|
===[[File:Cball-Belarus.png]] Belarus [[File:Lukash.png]]===
W.I.P.
==='''[[File:PanAmer.png]] ''Marcus Garvey'' [[File:Garveyism.png]]'''===
Marcus Garvey was a journalist, businessman and one of the first black activists, founder of UNIA.
Born into a family of "petty bourgeois" peasants, Garvey had slave ancestors and (later discovered) Iberian ancestors, so much so that his surname is of Irish origin. Garvey had white friends and at age 14 was arrested for breaking church windows. In 1905, he started working at the Benjamin Manufacturing Company, where after a while he became a trade unionist, but the strike failed and he was fired, gaining a reputation as a troublemaker. In the same year, he converted to Catholicism. In 1910, he founded Garvey's Watchman, a magazine whose publication reached 3,000 copies, even though it was considered an exaggeration.
Subsequently, he traveled to Latin American countries, after starting work at the United Fruit Company as a timekeeper. In Panama he founded the newspaper La Prensa. In 1913, he became a pan-Africanist African Times and Orient Review handyman.
*In 1914, he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA), being one of the first black movements. The UNIA adopted mottos such as "One goal. One God. One destiny" and "establish brotherhood among the black race, promote a spirit of racial pride, recover the fallen and help in civilizing the backward tribes of Africa". UNIA promoted self-confidence and self-esteem for people, in addition to racial separatism and pro-black emigration. After the first world war, he tried to join to fight, but was rejected for his physical issue. He later opposed the participation of blacks in a "war of whites" and increased his radicalism on the radical question, even saying ''"for every black lynched by whites in the South, blacks should lynch a white in the North"''. After accusing Garvey of using the UNIA to make money, Garvey resigned from the UNIA in 1917, but returned the same year, suing some members. In 1918, UNIA was incorporated (business) and gained more membership. In the same year, Garvey founded the newspaper ''Negro World'', which was supported by philanthropists. The ''Negro World'' published 10,000 publications, being read even outside the USA in Latin American and Caribbean countries, even if some accuse it of having been propaganda. There was also an altercation between Garvey and his old friend Wilfred Domingo over Domingo's socialist views. After the end of World War I, Garvey and other black activists founded the International League for Darker People, to pressure then-President Woodrow Wilson and the Paris Peace Conference to give more respect to people of color, causing the UNIA to send the Haitian Eliezer. Cadet to the conference, but it was in vain because the conference ignored his efforts. After the party's high growth (reaching branches in 25 states in 18 months and even on some other continents) it began to have disagreements with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), in which W. E. B. Du Bois came to claim that Garvey was a ''"reactionary under the pay of white men"'' and ''"a fat little black man, ugly, but with smart eyes and a big head"''. Garvey, later founded the African Legion, which became a secret service, worrying the Bureau of Investigation, even having an infiltrator, there were also accusations of personality cult, even claiming that Garvey was the provisional president of Africa, who would take the power after decolonization, being ridiculed for it. UNIA began to have relations with the Liberian government (ruled by the [[File:TrueWhig.png]] True Whig Party), with various agreements and collaborations, such as raising 2 million loan for the reconstruction of Liberia. In the meantime, Garvey suffered assassination attempts and fights in his relationship with his then-wife Amy Ashwood, leading to a divorce. In 1919, Garvey founded the Black Star Line as a way to generate black participation in the maritime industry and challenge white domination. The company received support from African-American businessmen, the UNIA and white businessmen, even receiving aid from the United Fruit Company, but it ceased to function in 1922, when it was abandoned, generating losses ranging from US$ 630,000 to US$ 1.25 million (today US$20,236,000).
There were criminal allegations surrounding Garvey, such as selling shares in a ship that the Black Star Line did not own, in which he claimed he was part of a plot by the NAACP to arrest him, but that justification didn't work and the press went ahead. to see him as a crook who lied to black people. He also ended up having contact with [[File:KKK.png]] KKK wizards and even supported some ideals, such as, according to himself, ''"He believes that America is the white man's country, and he also says that the black man should have a country of his own in Africa [...] Klan"''. He subsequently resigned (again) the presidency of the UNIA and the African Provisional Government. James Eason had also left the UNIA, founded the rival group Universal Negro Alliance, but in 1923, he was assassinated by Garveyites, who, Garvey denied any involvement, but launched a campaign of defense for the assassins, tarnishing Garvey's image. After the 1923 mail fraud trial, a trial in which Garvey uttered anti-Semitic phrases and slurs, he was arrested that year, but released on bail from 1923-1925. He and the UNIA wanted a colony in Liberia with 3,000 African Americans, but when he got there, Charles D.B. King arrested and deported him, in which Garvey accused Du Bois of this change. He was imprisoned again between 1925-1927, when released, he returned to Jamaica and then went to London, dying at the age of 52.
==Beliefs==
|
