Peronism: Difference between revisions

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The popularity of Perón, who had risen to vice president, was soon perceived as a threat by the most conservative sectors of the military government. [[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|Edelmiro Farrell]] yand [[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|Eduardo Ávalos]] forced him to resign and he and [[File:Evita.png]] [[National Feminism|Eva Perón]], his wife, were finally arrested in 1945 in the Martín García Island. On October 17 of the same year (a date considered the birth of Peronism and also know as the "''Día de la Lealtad''", or Day of Loyalty), he returned to office under massive pressure from his followers, whom initiated spontaneous strikes and mass rallies in his support. At this insistance, democratic elections were held in February 1946, in which Perón, as a candidate of the [[File:Synd.png]] [[National Syndicalism|"''Partido Laborista''"]] [[File:Relnat-alt.png]] (Labourist Party, led by [[File:RevSynd.png]] [[Syndicalism|Luis Gay]]), was elected president by a large majority. After the elections, the Labourist Party would be dissolved and Peronism would be divided into the [[File:Pron.png]] [[Nationalism|Peronist Party]], the [[File:FemPron.png]] [[National Feminism|Female Peronist Party]] (led by Eva Perón) and the [[File:SyndPron.png]] [[Syndicalism|syndicalist Peronism]] concentrated in the CGT,; thus beginning the first of Peron's terms.

Through the establishment of a comprehensive welfare state and social reforms that contributed to achieving high social and economic indicators – condensed in the [[File:Industrial.png]] [[Industrialism|''Primer Plan Quinquenal'']] (First Five-Year Plan), an industrialist [[File:Dirigisme.png]] [[State Capitalism|state-planning program]] that sought to guarantee the economic independence of Argentina –, Perón secured broad popular support, ensuring that the remuneration of labor exceeded that of capital and increasing the presence of union delegates in the workplace. This period would be headed by the "Wizard of Peronist finance" [[File:Pron.png]] [[Industrialism|Miguel Miranda]], that implemented policies such as the nationalization of the [[File:Central_bank.png]] Central Bank and the creation of public companies, [[File:Tariff.png]] [[Protectionism|import tariffs]], the founding of the [[File:EconStat.png]] [[State Capitalism|IAPI]] (Argentina Institute for Promotion of Exchange) as a state monopoly of foreign trade to strengthen the industry with resources from the agricultural sector, and a general increase in wages and public employment, to achieve full employment and promote domestic industry. The results would be primarily positive, with modest growth in industrial GDP.

Then, as a consequence of the growth of the Peronist movement and union demands, a [[File:Constitution.png]] [[Constitutionalism|Constitutional Reform]] would be carried out to modernize the Argentine Constitution and incorporate [[File:HumanRights.png]] second-generation human rights [[File:Synd.png]]), also describing the social function of private property (subject to the common good) and [[File:Regulationism.png]] [[Regulationism|economic interventionism]] as fundamental.

The economic and social prosperity experimented at the moment, however, began to wane in the wake of a phase of economic weakness initiated in 1949 and continued in the begginings of the 50's, with the ending of the postwar trade surplus. Faced with this productive slowdown, Perón attempted to repproach to the [[File:Cball-US.png]] [[American Model|United States]] and modified his economic plan to reverse the high fiscal deficit (largely as a result of growing public spending and monetary emission) and stagnation. At the end of 1951, with a drought and a drop in agricultural prices, a more orthodox economic team formed by [[File:RightPeronism.png]] [[Nationalism|Alfredo Gómez Morales]] and [[File:Pron.png]] [[Christian Democracy|Antonio Cafiero]] set out to rethink its strategies to face the inevitable crisis that was brewing to explode around 1952; one that until that moment had hit the country with an enormous drop in real wages and record inflation. Then, Perón brought forward the elections from 1952 to November 1951, achieving re-election by a landside with [[File:Evita.png]] [[Eva Perón as vice president (thanks to the support of syndicates) and beginning his second term on June 4, 1952, with a high tension between peronists and antiperonists. Before taking office, Perón announces to the country the [[File:Fiscon.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|"''Plan de Emergencia Económica''"]] (Emergency Economic Plan), a mixed austerity plan that incorporated [[File:Neoclassical.png]] [[Chicago School|orthodox-liberal]] economic measures with [[File:SyndieSam.png]] [[Syndicalism|syndicalist]] ones.