeiza Airport, where both sectors of Peronism gathered to receive their leader. Supporters of revolutionary Peronism were then shot by members of the [[File:Jingoism.png]] [[Jingoism|"''Comando de Organización de la Juventud Peronista''"]] (CdO) (Peronist Youth Organization Command), an insurrectionary Peronist organization that rejected both the center-left and center-right factions of Peronism. Perón then ran for president with his wife, [[File:Isabelita.png]] [[Nationalism|Isabel Perón]], under the FREJULI, and won by wide difference. With the unstable panorama of Peronism, Perón decided to return to his [[File:Trad.png]] [[Traditionalism|traditionalist]] and orthodox roots, attacking Marxism and seeking its total elimination. He proposed an [[File:Indust.png]] [[Industrialism|industrialist]] policy, [[File:NAM.png]] non-aligned international positions in favor of Third World integration and also approved the operations of the [[File:ArgentineAnticommunistAlliance.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism|"''Alianza Anticomunista Argentina''" (Triple A)}} (Argentine Anti-Communist Alliance), which was in charge of persecuting militants of revolutionary Peronism and was led by [[File:ArgentineAnticommunistAlliance.png]] [[Esoteric Fascism|José López Rega]] and [[File:ArgentineAnticommunistAlliance.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism|Alberto Villar}}.

Perón finally died in July 1, 1974, and Perón's wife, [[File:Isabelita.png]] [[Nationalism|Isabel Perón]] (previously vice president), took over the presidency. She, advised by López Rega and [[File:Argentiniantorturer.png]] [[Stratocracy|Emilio Massera]], carried out an orthodox economic plan and favored the persecution of leftist university students through parapolice groups. Isabel Perón then designated [[File:Pron.png]] [[Nationalism|Ítalo Luder]] to assume the presidency, and in a panorama of destabilization and an increase in guerrilla activity, the military coup self-proclaimed [[File:Argentiniantorturer.png]] [[Stratocracy|"''Proceso de Reorganización Nacional''"]] (National Reorganization Process) was executed.

With the establishment of the National Reorganization Process – as part of the [[File:OperationCondor.png]] [[Authoritarian Capitalism#Operation Condor|Operation Condor]] – , originally led by [[File:Videla.png]] [[National Capitalism|Jorge Rafael Videla]], [[File:Argentiniantorturer.png]] [[Stratocracy|Emilio Massera]] and [[File:Argentiniantorturer.png]] [[Stratocracy|Orlando Agosti]]; the dictatorship began to carry out state terrorism policies against the opposition, unleashing imprisonment, disappearances, torture, murder and kidnapping of children. A fairly divided Peronism then resisted through [[File:SyndieSam.png]] [[Syndicalism|trade unionism]] and human rights organizations, while the [[File:SyndieSamCon.png]] ''Azopardo'' branch of the "'Confederación General del Trabajo'" (CGT) (General Labor Confederation) and some members of the PJ agreed with the dictatorship and secured certain government positions.

After Argentina's military defeat in the [[File:Cball-Falklands.png]] Falklands War in 1982, the ruling military regime collapsed, and as a consequence the then (and last) de facto president of Argentina, [[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|Reynaldo Bignone]], was forced to begin a democratic transition and prepare for the 1983 elections, where the two traditional political forces faced each other: [[File:Pron.png]] [[Nationalism|Peronism]] (PJ), under Ítalo Luder, and [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|radicalism]] (UCR), under Raúl Alfonsín.

As a result of the revival of the PJ, the open struggles for direction within Peronism had gained in importance, carried out by the representatives of the various trade unions, each claiming leadership. The [[File:OrthPeron.png]] [[Fascism|Orthodox]] groups eventually ensured Lúder and [[File:RightPeronism.png]] [[Christian Democracy|Deolindo Bittel]] [[File:Cdem.png]] as the candidates for the presidental election.

[[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|Raúl Alfonsín]], who in the name of the UCR (''Unión Cívica Radical''/Radical Civic Union) defended a [[File:Socdem.png]] [[Social Democracy|social democratic]] system characterized by [[File:Lib.png]] liberal values and the protection of [[File:LibFoundation.png]] civil liberties, ended up winning the election supported by the bad image that Isabel Perón had left in the PJ due her authoritarian acts. Peronism was forced to take a new direction for the election of 1989, that would develop in an internal process known as the "Peronist Renovation" headed by [[File:Menem.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism|Carlos Menem]] (with a [[File:Fed.png]] [[Federalism|federalist]] focus), [[File:Pron.png]] [[Christian Democracy|Antonio Cafiero]] (with a [[File:Prog-u.png]] [[Progressivism|"modernizer"]] focus) and [[file:Pron.png]] [[Christian_Democracy#Christian_Social_Democracy|Carlos Grosso]] (with a more [[File:ChristSocdem.png]] [[Christian_Democracy#Christian_Social_Democracy|"social christian" focus]]) in the PJ, with the aim of guiding the party under the democratic ideals that Alfonsín espoused in his campaign and displacing the [[File:OrthPeron.png]] [[Fascism|orthodox Peronists]] from their power in the movement and in the trade unions.

Peronism managed to maintain a majority in the Senate and in the government of the provinces, and from the beggining of his term, Alfonsín set a strong confrontation with the trade unions represented by the [[File:SyndieSam.png]] [[Syndicalism|CGT]], with whom he only agreed to negotiate in the last stretch of it.

===Twenty Peronist Tenets===

From Peron's "''Peronist Philosophy''":

# "Working is a right that creates the dignity of men; and it's a duty, because it's fair that everyone should produce as much as they consume at the very least."

# "When it comes to political action, the scale of values of every Peronist is: Argentina first; the movement second; and thirdly, the individuals."

# "Politics are not an end, but a means for the well-being of Argentina: which means happiness for our children and greatness for our nation."

# "The two arms of Peronism are social justice and social help. With them, we can give a hug of justice and love to the people."

# "Peronism desires national unity and not struggle. It wants heroes, not martyrs."

# "Kids should be the only privileged class."

# "As political doctrine, Justicialism balances the right of the individual and society."

# "As an economic doctrine, Justicialism proposes a social market, putting capital to the service of the economy and the well-being of the people."

# "As a social doctrine, Justicialism carries out social justice, which gives each person their rights in accordance to their social function."

# "Peronism wants an Argentina socially 'fair', economically 'free' and politically 'sovereign'."

# "We establish a centralized government, an organized State and a free people."

# "In this land, the best thing we have is our people."

'''Kirchnerism''' is an economically center-left to left-unity and culturally moderate to progressive ideology based on the ideological postulates of the presidencies of [[File:Kirch.png]] [[Social Democracy|Néstor Kirchner]] (2003-2007) and [[File:Kirch.png]] [[Social Democracy|Cristina Kirchner]] (2007-2015), gathered in a period called the "''Década Ganada''" (Won Decade) by supporters. It brings together [[File:Socdem.png]] [[Social Democracy|social democratic]], [[File:Soc-h.png]] [[Socialism|socialist]], [[File:Ormarxf.png]] [[Marxism|Marxist]], [[File:Argrad.png]] "radical K" (Kirchnerist radical) [[File:Kirch.png]] and [[File:Argrad.png]] Alfonsinist (of President Raúl Alfonsín) parties in a nationalist and left-wing populist movement that focuses on [[File:Socjust.png]] [[Progressivism#Social_Justice|social justice]], human rights and [[File:Prog-u.png]] [[Progressivism|progressivism]]. It also has great support from the political group [[File:LeftSocdem.png]] [[Social Democracy#Left-Social_Democracy|"''La Cámpora''"]], an organization made in honor of Héctor Cámpora that is dedicated to Kirchnerist militancy and the promotion of human rights.

It arose within the crisis of December 2001 in Argentina (a social, economic and political crisis motivated by the slogan "All of them must go!" that caused the resignation of President [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|Fernando de la Rúa]] and triggered the rotation of the presidential power until 2003) with the interim presidency of [[File:Pron.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Eduardo Duhalde]] underway, when the [[File:AntiNeoLib.png]] ''Grupo Calafate'' (Calafate Group, a group originally directed by Duhalde and coordinated by [[File:AlbertoFernandez.png]] [[Social Liberalism|Alberto Fernández]] that brought together anti-Menemist sectors and maintained as its main objective to avoid the "re-reelection" of Menem) presented Néstor Kirchner and [[File:Pron.png]] [[Internationalism|Daniel Scioli]] as the presidential ticket, losting the first round by a simple majority of Menem. Menem, wanting to avoid a humiliating defeat predicted for the runoff, withdrew, leaving Néstor Kirchner as president. He was then succeeded by his wife, Cristina Kirchner, in two presidential terms and in a vice presidency in the government of Alberto Fernández.

Kirchnerism can be summarized in the following economic and social tenents:

*Accumulation of reserves in the Central Bank;

======[[File:Kirch.png]] Néstor Kirchner Thought [[File:MSocdem.png]]======

The presidency of Néstor Kirchner was characterized by a broad and constant GDP growth driven by the 2000's commodities boom together with a fiscal and commercial surplus (the so-called "twin surpluses") and a drop in unemployment and poverty (inflation values increased, however, until the end of his term), the total cancellation of the debt contracted with the [[File:IMF.png]] IMF (which represented the 9% of the total public debt), high exportations, devaluation of the currency through the Central Bank, increase in public services, fiscal balance, opposition to the [[File:Mediastocracy_flair.png]] [[Mediacracy|hegemonic media]] (such as Clarín and La Nación) and an active human rights policy to amend the damages and convict those responsible for the [[File:Argentiniantorturer.png]] [[Stratocracy|National Reorganization Process]]. With the rebounding economy that he had received after Duhalde's enormous fiscal adjustment, Néstor managed high positive indicators (mainly with Roberto Lavagna as minister of economy) with [[File:MSocdem.png]] [[Social Democracy|moderate social democratic]] measures and ended his term in 2007, supporting his wife in her candidacy for the elections. He finally passed away on October 27, 2010, from a cardiac arrest.

======[[File:Kirch.png]] Cristina Kirchner Thought [[File:Socfem.png]]======

Tacuarism is an economically [[File:3P.png]] [[Fascism|Third Positionist]], culturally [[File:InfReactionaryism.png]] [[Reactionaryism|reactionary]] and civically [[File:Sec.png]] [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] ideology based on the ideals of the Tacuara Nationalist Movement, an [[File:Terrorist.png]] {{PCBA|Terrorism|insurrectional}}, [[File:Fash.png]] [[Fascism|fascist]], [[File:Flang.png]] [[Falangism|Falangist]] and [[File:Neonazi_ball.png]] [[Nazism#Neo-Nazism|neo-nazi]] heterogeneous political organization that brought together various ideological currents under the objective of establishing a [[File:Natsynd.png]] [[National Syndicalism|national-syndicalist]] state in Argentina. The Tacuaras spread a [[File:Catheo.png]] [[Catholic Theocracy|Catholic]], [[File:Anti-Semitic.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Semitism|anti-Semitic}}, [[File:Anticommunism.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism|anti-communist}}, [[File:Anticap.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Capitalism|anti-capitalist}}, [[File:Anti-Elitism.png]] anti-oligarchic, [[File:Antiimp.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Imperialism|anti-imperialist}} and [[File:Antizion.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Zionism|anti-zionist}} platform that supported the fight against Judaism and the promotion of [[File:Nacionalismo.png]] [[Nacionalismo|Nacionalismo]] as their highest principles. They sought the formation of a "revolutionary aristocracy" that would establish a [[File:3P.png]] [[Fascism|third positionist]], [[File:Corptism.png]] [[Corporatism|corporatist]], [[File:Mil.png]] [[Stratocracy|militarist]] and [[File:Robert_Ley.png]] [[National Syndicalism|Catholic national-syndicalist system]] whose government, in opposition to the parliament and the electoral system, would be selected by chambers of labour, with a State that would control the strategic economic sectors without annulling private property.

As a political organization, the Tacuara Movement suffered multiple splits and divisions: the new militants were open supporters of [[File:Pron.png]] Peronism, [[File:Leftunity.png]] left-wing ideologies and [[File:Insarch.png]] anarchist ideologies [[File:AnSynd.png]], and many leaders of the movement began a process of ideological transformation towards adverse positions. The two main factions were represented by the priest [[File:Nacionalismo.png]] [[Nacionalismo|Julio Meinvielle]] and the French anthropologist and former member of the [[File:Waffen_SS.png]] [[Nazism|Waffen-SS]], [[File:Neonazi_ball.png]] [[Nazism#Neo-Nazism|Jacques de Mahieu]]. Mahieu, a vehement supporter of the Peronist movement, encouraged many members of Tacuara to join the Peronist Resistance, a cause rejected by Meinvielle, who impetuously accused the original core of Tacuara of having been led astray by [[File:HegelMarx.png]] [[Marxism|"Marxist deviations"]] and criticized Peronism for remaining neutral with the international climate of the Cold War and refusing to support the [[File:Cball-US.png]] [[American Model|United States]] (the "lesser evil"), which according to him led to the indirect validation of the bloc of [[File:Christophobia.png]] {{PCBA|Christophobia|"anti-Christian"}} nations made up of the [[File:Cball-USSR.png]] Soviet Union and its allies. Meinvielle then founded a parallel [[File:Ultranat.png]] [[Ultranationalism|ultra-nationalist]], [[File:Catheo.png]] [[Catholic Theocracy|ultra-Catholic]] and [[File:Anti-Semitic.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Semitism|anti-Semitic}} group baptized as the [[File:Ultranatcon.png]] [[Ultranationalism|"Nationalist Restoration Guard"]]. Shortly after, [[File:Montoneros.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism|Dardo Cabo]] also separated from the movement and founded the [[File:RightPeronism.png]] New Argentina Movement, one of the first right-wing Peronist formations. The biggest rupture, however, was that of the sector headed by [[File:JoseJoeBaxter.png]] [[Nationalism#Anti-Colonial_Nationalism|Joe Baxter]] and [[File:LeftPeronism.png]] [[Marxism-Leninism|José Luis Nell]], who structured the [[File:Leftnat.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism|Tacuara Nationalist Revolutionary Movement]] and migrated towards left-wing nationalist ideals close to [[File:Ormarxf.png]] [[Marxism|Marxism]], acquiring an [[File:Anticap.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Capitalism|anti-capitalist}} and [[File:Anti-Catholic.png]] anti-Catholic profile, in opposition to anti-Semitism and with an important connection with the sectors of the [[File:LeftPeronism.png]] left-wing sectors of Peronism that would later form [[File:Montoneros.png]] [[Jingoism|FAR-Montoneros]].

Menemism can be summarized in the following economic and social tenents:

*[[File:New-Neoclassical.png]] Partial adherence to the economic measures proposed in the [[File:Neoliberal-icon.png]] [[Neoliberalism|Washington Consensus]];

Menem ran for president, along with [[File:Pron.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Eduardo Duhalde]], after defeating the other presidential ticket of the PJ composed of [[File:Pron.png]] [[Christian Democracy|Antonio Cafiero]] and [[File:CentristPeronism.png]] [[Christian Democracy|José Manuel de la Sota]]. Under the promise of a "salariazo" (general increase in salaries) and a [[File:Indust.png]] [[Industrialism|"productive revolution"]], he was supported by other sectors of [[File:Pron.png]] Peronism and [[File:SyndieSam.png]] [[Syndicalism|syndicalism]], achieving a resounding victory in the first round and surpassing the radical [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|Eduardo Angeloz]]. Once his victory was consummated, Menem assumed the presidency five months earlier than stipulated due to the resignation of the then-president [[File:Argrad.png]] Raúl Alfonsín, consequence of the deep hyperinflation that was plaguing the economy. Seeking to solve the situation and straighten out the economic outlook, the elected president then meets with Bunge & Born, an Argentine economic board and appoints [[File:Newkeynes.png]] [[Keynesian School#New_Keynesianism|Miguel Ángel Roig]] (general executive vice president of the corporation) as his minister of economy. He would suddenly die before carrying out his financial plan, the [[File:Monet.png]] [[Monetarism|"BB" Plan]] (abbreviation of the aforementioned multinational), inspired by the economic postulates of [[File:NuKeynesPix.png]] [[Keynesian School#Neo-Keynesianism|Lawrence Klein]] and which proposed, among other things, promoting exports, raising and fixing the value of the dollar, creating a new currency, autonomizing the Central Bank, privatizing state companies, etc. This would force Menem to replace him with [[File:Newkeynes.png]] [[Keynesian School#New_Keynesianism|Néstor Rapanelli]], also part of Bunge & Born as vice president.

With Rapanelli in charge, the Menemist government partially adheres to the measures outlined by [[File:Neoliberal-icon.png]] [[Neoliberalism|John Williamson]] in the Washington Consensus, achieving the unblocking of [[File:IMF.png]] World Bank credits and managing to convince the entity to support the privatization of several state companies under the State Reform Law, approved in August 1989. The first privatizations were those of the telephone company Entel (with which the Argentine telephone service was modernized, increasing its popularity) and ''Aerolíneas Argentinas'' (Argentinian Airlines), followed by the road network, [[File:Mediastocracy_flair.png]] television channels (except ATC), most of the railway networks and ''Gas del Estado'' (State Gas). Despite the economic income provided by privatizations, a second hyperinflationary cycle could not be avoided, causing Rapanelli to be replaced by [[File:RightPeronism.png]] [[Christian Democracy|Antonio Erman González]] [[File:Cdem.png]]. He, faced with a huge internal debt due to the discriminated issuance of public securities with high interest rates and non-payment to suppliers and longing to control the rise in prices, would be the architect of the economic shock program [[File:Monet.png]] [[Monetarism|''Plan Bonex'']] ''(BONos EXternos)'' (Bonex Plan) (External Bonds). This price stabilization plan would consist of exchanging all fixed terms (temporary deposit of money in the bank, which it then returns plus the interest generated) for state dollar bonds called "Bonex 89", which matured in 1999, also prohibiting banks from temporarily receiving time deposits. Minister Erman, in his homonymous resolutions (Erman I, Erman II, etc) took multiple measures to accompany this process, liberalizing the exchange market, reducing monetary issuance, public spending and state personnel (suspending tenders, expenses and hiring), shrinking the state administrative apparatus, etc. The impact on Argentines with a fixed term was sharp and caused a general distrust in the people, who would begin to disbelieve in bank savings, as a prelude to the ''Corralito'' in 2001. Even so, inflation decreased and was contained, and a surplus was reached in the trade balance.

[[File:Conlib.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism|Domingo Cavallo]] would take the reins of the Ministry of Economy by establishing the convertibility law, a scheme that would mark the parity of the dollar with a new currency: the "convertible" peso, which would eliminate the austral from circulation. Liberal economic measures similar to the [[File:Neoliberal-icon.png]] [[Neoliberalism|Washington Consensus]] would be expanded, highlighting a generalized opening to foreign trade with the reduction of tariffs, quotas and import prohibitions; more privatizations of public companies (related to Menemist corruption, but they had positive effects on electrical, telephone, water and sewage services; while having detrimental ones on railway transport), the reorganization of the tax system and a temporary curtailment of the State; the [[File:Industrial.png]] industry, however, would be punished by low salaries and high taxes, which would favor cheap foreign products. In this period the [[File:Gero.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|AFJPs]] would be established for the reform of the retirement system and the economy would remain stable with the disinflation process linked to positive indicators in terms of economic growth, foreign investment, poverty, etc; but unemployment rates would continue to rise, trade deficit would emerge and the fiscal deficit would reappear due to the Tequila Crisis in [[File:Cball-Mexico.png]] Mexico. Regardless, this would not overshadow the results of Cavallo's management and Menem's presidency, which would lead him to win the 1995 elections in the first round, defeating [[File:LeftPeronism.png]] [[Social Democracy|José Octavio Bordón]], of the party [[File:Socdem.png]] [[Social Democracy|''PAIS (Política Abierta para la Integridad Social)'']] (Country, Open Policy for Social Integrity).

''La Tendencia'' gained importance during the Peronist resistance period, fighting for the return of Peron and facing the civil-military dictatorships prior to Héctor Cámpora's government, with whom they also established a strong relationship in his government by promoting the creation of agrarian and educational reforms, the rise in real wages, industrialization of the interior of the country and the union of Argentina to the [[File:NAM.png]] Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). Due to its leftist and radical ideology, his followers began to be attacked by the most [[File:OrthPeron.png]] [[Fascism|"orthodox"]] sectors of Peronism, culminating in the infamous "Ezeiza massacre", an event that corresponds to Peron's definitive return to Argentina and implied the repression and death of multiple revolutionary Peronists at the hands of "orthodox" armed groups.

The "Triple A" (Argentine Anticommunist Alliance) was a far-right parapolice terrorist organization of [[File:Fash.png]] [[Fascism|fascist]], [[File:Pron.png]] Peronist (but some of its leaders, such as [[File:PolState.png]] [[Police Statism|Alberto Villar]] and [[File:PolState.png]] [[Police Statism|Luis Margaride]], were [[File:Anti-Peronism.png]] anti-Peronists), [[File:Trad.png]] [[Traditionalism|traditionalist]] and [[File:Anticommunism.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism|anti-communist}} ideals that arose in Argentina during the third presidency of Perón, and in the subsequent government of [[File:Isabelita.png]] [[Nationalism|Isabel Perón]], after [[File:Esofash.png]] [[Esoteric Fascism|José López Rega]] was appointed as Minister of Social Welfare under [[File:LeftSocdem-Alt.png]] [[Social Democracy#Left-Social_Democracy|Héctor Cámpora's]] term.

===[[File:LibertarianPeronism.png]] Libertarian Peronism===

"Libertarian Peronism" is an economically center-right (wants a kind of [[File:Soccap.png]] [[Social Capitalism|social market economy]]) and culturally [[File:Syncretic.png]] syncretic internal current of Peronism proposed by [[File:LibertarianPeronism.png]] [[Social Libertarianism|Daniel Montoya]] that defends the use of the Peronist political structure and movement for the expansion of [[File:Libertarian.png]] [[Libertarianism|libertarianism]] in Argentina. It seeks to join both [[File:Libertarian.png]] [[Libertarianism|libertarian]] and [[File:Clib.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|classical liberal]] movements as a kind of "Peronist leg" and transfer Peronist militants to them.

Libertarian Peronism opposes [[File:Kirch.png]] [[Social Democracy|Kirchnerism]] and the [[File:Montoneros.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism|''Tendencia Revolucionaria'']], and derives from a moderate sector of [[File:OrthPeron.png]] [[Nationalism|orthodox Peronism]], of affinity with [[File:Menem.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism|Menemism]]. It supports a tax cut on the working class, the reduction of the State in favor of the expulsion of the [[File:Klep.png]] [[Kleptocracy|"political caste"]] and the fight against corruption, the liberalization of the external market to attract foreign capital and the shortening of regulations in the economy to facilitate the development of SMEs (Small and medium-sized enterprises), while maintaining certain regulations.

Libertarian Peronism has acted so far in the 3rd electoral section of Buenos Aires, with a conformation made up of former candidates for councilors and mayors on behalf of [[File:RightPeronism.png]] [[Third Way|Roberto Lavagna]] and adhering to the economic plan of [[File:Classlib.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|José Luis Espert]] and his party [[File:Clib.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|"''Avanza Libertad''"]] (currently integrated into [[File:Macri.png]] [[Liberal Conservatism|''Juntos por el Cambio'']]).

*[[File:Econat.png]] [[Eco-Nationalism]] and [[File:Tucn-EcoAuth.png]] [[Eco-Authoritarianism]] - "We must protect our natural resources tooth and nail from the voracity of international monopolies that seek them to feed an absurd type of industrialization and development in the high-tech centers where the market economy rules".

*[[File:necon.png]] [[Neoconservatism]] - YOU KILLED MY COUNTRY '''[Censored]'''!

*[[File:FedPron.png]] [[w:Federal_Peronism|Federal Peronism]] [[File:FedPerón-Alt.png]]