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{{Art Improvement}}
{{Ideology
{{Ideology
|title=[[File:AnInde.png]] Independence Anarchism
|title=[[File:AnInde.png]] Independence Anarchism [[File:AnInd.png]]
|image=[[File:anindep.png]]|caption=
|image=[[File:anindep.png]]|caption=
|aliases=Anarcho-Independentism (English)
|aliases=Anarcho-Independentism (English)<br>
Anarco-Independentismo (Spanish)
Anarco-Independentismo (Spanish)<br>
Anarcho-Indépendantisme (French)<br>
Anarco-Independentisme (Catalan)
Anarco-Independentisme (Catalan)<br>
Anarcho-Indépendantisme (French)
Anarkour-Dizalc'houriezh (Breton)
Anarkour-Dizalc'houriezh (Breton)<br>
Anarcoindependantisme (Occitan)
Anarcoindependantisme (Occitan)<br>
Anarcoindependentismu (Asturian)<br>
Anarkoindependentismoa (Basque)
Anarkoindependentismoa (Basque)<br>
Anarkoabertzalismoa (Specifically the Basque movement)
Anarkoabertzalismoa (Specifically the Basque movement)<br>
Lib-Left Nationalism
Lib-Left Nationalism
|alignments=[[File:Libleft.png]] [[:Category:Libertarian Left|LibLeft]]<br>
|alignments=[[File:Libleft.png]] [[:Category:Libertarian Left|LibLeft]]<br>
[[File:Awaj.png]] [[:Category:Anarchists|Anarchists]] <br>
[[File:Awaj.png]] [[:Category:Anarchists|Anarchists]]<br>
[[File:Nation.png]] [[:Category:Nationalists|Nationalists]] (Some aspects)<br>[[File:World.png]] [[:Category:Internationalists|Internationalists]] (Some aspects)<br>[[File:Postconan.png]] [[:Category:Anti-Colonial|Anti-Colonial]]<br>
[[File:Nation.png]] [[:Category:Nationalists|Nationalists]] (Some aspects)<br>
[[File:Prgess.png]] [[:Category:Culturally Left|Culturally Left]]<br>[[File:Soc.png]] [[:Category:Socialists|Socialists]]
[[File:World.png]] [[:Category:Internationalists|Internationalists]] (Some aspects)<br>
[[File:Postconan.png]] [[:Category:Anti-Colonial|Anti-Colonial]]<br>
[[File:Prgess.png]] [[:Category:Culturally Left|Culturally Left]]<br>
[[File:Soc.png]] [[:Category:Socialists|Socialists]]
|family=
|family=
|themecolor=141414
|themecolor=141414
|textcolor=F55F00
|textcolor=F55F00
|influences=[[File:Awaj.png]] [[Anarchism]] (Mother)<br>
|influences=[[File:Awaj.png]] [[Anarchism]]<br>
[[File:Leftnat.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism]] (Father)<br>
[[File:Leftnat.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism]] (Some internationalist forms)<br>
[[File:Postconan.png]] [[Post-Colonial Anarchism]]<br>
[[File:AnSynd.png]] [[Anarcho-Syndicalism]]<br>
[[File:AnSynd.png]] [[Anarcho-Syndicalism]]<br>
[[File:Sep.png]] [[Separatism]]<br>
[[File:Sep.png]] [[Separatism]]<br>
[[File:Antiimp.png]] Anti-Imperialism|theorists=
[[File:Antiimp.png]] Anti-Imperialism
|year=1881 (unofficially)<br>1986 (official adoption of the term)
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [[Anarchism|Cels Gomis]] [[File:Awaj.png]]
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [[Anarcho-Syndicalism|Josep Llunas i Pujals]] [[File:AnSynd.png]]
|theorists=*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [[Anarchism|Cels Gomis]] [[File:Awaj.png]] <b>
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [[Anarcho-Collectivism|Eudald Canivell]] [[File:Acol.png]]
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [[Anarcho-Collectivism|Josep]] [[Anarcho-Syndicalism|Llunas]] [[File:Acol.png]] [[File:AnSynd.png]] <b>
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [[Anarcho-Syndicalism|Emili Guanyavents]] [[File:AnSynd.png]]
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [[Anarcho-Collectivism|Eudald Canivell]] [[File:Acol.png]] <b>
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [[Anarcho-Syndicalism|Felip Cortiella]] [[File:AnSynd.png]]
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [[Anarcho-Syndicalism|Emili Guanyavents]] [[File:AnSynd.png]] <b>
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [[Anarcho-Individualism|Jaume Brossa]] [[File:Anin.png]]
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [[Anarchism|Pere Coromines]] [[File:Awaj.png]] <b>
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [[Anarcho-Syndicalism|Joan Ferrer i Farriol]] [[File:AnSynd.png]]
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [[Anarcho-Syndicalism|Felip Cortiella]] [[File:AnSynd.png]] <b>
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [[Anarcho-Syndicalism|Jordi Martí i Font]] [[File:AnSynd.png]]
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [[Anarcho-Individualism|Jaume Brossa]] [[File:Anin.png]] <b>
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [[Anarchism|Enric Duran]] [[File:Awaj.png]]
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [[Anarcho-Syndicalism|Joan P. Fàbregas]] [[File:AnSynd.png]] <b>
*[[File:Cball-Brittany.png]] [[Anarcho-Pacifism|Émile Masson]] [[File:Anpacf.png]]
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [[Anarcho-Syndicalism|Joan Ferrer]] [[File:AnSynd.png]] <b>
*[[File:Cball-Brittany.png]] [[Democratic Confederalism|Kendal Breizh]] [[File:Demcon.png]]
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [[Anarchism|Ricard de Vargas]] [[File:Awaj.png]] <b>
*[[File:Cball-Occitania.png]] [[Platformism|Guy Malouvier]] [[File:Platformism.png]]
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [[Anarcho-Syndicalism|Jordi Martí]] [[File:AnSynd.png]] <b>
*[[File:Cball-Occitania.png]] [[Anarcho-Communism|Joan Pau Verdier]] [[File:Ancom.png]]
*[[File:Cball-Brittany.png]] [[Anarcho-Pacifism|Émile Masson]] [[File:Anpacf.png]] <b>
*[[File:Cball-Basque.png]] [[Anarcho-Syndicalism|Felix Likiniano]] [[File:AnSynd.png]]
*[[File:Cball-Brittany.png]] [[Anarchism|Kendal]] [[Democratic Confederalism|Breizh]] [[File:Awaj.png]] [[File:Demcon.png]] <b>
*[[File:Cball-Basque.png]] [[Social Anarchism|Federico Krutwig]] [[File:Socan2.png]]
*[[File:Cball-Occitania.png]] [[Platformism|Guy Malouvier]] [[File:Platformism.png]] <b>
*[[File:Cball-Basque.png]] [[Anarchism|Pablo Sastre]] [[File:Awaj.png]]
*[[File:Cball-Occitania.png]] [[Anarcho-Communism|Joan Pau Verdier]] [[File:Ancom.png]] <b>
*[[File:Cball-Taiwan.png]] [[Federalism|Chen Jiongming]] [[File:Fed.png]]
*[[File:Cball-Basque.png]] [[Anarcho-Syndicalism|Felix Likiniano]] [[File:AnSynd.png]] <b>
*[[File:Cball-PuertoRico.png]] [[Anarcho-Syndicalism|Ramón Romero Rosa]] [[File:AnSynd.png]]
*[[File:Cball-Basque.png]] [[Anarchism|Marc]] [[Autonomism|Légasse]] [[File:Awaj.png]] [[File:Auton.png]] <b>
*[[File:Cball-PuertoRico.png]] [[Anarcho-Syndicalism|Santiago Iglesias]] [[File:AnSynd.png]]
*[[File:Cball-Basque.png]] [[Social Anarchism|Federico Krutwig]] [[File:Socan2.png]] <b>
*[[File:Cball-CanaryIslands-BTC.png]] [[Social Anarchism|Secundino Delgado]] [[File:Socan2.png]]
*[[File:Cball-Basque.png]] [[Anarchism|Pablo Sastre]] [[File:Awaj.png]] <b>
*[[File:Cball-Kabylia.png]] [[Anarcho-Communism|Mohammed Saïl]] [[File:Ancom.png]]
*[[File:Cball-CanaryIslands.png]] [[Social Anarchism|Secundino Delgado]] [[File:Socan2.png]] <b>
*[[File:Cball-South_Korea.png]] [[Anarcho-Communism|Kim Jwa-jin]] [[File:Ancom.png]]
*[[File:Cball-Sicily.png]] [[Insurrectionary Anarchism|Alfredo Bonanno]] [[File:Insarch.png]] <b>
*[[File:Cball-Georgia.png]] [[Anarcho-Communism|Warlaam Tcherkesoff]] [[File:Ancom.png]]|song=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TQAeXKb6b6M Na Doue Na Mestr]}}
*[[File:Cball-Sardinia.png]] [[Insurrectionary Anarchism|Constantino Cavalleri]] [[File:Insarch.png]] <b>
*[[File:Cball-HongKong.png]] [[Federalism|Chen Jiongming]] [[File:Fed.png]] <b>
*[[File:Cball-PuertoRico.png]] [[Anarcho-Syndicalism|Ramón Romero Rosa]] [[File:AnSynd.png]] <b>
*[[File:Cball-PuertoRico.png]] [[Anarcho-Syndicalism|Santiago Iglesias]] [[File:AnSynd.png]] <b>
*[[File:Cball-Kabylia.png]] [[Anarcho-Communism|Mohammed Saïl]] [[File:Ancom.png]] <b>
*[[File:Cball-South_Korea.png]] [[Anarcho-Communism|Kim Jwa-jin]] [[File:Ancom.png]] <b>
*[[File:Cball-Georgia.png]] [[Anarcho-Communism|Warlaam Tcherkesoff]] [[File:Ancom.png]] <b>
*[[File:Cball-Bulgaria.png]] [[Anarchism|Hristo Botev]] [[File:Awaj.png]] <b>
|song=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TQAeXKb6b6M Na Doue Na Mestr]}}


'''Independence Anarchism''' is an [[File:Awaj.png]] [[Anarchism|anarchist]], [[File:Prgess.png]] [[:Category:Culturally Left|culturally left-wing]] and [[File:Soc.png]] [[Socialism|economically left-wing]] movement of movements that advocates for the [[File:Sep.png]] [[Separatism|autonomy, self-determination or independence]] of a given people group with a common identity from forms of hierarchy, especially centralized ones, in defense of the nation's culture, language and history. It inhabits the [[File:Libleft.png]] [[:Category:Libertarian Left|bottom left corner]] of the political compass.
'''Independence Anarchism''' is an [[File:Awaj.png]] [[Anarchism|anarchist]], [[File:Prgess.png]] [[:Category:Culturally Left|culturally left-wing]] and [[File:Soc.png]] [[Socialism|economically left-wing]] movement of movements and [[File:Awaj.png]] anarchist tendency that advocates for and emphasizes the [[File:Sep.png]] [[Separatism|autonomy, self-determination or independence]] of a given people with a common identity from forms of hierarchy, especially centralized ones, in defense of the nation's culture, language and history. It inhabits the [[File:Libleft.png]] [[:Category:Libertarian Left|bottom left corner]] of the political compass.


Independence anarchism as a term originated in Western Europe after the Second World War, and thus only movements from Western Europe use the label, but many similar exclusively [[File:Sep.png]] separatist movements, although not so prevalent, also exist in Eastern Europe, East Asia, the Americas and Northern Africa. A few examples of them are in Catalonia, Brittany, Occitania, the Basque Country, Hong Kong and Puerto Rico.
Independence anarchism as a term originated in Western Europe after the Second World War, and was "officially" adopted by independence anarchists at their first international meeting in 1985, in Guasila, Sardinia. As a result, the movements from Western Europe are mainly the ones who use the label. However, many similar movements, although not so prevalent, have also existed in Eastern Europe, East Asia, the Americas and Northern Africa. A few examples of them are in Catalonia, Brittany, Occitania, the Basque Country, the Canary Islands, Sicily, Sardinia, Andalusia, Castile, Hong Kong and Puerto Rico.


Independence anarchism is most similar to anarchist movements involved in [[File:Sep.png]] national liberation struggles such as [[File:Postconan.png]] [[Post-Colonial Anarchism]], [[File:Indigenous Anarchism.png]] [[Indigenous Anarchism]] and [[File:Blackan.png]] [[Black Anarchism]]. Ideologically, independence anarchism is compatible with both [[File:Socan2.png]] [[Social Anarchism|social]] and [[File:Anin.png]] [[Anarcho-Individualism|individualist]] forms of [[File:Awaj.png]] anarchism.
Independence anarchism is seen as a strain of [[Post-Colonial Anarchism]] alongside [[File:Indigenous Anarchism.png]] [[Indigenous Anarchism]], [[File:Blackan.png]] [[Black Anarchism]], [[Chicano Anarchism]] and [[Post-Colonial Anarchism#Ireland|the unique post-colonial anarchist strain that has developed in Ireland]], all of which are involved in [[File:Sep.png]] national liberation struggles and are therefore most similar to independence anarchism. Ideologically, independence anarchism is compatible with both [[File:Socan2.png]] [[Social Anarchism|social]] and [[File:Anin.png]] [[Anarcho-Individualism|individualist]] forms of [[File:Awaj.png]] anarchism.


== History and Branches ==
== History and Branches ==


===[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [[File:Cball-Catalonia-Estelada.png]] Catalan Countries [[File:Cball-Catalonia-EsteladaRed.png]] [[File:AnInde.png]]===
===[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [[File:Cball-Catalonia-Estelada.png]] [[File:Cball-Catalonia-EsteladaRed.png]] [[File:AnInde.png]] [[File:AnInd.png]] Catalan Countries [[File:Cball-Catalonia-EsteladaCircleA.png]] [[File:Cball-Catalonia-EsteladaBlack.png]] [[File:Cball-Catalonia-EsteladaBlackCircleA.png]] [[File:Cball-Catalonia-SenyeraCircleA.png]]===
The history of independence anarchism in the Catalan Countries (territories where the Catalan language is spoken) can be traced back to the 19th century. As the Catalan [[File:Awaj.png]] anarchist-oriented worker movement and the revindicative national liberation movement became ever so tied together, mostly due to their mutual belief in [[File:Fed.png]] [[federalism]], ideals close to those of modern independence anarchism began to arise. By 1881, Josep Llunas i Pujals (1852 – 1905), the primary theorist of what would later become [[File:AnSynd.png]] [[Anarcho-Syndicalism|anarcho-syndicalism]], founded the popular [[File:Acol.png]] [[Anarcho-Collectivism|libertarian collectivist]] weekly newspaper ''La Tramontana'' (The Tramontane), akin to [[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] Catalanism and [[File:Fed.png]] federalism. Although the newspaper was closed by the authorities fifteen years afterwards, it would set the stage for other [[File:Awaj.png]] anarchist newspapers in Catalan to appear, such as ''L'Avenir'' (The Future, 1905-1910) and ''El Progrés'' (The Progress, 1905-1905). ''La Tramontana'' even came back in 1907 and 1913.
The history of independence anarchism in the Catalan Countries (territories where the Catalan language is spoken) can be traced back to the 19th century. As the Catalan [[File:Awaj.png]] anarchist-oriented worker movement and the revindicative national liberation movement became ever so tied together, mostly due to their mutual belief in [[File:Fed.png]] [[federalism]], ideals close to those of modern independence anarchism began to arise. By 1881, Josep Llunas i Pujals (1852 – 1905), the primary theorist of what would later become [[File:AnSynd.png]] [[Anarcho-Syndicalism|anarcho-syndicalism]], founded the popular [[File:Acol.png]] [[Anarcho-Collectivism|libertarian collectivist]] weekly newspaper ''La Tramontana'' (The Tramontane), akin to [[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] Catalanism and [[File:Fed.png]] federalism, while many [[File:Awaj.png]] anarchist [[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] Catalanists such as Jaume Brossa wrote essays on the magazine ''L'Avenç'' (The Advance), founded on the same year. Although ''L'Avenç'' and ''La Tramontana'' were closed by the authorities in 1894 and 1896 respectively, they would set the stage for other [[File:Awaj.png]] anarchist newspapers in Catalan to appear, such as ''L'Avenir'' (The Future, 1905-1910) and ''El Progrés'' (The Progress, 1905-1905). ''La Tramontana'' even came back in 1907 and 1913.


With the creation of the [[File:CNT.png]] National Confederation of Labour (CNT) syndicate in 1910 in Barcelona, factions within [[File:AnSynd.png]] anarcho-syndicalism that can be considered the precursors to Catalan independence anarchism began to materialize. Many prominent Spanish [[File:AnSynd.png]] anarcho-syndicalists such as Joan Peiró (1887 – 1942), Salvador Seguí (1887 – 1923) and Federica Montseny (1905 – 1994), the latter of which was even known for his [[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] Catalanist sentiment, made statements in support of Catalan autonomy (despite the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia being a subject that initially caused an internal division in the [[File:CNT.png]] CNT). Meanwhile, the [[File:FAI.png]] Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI) was founded in 1927 in València.
With the creation of the [[File:CNT.png]] National Confederation of Labour (CNT) syndicate in 1910 in Barcelona, factions within [[File:AnSynd.png]] anarcho-syndicalism that can be considered the precursors to Catalan independence anarchism began to materialize. Many prominent Spanish [[File:AnSynd.png]] anarcho-syndicalists such as Joan Peiró (1887 – 1942), Salvador Seguí (1887 – 1923) and Federica Montseny (1905 – 1994), the latter of which was even known for his [[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] Catalanist sentiment, made statements in support of Catalan autonomy (despite the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia being a subject that initially caused an internal division in the [[File:CNT.png]] CNT). Meanwhile, the [[File:FAI.png]] Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI) was founded in 1927 in València.
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Ikària, which after 1985 became known as Ikària-Contracorrent, published the newsletter ''Ikària: la Polla de Déu'' from January 1985 to March 1990, and was born on January 1980 out of student movements and smaller independent libertarian organizations with the objective of initiating a debate inside the anarchist movement in Barcelona. The FACC was founded in Barcelona in 1981 as an [[File:Ancom.png]] [[Anarcho-Communism|anarcho-communist]] organization for national liberation, and edited the bulletin ''Tramuntana'' (not to be confused with the original from 1881) and the newspaper ''Visca la Terra'' (Long Live the Land).
Ikària, which after 1985 became known as Ikària-Contracorrent, published the newsletter ''Ikària: la Polla de Déu'' from January 1985 to March 1990, and was born on January 1980 out of student movements and smaller independent libertarian organizations with the objective of initiating a debate inside the anarchist movement in Barcelona. The FACC was founded in Barcelona in 1981 as an [[File:Ancom.png]] [[Anarcho-Communism|anarcho-communist]] organization for national liberation, and edited the bulletin ''Tramuntana'' (not to be confused with the original from 1881) and the newspaper ''Visca la Terra'' (Long Live the Land).


The CI and the FACC worked together in the comarcal Libertarian Assembly of the Barcelonès, but nonetheless began to lose activity in 1982. Thus, on November 1982, they joined forces to create the Coordinadora Llibertària dels Països Catalans (Libertarian Coordinator of the Catalan Countries) along with the Libertarian Assemblies of the Empordà, the Baix Camp, the Berguedà and the Maresme, among others, as well as with even smaller groups that followed independence anarchism such as the Col·lectiu Independentista Estel Negre (Independentist Collective Black Star), Grup Llibertari de l’Ateneu de Mataró (Libertarian Group of the Mataró Athenaeum), Grup Anarquista l'Insurrecte (Anarchist Group 'the Insurgent') and the Col·lectiu Llibertari de Vilaplana (Libertarian Collective of Vilaplana). After many years of organizing activities nationally and internationally, the Libertarian Coordinator of the Catalan Countries ceased to exist when the FACC was publicly dissolved in late 1988. The Ikària Collective suffered the same fate soon after their headquarters were attacked with an incendiary bomb on July 9th, 1990.
The CI and the FACC worked together in the comarcal Libertarian Assembly of the Barcelonès, but nonetheless began to lose activity in 1982. Thus, on November 1982, they joined forces to create the Coordinadora Llibertària dels Països Catalans (Libertarian Coordinator of the Catalan Countries).


Aside from the CI and the FACC, the Libertarian Coordinator of the Catalan Countries regrouped several Libertarian Assemblies in different comarcas, such as that of the Empordà (and the Coordinadora Llibertària Empordanesa or Empordanese Libertarian Coordinator, which edited a publication called ''La Campana de l'Empordà'' (The Bell of the Empordà) containing only two full issues: issue number 0 on January/February 1983 and issue number 1 on March 1983), the Baix Camp (and the Col·lectiu Llibertari de Vilaplana (Libertarian Collective of Vilaplana) based in the same comarca), the Maresme (and the Coordinadora Llibertària del Maresme or Libertarian Coordinator of the Maresme, which edited an informative document called ''La Ceba'' (The Onion) that had an issue sometime in 1982 containing an independence anarchist manifesto) and the Berguedà, among others. There were also several smaller groups that followed independence anarchism inside the Coordinator, such as the Col·lectiu Independentista Estel Negre (Independentist Collective Black Star), Grup Llibertari de l’Ateneu de Mataró (Libertarian Group of the Mataró Athenaeum), the Grup Anarquista l'Insurrecte (Anarchist Group 'the Insurgent') and even a youth organization called the Joventuts Anarco-Independentistes (Independence Anarchist Youth; JAI). A fanzine linked to the JAI and the FACC in the city of L'Escala was called ''Skena Pelat: fanzine llibertari de l'Empordà'' (Skena Pelat: libertarian fanzine of the Empordà) with issue number 1 on October of 1986.
It is also important to note that a short-lived independence anarchist syndicate referred to as the National Confederation of Labour-Catalan Countries (CNT-PPCC) was formed on late 1983 when the [[File:CNT.png]] CNT underwent a split.

After many years of organizing activities nationally and internationally, the Libertarian Coordinator of the Catalan Countries became inactive by the mid 80's, but ultimately ceased to exist when the FACC was publicly dissolved in late 1988. The Ikària Collective suffered the same fate soon after their headquarters were attacked with an incendiary bomb on July 9th, 1990.

It is also important to note that a short-lived independence anarchist syndicate referred to as the National Confederation of Labour-Catalan Countries (CNT-PPCC) was formed on late 1983 as a result from a split that the CNT [[File:CNT.png]] underwent. The CNT-PPCC is widely regarded as another organizational proposal of the FACC.


In the Valencian Country, nominally, independence anarchism would take a bit longer to arrive. Nevertheless, the collective Recerca Autònoma (Autonomous Research) was formed in 1994. It edited a magazine of the same name, first released on February 1994. Recerca Autònoma and other Valencian groups with similar tendencies such as Germania Socialista (Socialist Brotherhood) eventually fell into inactivity.
In the Valencian Country, nominally, independence anarchism would take a bit longer to arrive. Nevertheless, the collective Recerca Autònoma (Autonomous Research) was formed in 1994. It edited a magazine of the same name, first released on February 1994. Recerca Autònoma and other Valencian groups with similar tendencies such as Germania Socialista (Socialist Brotherhood) eventually fell into inactivity.
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===[[File:Cball-Brittany.png]] [[File:Cball-Brittany-GwennHaDiveliour.png]] [[File:Cball-Brittany-Star.png]] [[File:Cball-Brittany-Disuj.png]] [[File:Cball-Brittany-TempsNoirs.png]] Brittany [[File:Cball-Brittany-BreizhEtrevroadel.png]] [[File:Cball-Brittany-Fulor1.png]] [[File:Cball-Brittany-Fulor2.png]] [[File:Cball-Brittany-CBIL.png]]===
===[[File:Cball-Brittany.png]] Brittany===
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===[[File:Cball-Occitania.png]] Occitania===
===[[File:Cball-Occitania.png]] [[File:Cball-Occitania-FACO.png]] Occitania [[File:Cball-Occitania-FaremTotPetar.png]]===
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===[[File:Cball-Basque.png]] Basque Country===
===[[File:Cball-Basque.png]] [[File:Cball-Basque-AnarkHerria1.png]] Basque Country [[File:Cball-Basque-AnarkHerria2.png]]===
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===[[File:Cball-CanaryIslands.png]] [[File:Cball-CanaryIslands-CoA.png]] Canary Islands [[File:Cball-CanaryIslands-BTC.png]] [[File:Cball-CanaryIslands-AnInde.png]]===
===[[File:Cball-HongKong.png]] Hong Kong===
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===[[File:Cball-PuertoRico.png]] Puerto Rico===
===[[File:Cball-Sicily.png]] Sicily [[File:Cball-Sicily-Inde.png]]===
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===[[File:Cball-Sardinia.png]] Sardinia===
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===[[File:Cball-Andalusia.png]] [[File:Cball-Andalusia-NoCOA.png]] Andalusia [[File:Cball-Andalusia-Socialist.png]] [[File:Cball-Andalusia-Anarchist.png]]===
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===[[File:Cball-Castile-Red.png]] [[File:Cball-Castile-Purple.png]] Castile [[File:Cball-Castile-Socialist.png]] [[File:Cball-Castile-Anarchist.png]]===
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===[[File:Cball-HongKong.png]] Hong Kong [[File:Cball-HongKong-BlackBauhinia.png]]===
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===[[File:Cball-PuertoRico.png]] Puerto Rico [[File:Cball-PuertoRico-Anarchist.png]]===
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==Further Information==
==Further Information==


===Literature===
===YouTube===
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v67_1czmyCI ''National Liberation & Anarchism''] by Saint Andrewism.
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iSCs7YmknCo A video about independence anarchism (In Spanish)]
**[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xQclsAIlJEs Catalan version of the video]


===Wikipedia===
*[https://en.everybodywiki.com/Independence_anarchism Independence anarchism] on EverybodyWiki
*[[File:Wikipedia.png]] [[w:Anarchism_and_nationalism#Independence_anarchism|Independence Anarchism]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
TBD
*[[File:Wikipedia.png]] [[w:Negres_Tempestes_(organization)|Negres Tempestes]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Wikipedia.png]] [[w:Anarchist-Communist_Federation_of_Occitania|Anarchist-Communist Federation of Occitania]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Wikipedia.png]] [[w:Comandos_Aut%C3%B3nomos_Anticapitalistas|Comandos Autónomos Anticapitalistas]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Wikipedia.png]] [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2ble_d%27%C3%92c Pòble d'Òc] <small>(French Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Wikipedia.png]] [https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occit%C3%A0nia_Libert%C3%A0ria Occitània Libertària] <small>(Occitan Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Wikipedia.png]] [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askatasuna_(revista) Askatasuna (magazine)] <small>(Spanish Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Wikipedia.png]] [https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBIL Coordination Bretagne Indépendante et Libertaire] <small>(Breton Wikipedia)</small>


*[[File:Wikipedia.png]] [[w:Anarchism_in_Algeria#The_libertarian_movement_and_the_Algerian_national_liberation_struggle|Anarchism in Algeria]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
===Wikipedia===
*[[File:Wikipedia.png]] [[w:Anarchism_and_nationalism#Independence_anarchism|Independence Anarchism]]
*[[File:Wikipedia.png]] [[w:Anarchism_in_Armenia|Anarchism in Armenia]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Wikipedia.png]] [[w:Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina#Under_Austro-Hungarian_rule|Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Wikipedia.png]] [[w:Negres_Tempestes_(organization)|Negres Tempestes]]
*[[File:Wikipedia.png]] [[w:Anarchism_in_Bulgaria|Anarchism in Bulgaria]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
**[[File:Wikipedia.png]] [[w:Boatmen_of_Thessaloniki|Boatmen of Thessaloniki]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Wikipedia.png]] [[w:Anarchism_in_Cuba#Government_response_and_the_War_of_Independence|Anarchism in Cuba]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Wikipedia.png]] [[w:Anarchism_in_Georgia|Anarchism in Georgia]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Wikipedia.png]] [[w:Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong|Anarchism in Hong Kong]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Wikipedia.png]] [[w:Anarchism_in_Korea|Anarchism in Korea]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Wikipedia.png]] [[w:Anarchism_in_Morocco|Anarchism in Morocco]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Wikipedia.png]] [[w:Anarchism_in_the_Philippines#Anarchism_in_the_national_liberation_movement|Anarchism in the Philippines]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Wikipedia.png]] [[w:Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico|Anarchism in Puerto Rico]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>


==== People ====
==== People ====
People in bold are viewed as independence anarchists, people in bold and italics are viewed as predecessors to independence anarchism, and people in italics are mostly known for other reasons although they fit in one of the two previous categories.
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cels_Gomis_i_Mestre Cels Gomis] (1841 – 1915) [[File:Awaj.png]] <small>(Catalan Wikipedia)</small>

*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [[w:Josep_Llunas_i_Pujals|Josep Llunas i Pujals]] (1852 – 1905) [[File:AnSynd.png]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudald_Canivell_i_Masbernat Eudald Canivell] (1858 – 1928) [[File:Acol.png]] <small>(Spanish Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cels_Gomis_i_Mestre '''''Cels Gomis'''''] (1841 – 1915) [[File:Awaj.png]] <small>(Catalan Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emili_Guanyavents_i_Jan%C3%A9 Emili Guanyavents] (1860 – 1941) [[File:AnSynd.png]] <small>(Catalan Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [[w:Josep_Llunas_i_Pujals|'''''Josep Llunas''''']] (1852 – 1905) [[File:Acol.png]] [[File:AnSynd.png]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felip_Cortiella_i_Ferrer Felip Cortiella] (1871 – 1937) [[File:AnSynd.png]] <small>(Catalan Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudald_Canivell_i_Masbernat '''''Eudald Canivell'''''] (1858 – 1928) [[File:Acol.png]] <small>(Spanish Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaume_Brossa Jaume Brossa] (1875 – 1919) [[File:Anin.png]] <small>(Spanish Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emili_Guanyavents_i_Jan%C3%A9 '''''Emili Guanyavents'''''] (1860 – 1941) [[File:AnSynd.png]] <small>(Catalan Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Ferrer_i_Farriol Joan Ferrer i Farriol] (1896 – 1978) [[File:AnSynd.png]] <small>(Catalan Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [[w:Pere_Coromines_i_Montanya|''Pere Coromines'']] (1870 – 1939) [[File:Awaj.png]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordi_Mart%C3%AD_i_Font Jordi Martí i Font] (1969–) [[File:AnSynd.png]] <small>(Catalan Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felip_Cortiella_i_Ferrer '''''Felip Cortiella'''''] (1871 – 1937) [[File:AnSynd.png]] <small>(Catalan Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [[w:Enric_Duran|Enric Duran]] (1976–) [[File:Awaj.png]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaume_Brossa '''''Jaume Brossa'''''] (1875 – 1919) [[File:Anin.png]] <small>(Spanish Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Brittany.png]] [[w:Émile_Masson|Émile Masson]] (1869 – 1923) [[File:Anpacf.png]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [[w:Joan_Porqueras_i_Fàbregas|'''''Joan P. Fàbregas''''']] (1893 – 1966) [[File:AnSynd.png]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Brittany.png]] [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Clainche Kendal Breizh] (1977 – 2018) [[File:Demcon.png]] <small>(French Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Ferrer_i_Farriol '''''Joan Ferrer'''''] (1896 – 1978) [[File:AnSynd.png]] <small>(Catalan Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Occitania.png]] [https://militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1606 Guy Malouvier] (c. 1925 – c. 2000) [[File:Platformism.png]] <small>(French dictionary of anarchist militants)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricard_de_Vargas_Golarons '''Ricard de Vargas'''] (c. 1950–) [[File:Awaj.png]] <small>(Spanish Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Occitania.png]] [[w:Joan_Pau_Verdier|Joan Pau Verdier]] (1947 – 2020) [[File:Ancom.png]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Catalonia.png]] [https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordi_Mart%C3%AD_i_Font '''Jordi Martí'''] (1969–) [[File:AnSynd.png]] <small>(Catalan Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Basque.png]] [[w:Felix_Likiniano|Felix Likiniano]] (1909 – 1982) [[File:AnSynd.png]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Brittany.png]] [[w:Émile_Masson|'''''Émile Masson''''']] (1869 – 1923) [[File:Anpacf.png]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Basque.png]] [[w:Federico_Krutwig|Federico Krutwig]] (1921 – 1998) [[File:Socan2.png]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Brittany.png]] [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Clainche '''Kendal Breizh'''] (1977 – 2018) [[File:Awaj.png]] [[File:Demcon.png]] <small>(French Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Basque.png]] [https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Sastre Pablo Sastre] (1958–) [[File:Awaj.png]] <small>(Basque Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Occitania.png]] [https://militants-anarchistes.info/spip.php?article1606 '''Guy Malouvier'''] (c. 1925 – c. 2000) [[File:Platformism.png]] <small>(French dictionary of anarchist militants)</small>
*[[File:Cball-HongKong.png]] [[w:Chen_Jiongming|Chen Jiongming]] (1878 – 1933) [[File:Awaj.png]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Occitania.png]] [[w:Joan_Pau_Verdier|''Joan Pau Verdier'']] (1947 – 2020) [[File:Ancom.png]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-PuertoRico.png]] [https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/romero-rosa-ramon-1863-1907 Ramón Romero Rosa] (1863 – 1907) [[File:AnSynd.png]] <small>(Encyclopedia.com)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Basque.png]] [[w:Felix_Likiniano|'''Felix Likiniano''']] (1909 – 1982) [[File:AnSynd.png]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-PuertoRico.png]] [[w:Santiago_Iglesias|Santiago Iglesias]] (1872 – 1939) [[File:AnSynd.png]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Basque.png]] [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_L%C3%A9gasse ''Marc Légasse''] (1918 – 1997) [[File:Awaj.png]] [[File:Auton.png]] <small>(French Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-CanaryIslands-BTC.png]] [[w:Secundino_Delgado|Secundino Delgado]] (1867 – 1912) [[File:Socan2.png]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Basque.png]] [[w:Federico_Krutwig|'''Federico Krutwig''']] (1921 – 1998) [[File:Socan2.png]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Kabylia.png]] [[w:Sail_Mohamed|Mohammed Saïl]] (1894 – 1953) [[File:Ancom.png]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Basque.png]] [https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Sastre ''Pablo Sastre''] (1958–) [[File:Awaj.png]] <small>(Basque Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-South_Korea.png]] [[w:Kim_Chwa-chin|Kim Jwa-jin]] (1889 – 1930) [[File:Ancom.png]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-CanaryIslands.png]] [[w:Secundino_Delgado|'''''Secundino Delgado''''']] (1867 – 1912) [[File:Socan2.png]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Georgia.png]] [[w:Varlam_Cherkezishvili|Warlaam Tcherkesoff]] (1846 – 1925) [[File:Ancom.png]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Sicily.png]] [[w:Alfredo_Bonanno|''Alfredo Bonanno'']] (1937–) [[File:Insarch.png]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Sardinia.png]] [https://www.anarcopedia.org/index.php/Costantino_Cavalleri '''Constantino Cavalleri'''] (c. 1950–) [[File:Insarch.png]] <small>(Italian Anarchopedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-HongKong.png]] [[w:Chen_Jiongming|''Chen Jiongming'']] (1878 – 1933) [[File:Fed.png]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-PuertoRico.png]] [https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/romero-rosa-ramon-1863-1907 ''Ramón Romero Rosa''] (1863 – 1907) [[File:AnSynd.png]] <small>(Encyclopedia.com)</small>
*[[File:Cball-PuertoRico.png]] [[w:Santiago_Iglesias|''Santiago Iglesias'']] (1872 – 1939) [[File:AnSynd.png]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Kabylia.png]] [[w:Sail_Mohamed|'''''Mohammed Saïl''''']] (1894 – 1953) [[File:Ancom.png]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-South_Korea.png]] [[w:Kim_Chwa-chin|''Kim Jwa-jin'']] (1889 – 1930) [[File:Ancom.png]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Georgia.png]] [[w:Varlam_Cherkezishvili|'''''Warlaam Tcherkesoff''''']] (1846 – 1925) [[File:Ancom.png]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>
*[[File:Cball-Bulgaria.png]] [[w:Hristo_Botev|''Hristo Botev'']] (1848 – 1876) [[File:Awaj.png]] <small>(English Wikipedia)</small>

===Literature===

====General====
*[https://en.everybodywiki.com/Independence_anarchism Independence anarchism] on EverybodyWiki. <small>(In English)</small>
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150304184354/www.c-g-a.org/content/regard-sur-lanarcho-ind-pendantisme ''Regard sur l'Anarcho-Indépendantisme''] by the Coordination of Anarchist Groups. Published in the former ''CGA'' website; October 9th, 2011. <small>(In French)</small>
*[https://lesveusderevolta.wordpress.com/2014/09/21/anarcoindependentisme-anarquisme-independentista/ ''Anarcoindependentisme: Anarquisme independentista''] by Les Veus de Revolta. Published in the ''Les Veus de Revolta'' blog; Catalan Countries; September 21st, 2014. <small>(In Catalan)</small>
*[https://icariamallorca.noblogs.org/post/2017/11/24/protomanifest-anarcoindependentista/ ''Què és l’anarcoindependentisme?''] by Ezuri. Published in the ''Tramuntana'' blog; Catalan Countries; November 24th, 2017. <small>(In Catalan)</small>
*[https://www.lahaine.org/b2-img/tradicion_libertaria_liberacion_nacional.pdf ''Tradición libertaria y luchas de liberación nacional''] compiled by Txolo Hedilla. March 9th, 2004. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
*[http://www.tempsnoirs.lautre.net/pdf/losclassicosanar.pdf ''Los clásicos anarquistas y los movimientos de liberación nacional'' (8th chapter of ''Anarquisme i alliberament nacional'')]. Translated to Spanish by Trueno. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
*[http://duzodu.chez.com/droitpeuples.html ''Le droit des peuples''] by Roland Breton. Published in the 6th issue of the ''Réfraction'' magazine, 2000. <small>(In French)</small>
*[http://duzodu.chez.com/negus.html ''Libération nationale et émancipation sociale''] by Negus. Published in the 8th issue of the ''Confrontations'' magazine, March 1990. <small>(In French)</small>
*[http://duzodu.chez.com/anrestnali.html '' Anarchism, Reformism, and Struggles of National Liberation''] by the Barricada Collective. 2001 (?). <small>(In English)</small>
*[http://oclibertaire.free.fr/spip.php?article617 ''À propos des Luttes de libération nationale''] by the Organisation Communiste Libertaire. September 8th, 2009. <small>(In French)</small>
*[https://www.lahaine.org/est_espanol.php/cast-cat-la-liberacion-de-los-pueblos-un ''La liberación de los pueblos: Una visión libertaria''] by "Cosimo Piovasco di Rondò". Published in the ''La Haine'' website; May 30th, 2009. <small>(In Spanish and Catalan)</small>
*[https://independenciayautogestioncanarias.wordpress.com/2013/03/22/tesis-sobre-liberacion-de-los-pueblos-oprimidos/ ''Tesis sobre la liberación de los pueblos oprimidos''] by Félix Rodrigo Mora. Castile; January 2013. <small>(In Spanish)</small>

====Catalan Countries====
*''Llibre Negre'' (3 volumes) by Jordi Martí i Font. Publishing houses ''Lo Diable Gros'' (Camp de Tarragona, Catalonia), ''Caliu'' (Benimaclet, València) and ''Calúmnia'' (Serra de Tramuntana, Mallorca); Tarragona; July 2018 (1st volume), February 2019 (2nd volume), November 2019 (3rd volume). <small>(In Catalan)</small>
*''Visca la terra i visca l'anarquia'' by Jordi Martí i Font. Publishing house ''Calúmnia'', Tarragona, June 2017. <small>(In Catalan)</small>
*''Visca la terra i visca l'anarquia (2)'' by Jordi Martí i Font. Publishing house ''Calúmnia'', Tarragona, September 2020. <small>(In Catalan)</small>
*''Aproximació al col·lectiu anarcoindependentista Icària'' by Jordi Martí i Font. Tarragona, 2010. <small>(In Catalan)</small>
*[https://archive.org/details/AnarquismeIAlliberamentNacional ''Anarquisme i alliberament nacional''] by Ricard de Vargas Golarons, Joan A. Montesinos, Josep M. Canela, Joan Palomas, Joan Casares and Enric Cabra (Ikària Collective). Publishing house ''El Llamp'', Barcelona, 1987. Re-edited by Negres Tempestes, Catarko and La Ciutat Invisible. ''Virus editorial'', June 2007. <small>(In Catalan)</small>
*[http://www.tempsnoirs.lautre.net/pdf/porlaindependencia.pdf ''Por la independencia total y la anarquía sin límites''] by the Ikària Collective. Barcelona, 1988. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
*[http://barcelona.indymedia.org/usermedia/application/2/3_INDEPENDENTISMO_Y_ANARQUISMO.pdf ''Independentismo y Anarquismo''] by the Ikària Collective. Barcelona (?), 1988 (?). <small>(In Spanish)</small>
*''Xerrades internacionals anarcoindependentistes'' by the Ikària Collective. Publishing house ''La Polla de Déu'', Barcelona, July 1990. <small>(In Catalan)</small>
*''L'anarquisme no és una ideologia'' by Gerard Jacas (Catalan Anarcho-Communist Federation). Publishing house ''Tramuntana'', Barcelona (?), 1985. <small>(In Catalan)</small>
*[https://archive.org/details/RecullDeTexotsanarcoindependentistes ''Recull de Textos Anarcoindependentistes''] compiled by Negres Tempestes. <small>(In Catalan)</small>
**[https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/negres-tempestes-negres-tempestes-presentation ''Negres Tempestes Presentation''] by Negres Tempestes. Barcelona; June 17th, 2005. <small>(In English)</small>
*[https://www.viruseditorial.net/paginas/pdf.php?pdf=anarquisme-fet-diferencial-catala.pdf ''L'anarquisme, fet diferencial català''] by Xavier Diez i Rodríguez. Publishing house ''Virus'', April 2013. <small>(In Catalan)</small>
*[http://www.tempsnoirs.lautre.net/pdf/anarquismeiquestionacional.pdf ''I jornades sobre anarquisme i qüestió nacional''] by CGT Catalunya. May 2002. <small>(In Catalan)</small>
*[https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/origens-de-lanarco-independentisme/ ''Orígens de l'anarcoindependentisme''] by Andreu Barnils i Carrera. Published in the ''Vilaweb'' news outlet; November 11th, 2018. <small>(In Catalan)</small>
*[http://www.nohihadret.cat/2012/12/catalanismo-y-anarquismo/ ''Catalanismo y anarquismo''] by Jaume Asens i Llodrà. Published in the ''Nohihadret'' blog; December 7th, 2012. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
*[https://nordestllibertari.blogspot.com/2013/09/l-anarquisme-i-l-alliberament-nacional.html ''L'anarquisme i l'alliberament nacional''] by Marcel·lí Reyes i Vidal. <small>(In Catalan)</small>
*[https://nordestllibertari.blogspot.com/2013/11/replica-de-la-gatinada-negra-la.html ''Independència en la lluita de classes''] by La Gatinada Negra. November 23rd, 2013. <small>(In Catalan)</small>
*[https://nordestllibertari.blogspot.com/2018/11/catalunya-i-les-anarquistes.html ''Catalunya i les anarquistes''] by Ruymán Rodríguez. Published in the ''Solidaridad Obrera'' and ''Catalunya'' newspapers. <small>(In Catalan)</small>
*[https://nordestllibertari.blogspot.com/2012/11/declaracio-anarquista-comunista.html ''Declaració anarquista comunista revolucionària''] by Bakuninistes en Acció. November 2012. <small>(In Catalan)</small>
*[https://segadores.alscarrers.org/wp-content/uploads/1O-el-poble-i-les-seves-gabies.pdf ''1-0: El poble i les seves gàbies'']. Publishing house ''Editorial Segadores'', September 2017. <small>(In Catalan)</small>
*[https://cooperativa.cat/nacionalismos-independentismos-anarquismo/ ''Nacionalismos, independentismos, anarquismo''] by Laia Vidal. Madrid; October 23rd, 2015. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
*[https://anarkobiblioteka3.files.wordpress.com/2016/08/manifiesto_por_el_no-si_-_grupo_de_reflexic3b3n_para_la_autonomc3ada.pdf ''Manifiesto por el No-Sí: ¡la revolución, sin Estado-nación, es la solución!''] by the Grup de Reflexió per a l'Autonomia. Catalonia, December 2013. <small>(In Spanish)</small>

====Brittany====
*[https://independenciayautogestioncanarias.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/anarcoindepes-bretones.pdf ''Anarcoindependentismo en Bretaña'' / ''L'anarcho-indépendantisme en Bretagne''] by Gwelt@z. Published in the 10th issue of ''El Baifo''. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
*[http://duzodu.chez.com/masson.html ''Émile Masson (1869-1928): la genèse d'une pensée socialiste bretonne'']. Published in the 172nd issue of the ''Combat Breton'' magazine, April 2000. <small>(In French)</small>
*''L'anarchisme et la liberté des peuples'' by Olivier François Le Clainche. Published in the 11th, 12th and 13th issues of ''Le Huchoèr''; Brittany; 2004. <small>(In French)</small>
*[http://www.tempsnoirs.lautre.net/pdf/Commlibetemancipationnat.pdf ''Communisme libertaire et émancipation nationale''] by Per-Ewan. Published in the 11th issue of ''Le Huchoèr''; Brittany; March 2004. <small>(In French)</small>
*[http://www.tempsnoirs.lautre.net/Bretagnelibertaire.htm ''Pour une Bretagne libertaire''] by Gwelt@z. Published in the 1st issue of ''Le Huchoèr''; Brittany; April 2001. <small>(In French)</small>
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110911232754/http://www.cbil.lautre.net/03_texte/index_textes.htm All texts published by the CBIL]. <small>(In French)</small>
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20081024190157/http://www.cbil.lautre.net/01_plateforme/plateforme_gb.htm Founding platform of the CBIL]. <small>(In English)</small>

====Occitania====
*[http://www.tempsnoirs.lautre.net/pdf/OCCITANIA%20LIBERTARIA.pdf ''Occitània Libertària, qu'es aquò?''] by Occitània Libertària. <small>(In French)</small>
*[https://nordestllibertari.blogspot.com/2013/11/document-el-manifest-de-peirigus.html ''The Peirigus Manifesto''] by the Occitan Anarchist-Communist Federation. <small>(In Catalan)</small>
*[http://duzodu.chez.com/yezh.html ''N'ayons pas peur des langues !''] by JML. Toulouse; October 21st, 2001. <small>(In French)</small>

====Basque Country====
*[https://psikoanarko.files.wordpress.com/2020/05/anarkherria.pdf ''Anark-Herria''] by Marc Légasse and Jakue Pascual. Publishing house ''Txertoa'', Basque Country, 1986. Re-edited by Juantxo Estebaranz, Javi Olaizola, Ritxi Aizpuru, Idoia Eizmendi, Jordi Bonet i Martí and Jon Markel Ormazabal. Publishing house''Txalaparta'', 2011. <small>(In Spanish and Basque)</small>
*[http://www.tempsnoirs.lautre.net/pdf/historiadelaautonomia.pdf ''El movimiento autónomo en Euskadi''] by Emilio López Adán (Beltza). <small>(In Spanish)</small>
*[https://borrokagaraia.wordpress.com/2011/11/28/apuntes-sobre-anarquismo-y-cuestion-nacional/ ''Apuntes sobre anarquismo y cuestión nacional''] by Jakue Pascual. Published in the ''Borroka Garaia da!'' website; Basque Country; November 28th, 2011. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
*[https://anarkherria.com/pdf/independentziaosoa.pdf ''Independentzia osoa''] / [https://anarkherria.com/pdf/independenciatotal.pdf ''Independencia total''] by Anark-Herria. Basque Country, 2000's. <small>(In Basque and Spanish)</small>
*[https://borrokagaraia.wordpress.com/2015/06/04/anarquismo-e-izquierda-abertzale/ ''Anarquismo e izquierda abertzale''] by Borroka garaia da!. Published in the ''Borroka Garaia da!'' website; Basque Country; June 4th, 2015. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
*[https://anarkherria.com/eu/testuak/aportacion-al-debate-sobre-la-izquierda-abertzale ''Aportación al debate sobre la izquierda abertzale''] by Jakue Pascual. Published in the ''Anark-Herria'' website; Donostia-San Sebastián; November 18th, 2011. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
*[https://aginteahausten.wordpress.com/2013/11/11/marc-legasse-separatista-y-anarquista/ ''Marc Légasse: anarquista y separatista''] (interview with Marc Légasse). Published in the ''Punto y Hora de Euskal Herria'' magazine, Bermeo, September 1982. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
*''Breve historia del anarquismo vasco'' by Juantxo Estebarantz. Publishing house ''Txertoa''; June 17th, 2011. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
*''Por una alternativa libertaria y global'' by Mikel Orrantia. Publishing house ''Zero Zyx''; January 1st, 1978. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
*[https://www.nodo50.org/ekintza/2012/nacion-y-anarquismo/ ''Nación y anarquismo: notas para una discusión más allá de las caricaturas''] by Manuel de la Tierra. Published in the ''Ekintza Zuzena'' magazine, Santiago de Chile, December 2010. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
*[https://laalcarriaobrera.blogspot.com/2013/03/eta-y-el-anarquismo-vasco.html ''Euskadi: ETA y el nacionalismo revolucionario''] by Mikel Orrantia. Published in the ''Revista Mensual/Monthly Review'', May 1979. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
*[https://www.abertzalekomunista.net/images/Liburu_PDF/MLNV/LIBROS/Cuestion_nacional_y_autonomia_obrera_en_Euskal-Herria-k.pdf ''Cuestión nacional y autonomía obrera en Euskal Herria''] by Zirikatu. Biscay, 1985 (published in 1989). <small>(In Spanish)</small>
*[https://archive.org/details/ComandosAutnomos.UnAnticapitalismoIconoclasta ''Comandos Autónomos: un anticapitalismo iconoclasta''] by the Felix Likiniano Cultural Association. Publishing house ''Likiniano Elkartea'', Bilbao, November 1996. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
*''Komando Autonomoak: una historia anticapitalista'' by the Felix Likiniano Cultural Association. Publishing house ''Virus''; Bilbao; December 17th, 1998. <small>(In Basque and Spanish)</small>
*''Nazio arazoa'' by Bereterretxe. Publishing house ''Likiniano Elkartea'', 1978. <small>(In Basque)</small>
*[https://anarkherria.com/eu/liburuak/telurica-vasca-de-liberacion ''Telúrica vasca de liberación''] by Jakue Pascual. Publishing house ''Virus'', November 1996. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
*''El hilo negro de los noventa: encuentros con la autonomía'' by the Felix Likiniano Cultural Association. Publishing house ''Likiniano Elkartea'', Bilbao. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
*''La gran curva vasca del 2000'' by Karlos García Salmones. Publishing house ''Likiniano Elkartea'', c. 2000, Bilbao. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
*''Palabras de un anarquista vasco'' by Marc Légasse. Publishing house ''Likiniano Elkartea''; January 1st, 2002; Bilbao. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
*''Felix Likiniano: miliciano de la utopía'' by Pilar Iparragirre. Publishing house ''Txalaparta''; Tafalla; January 1st, 1994. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
*''Marc Légasse: un rebelde burlón'' by Amaia Ereñaga. Publishing house ''Txalaparta''; 1997. <small>(In Spanish)</small>

====Canary Islands====
*[https://vdocuments.site/download/el-libro-negro-del-anarcoindepdentismo-canario ''El libro negro del anarcoindependentismo canario - Canarias: Independencia y Autogestión [escritos anarcoindependentistas]''] compiled by Azarug. Canary Islands, August 2001. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
**[https://www.alasbarricadas.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=365&postdays=0&postorder=asc&start=140 ''Por qué un antimilitarista es también un nacionalista''] by the COA. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, October 1984. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
**[https://www.alasbarricadas.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=323 ''La CNT por la independencia de Canarias''] by Trueno. Published in the 5th issue of ''El Baifo'', December 1991. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
**[https://www.alasbarricadas.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=365&postdays=0&postorder=asc&start=131 ''Necesidad de estructurar la CNT en Canarias''] by the COA. July 24th, 1992. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
**[http://www.tempsnoirs.lautre.net/pdf/Laindepedenciaquequeremos.pdf ''La independencia que queremos''] by Ferinto. Published in the 6th or 7th issue of ''El Baifo''; September 1994. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
**[https://www.alasbarricadas.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=365&postdays=0&postorder=asc&start=78 ''Santa Cruz '94: Cinco siglos... ¡aguantándolos!''] by Manuel González. Published in the 6th or 7th issue of ''El Baifo''; September 1994. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
**[http://www.tempsnoirs.lautre.net/pdf/queindependancia.pdf ''¿Qué independencia?''] by Vicente Cañero. Published in the 8th or 9th issue of ''El Baifo''; August 7th, 1995. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
**[https://www.alasbarricadas.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=365&postdays=0&postorder=asc&start=223 ''En Canarias también escribimos independencia con (A)''] by Ferinto. Published in the 220th issue of the ''CNT'' periodical, 1995. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
**[https://independenciayautogestioncanarias.wordpress.com/2012/04/14/la-autodeterminacion-esta-de-moda/ ''La autodeterminación está de moda''] by the C.I. Anarko-Guanche. Published in the ''Alerta'' bulletin, December 1998. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
**''Secundino Delgado y el anarquismo'' by El Pirácrata. 2001. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
**[http://www.tempsnoirs.lautre.net/pdf/anarcoindepcanaries.pdf ''L'anarcho-indépendantisme aux Canaries'' / ''Anarcoindependentismo en Canarias''] by Vicente Cañero. Published in the 12th issue of ''Le Huchoèr'', December 2003. <small>(In French)</small>
**[https://alasbarricadas.org/forums//viewtopic.php?f=29&t=5169 ''Por la autoorganización de los anarcoindependentistas canarios''] by Vicente Cañero. August 2004. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
**[https://www.alasbarricadas.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=37495 ''Amo a mi país''] by Rayco. 2005. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
*''Insumisión e Independencia'' by Alegato. 1992. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
*[https://independenciayautogestioncanarias.wordpress.com/2012/04/18/federalismo-libertario/ ''Federalismo libertario''] by CNT Canarias. Published in the 34th issue of the ''Bicicleta'' magazine, 1979-1980. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
*[https://canariasdecolonial.com/2021/05/25/antes-que-nacionalista-soy-libertario-secundino-delgado-rodriguez/ ''Antes que nacionalista, soy libertario: Secundino Delgado Rodríguez''] by "Ω". Published in the ''Sol Negro'' bulletin, Chayofa, June 2006. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
*[https://independenciayautogestioncanarias.wordpress.com/2012/04/13/objetivos/ ''Objetivos'']. Published in the ''Independencia y Autogestión en Canarias'' blog; April 13th, 2012. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
*[https://independenciayautogestioncanarias.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/programa_jornadas-independencia-y-autogestic3b3n_2.pdf ''Jornadas sobre Independencia y Autogestión: encuentros y desencuentros''] by CGT Tenerife, the ACRR and Azarug. La Orotava; April 13th, 2012 (held on April 28-29th). <small>(In Spanish)</small>
**[https://independenciayautogestioncanarias.wordpress.com/2012/05/04/el-pasado-28-y/ Chronicle of the ''Jornadas sobre Independencia y Autogestión: encuentros y desencuentros''] by CGT Tenerife, the ACRR and Azarug. La Orotava; May 4th, 2012. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
*[https://independenciayautogestioncanarias.wordpress.com/2014/12/21/la-patria-de-secundino-delgado-sin-capitalismo-ni-estado/ ''La patria de Secundino Delgado: sin capitalismo ni Estado''] by Josema González. Published in the the 9th issue of the 2nd epoch of ''La Rosa dels Vents'', August 2014. <small>(In Spanish)</small>

====Sicily====
*[https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/alfredo-bonanno-anarchism-and-the-national-liberation-struggle ''Anarchism and the National Liberation Struggle''] by Alfredo Bonanno. Publishing house ''Bratach Dubh'', Catania, 1976. Re-edited by Lucien van der Walt (in 1994, 2003 and February 2019). <small>(In English)</small>
*[http://duzodu.chez.com/siclib.htm ''Un manifeste libertaire sicilien'' / ''Un manifesto libertario siciliano'']. Published in the ''Sicilia Libertaria'' journal. <small>(In French)</small>
*''Sicilia: sottosviluppo e lotta di liberazione nazionale'' by Alfredo Bonanno. Publishing house ''Sicilia.L Edizioni'', Catania, 1982. <small>(In Italian)</small>

====Sardinia====
*[https://anarkiviu.files.wordpress.com/2021/11/una-prospettiva-anarchica-sulla-lotta-di-liberazione-nazionale-sarda-spunti-per-un-dibattito.pdf ''Lotta di liberazione nazionale: una prospettiva anarchica''] by Costantino Cavalleri. Published in the ''Anarkiviu'' bulletin, Sardinia, 2013. <small>(In Italian)</small>
*[http://www.tempsnoirs.lautre.net/pdf/sardenniacontraasistadu.pdf ''Sardennia contra a s'Istadu''] by Costantino Cavalleri. Published in the ''Anarkiviu'' bulletin, Sardinia, 1980's. <small>(In Italian)</small>
*[http://mutineseditions.free.fr/eteitalien/etesardauxcomp.html ''Aux compagnons et compagnonnes du mouvement révolutionnaire sarde et international'']. Sardinia; July 19th, 2004. <small>(In French)</small>
*[http://www.tempsnoirs.lautre.net/pdf/rencontre%20%20internationale%20anarchoindep.pdf ''Compte-rendu de la première rencontre internationale anarcho-indépendantiste''] by Constantino Cavalleri. Published in ''Sardennia Contra a s'Istadu''; Guasila; January 13th, 1986. <small>(In French)</small>
*''Sardegna: anarchismo e lotta di liberazione nazionale'' by Costantino Cavalleri. Publishing house ''Edizioni La Fiaccola'', Ragusa, 1983. Re-edited by Constantino Cavalleri with the appendix ''Autodeterminazione come rivolta permanente. Contro l'autodeterminazione come diritto''. Publishing house ''Arkiviu Bibrioteka "Tommasu Serra"'', Guasila. <small>(In Italian)</small>

====Castile====
*[https://www.lahaine.org/est_espanol.php/una_nueva_heregia_en_el_pensamiento_libe ''Una nueva herejía en el pensamiento libertario (o no tan nueva...)''] by El Lado Oscuro de Castilla. Madrid; October 15th, 2008. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
*[https://www.lahaine.org/est_espanol.php/amigos-del-mundo-uniformado-de-los-valor ''Amigos del mundo uniformado, de los valores universales y del pensamiento etnocentrista''] by Wu Ming 1521. Castile; January 6th, 2009. <small>(In Spanish)</small>
*[http://accioncastellana.blogspot.com/2008/02/jornadas-anarcoindependentistas-y.html ''Jornadas anarcoindependentistas y autónomas''] by Acción Autónoma. Published in the ''Acción Autónoma'' blog, Madrid, February 2008. <small>(In Spanish)</small>

====Puerto Rico====
*[https://la-accion-libertaria.blogspot.com/2012/01/reflexiones-filosoficas-sobre-el.html ''Reflexiones filosóficas sobre el anarquismo y las luchas nacionales en un país colonial''] by Damián Hernández Marrero. Puerto Rico; January 9th, 2012 <small>(In Spanish)</small>

====Kabylia====
*[http://www.tempsnoirs.lautre.net/pdf/Tamazgha.pdf ''Un Kabyle, militant anarchiste des années 20-50''] by Masin. Published in the ''Tamazgha'' magazine; Kabylia; February 6th, 2004. <small>(In French)</small>

====Cuba====
*[http://www.tempsnoirs.lautre.net/pdf/Colonialismandseparatism.pdf ''Colonialism and Separatism (1865-1898)'' (1st chapter of ''Cuban anarchism: the history of a movement'')] by Frank Fernández. Publishing house ''See Sharp Press''; Cuba; January 1st, 2001. <small>(In English)</small>

====Russia====
*[https://www.inventati.org/ingobernables/textos/anarquistas/Bakunin%20-%20Patria%20y%20Nacionalidad.htm ''Homeland and Nationality''] by Mikhail Bakunin. <small>(In Spanish)</small>

====Ukraine====
*[https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/makhno-nestor/works/1928/12/national-question.htm ''A few words on the national question in Ukraine''] by Nestor Makhno. Published in the 19th issue of the ''Dielo Truda'' magazine, Ukraine, December 1928. <small>(In English)</small>

====Quebec====
*[http://www.ekopolitica.info/2012/08/option-nationale-quebec-solidaire-et.html ''Option nationale, Québec solidaire et anarcho-indépendantisme!''] by Jonathan Durand Folco. Published in ''Ekopolitica''; Quebec; August 7th, 2012. <small>(In French)</small>

====Aragon====
*[https://utopiasyrealidades.blogspot.com/2008/02/el-consejo-de-aragn.html ''El Consejo de Aragón''] by Alejandro García. Published in the ''Utopías y realidades'' blog; Aragon; February 22nd, 2008. <small>(In Spanish)</small>

====Asturias====
*[https://asturiesllibertaria.blogspot.com/2009/05/anarcoindependentismu-la-faccion-mas.html ''Anarcoindependentismu: La facción más desconocida del movimientu llibertariu''] by Xune Elipe. Published in ''Les Noticies'', Oviedo, May 2008. <small>(In Asturian)</small>

====Galicia====
*[https://ultragrafico.expoplanetarium.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/nacionalismo_e_anarquismo.pdf ''Nacionalismo e Anarquismo - Materiais para o Diálogo''] by Treboada. Distributed by ''Cabuxa'', Santiago de Compostela, 1992. <small>(In Galician)</small>
*[https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxhYm9yZGF4ZXJldmlzdGF8Z3g6NWZlZTBiMjlmMTE1M2I1NQ ''Arredismo e Anarquia''] by Abordaxe!. Publishing house ''Ediçons Diáspora'', Santiago de Compostela, April 2015. <small>(In Galician)</small>

====Cantabria====
*[https://www.lahaine.org/est_espanol.php/anarquismo-y-nacionalismo ''Anarquismo y nacionalismo''] by Agitación Rural. Published in the 2nd issue of the ''Agitación Rural'' fanzine, Cantabria, 2008. <small>(In Spanish)</small>

====Levant====
*[https://rebelion.org/el-debate-anarquista-en-torno-a-la-liberacion-nacional/ ''El debate anarquista entorno a la liberación nacional''] by Wayne Price. Published in the ''Rebelión'' web portal; September 8th, 2006. <small>(In Spanish)</small>


=== Websites ===
=== Websites ===
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*[https://negrestempestes.cat/ ''Negres Tempestes'']
*[https://negrestempestes.cat/ ''Negres Tempestes'']
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20070203110416/http://www.negrestempestes.org/ Old ''Negres Tempestes'' website (archived)]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20070203110416/http://www.negrestempestes.org/ Old ''Negres Tempestes'' website (archived)]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20060213225052/http://negrestempestes.tk/ Older ''Negres Tempestes'' website (archived)]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20061128020552/http://negrestempestes.barrisants.org/ Older ''Negres Tempestes'' website (archived)]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20051023030316/http://anarquisme.lamevaweb.info/ Oldest ''Negres Tempestes'' website (archived)]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20060213225052/http://negrestempestes.tk/ Oldest ''Negres Tempestes'' website (archived)]
*[https://larosadelsvents.cat ''La Rosa Dels Vents'']
*[https://icariamallorca.noblogs.org/ ''Tramuntana – d'Icària a Mallorca'']
*[https://lullal.wordpress.com/ ''L'Ullal'']
*[https://lullal.wordpress.com/ ''L'Ullal'']
*[https://anarcoindepe.wordpress.com ''L'AnarcoIndepe'']
*[https://grupreflexioautonomia.suportmutu.org/?lang=es ''Grup de Reflexió per a l'Autonomia'']
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20140903040350/http://www.grupreflexioautonomia.org/ca/ Old ''Grup de Reflexió per a l'Autonomia'' website (archived)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040715235015/http://www.freewebs.com/laketania/ ''Laketània'' webzine (archived)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040715235015/http://www.freewebs.com/laketania/ ''Laketània'' webzine (archived)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051023030316/http://anarquisme.lamevaweb.info/ ''Independència Sense Límits'' (archived)]
''Organizations not officially independence anarchist, with independence anarchist members or sympathetic beliefs:''
''Organizations not officially independence anarchist, with independence anarchist members or sympathetic beliefs:''
*[https://embat.info ''Embat - Organització Llibertària de Catalunya'']
*[https://embat.info ''Embat - Organització Llibertària de Catalunya'']
**[https://procesembat.wordpress.com/ Old ''Embat'' website]
**[https://procesembat.wordpress.com/ Old ''Embat'' website]
*[https://federacioanarquista.wordpress.com/ ''Federació Anarquista de Catalunya'']
*[https://federacioanarquista.wordpress.com/ ''Federació Anarquista de Catalunya'']
*[https://asslliuab.noblogs.org/ ''Federació d'Estudiants Anarquistes'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111230222802/http://www.fel-web.org/ ''Federació d'Estudiants Anarquistes'' (archived)]


==== Brittany ====
==== Brittany ====
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*[http://www.tempsnoirs.lautre.net/ ''Temps Noirs'']
*[http://www.tempsnoirs.lautre.net/ ''Temps Noirs'']
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20010606213725/http://www.chez.com/tempsnoirs/ Old ''Temps Noirs'' website (archived)]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20010606213725/http://www.chez.com/tempsnoirs/ Old ''Temps Noirs'' website (archived)]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20070126051256/http://www.tempsnoirs.lautre.net/phpBB2/ ''Temps Noirs'' forum (archived)]
***[https://web.archive.org/web/20070126051256/http://www.tempsnoirs.lautre.net/phpBB2/ ''Temps Noirs'' forum (archived)]
***[https://web.archive.org/web/20030420144232/http://www.zone38.com/forum/?login=tempsnoirs Old ''Temps Noirs'' forum (archived)]
***[https://web.archive.org/web/20050125112342/http://forum.quick-web.com/forum.php?login=tempsnoirs Older ''Temps Noirs'' forum (archived)]
*[http://duzodu.chez.com/ ''Breizh e Du'']
*[http://duzodu.chez.com/ ''Breizh e Du'']
*[https://disuj.bigcartel.com/ ''Disuj !'']
**[https://disuj.wordpress.com/ ''Disuj !'' blog]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20130527015253/http://disuj.org/ Old ''Disuj !'' website (archived)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040524002231/http://www.cbil.lautre.net/ ''Coordination Bretagne Indépendante et Libertaire'' (archived)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040524002231/http://www.cbil.lautre.net/ ''Coordination Bretagne Indépendante et Libertaire'' (archived)]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20021125095145/http://www.geocities.com/c_b_i_l/ Old ''CBIL'' website (archived)]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20021125095145/http://www.geocities.com/c_b_i_l/ Old ''CBIL'' website (archived)]
Line 218: Line 439:
***[https://web.archive.org/web/20021008171521/http://www.geocities.com/huchbzh/ Old ''Huch !'' website (archived)]
***[https://web.archive.org/web/20021008171521/http://www.geocities.com/huchbzh/ Old ''Huch !'' website (archived)]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20030920092332/http://membres.lycos.fr/thcbzh/ ''Torromp Hor Chadennoù'' - newsletter of the Lorient CBIL collective (archived)]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20030920092332/http://membres.lycos.fr/thcbzh/ ''Torromp Hor Chadennoù'' - newsletter of the Lorient CBIL collective (archived)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130527015253/http://disuj.org/ ''Disuj !'' (archived)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20021001094035/http://membres.lycos.fr/nationbreton/ ''Web Broadel'' (archived)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20021001094035/http://membres.lycos.fr/nationbreton/ ''Web Broadel'' (archived)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050210010337/http://www.geocities.com/breizh_black_bloc/ ''Breizh Black Bloc'' (archived)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080403024526/http://blog.bzh3b.com/ ''Breizh Black Bloc'' (archived)]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20050210010337/http://www.geocities.com/breizh_black_bloc/ Old ''Breizh Black Bloc'' website (archived)]


==== Occitania ====
==== Occitania ====
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*[https://anarkherria.com ''Anarkherria'']
*[https://anarkherria.com ''Anarkherria'']
*[https://libertadfreeaskatasun.wordpress.com/ ''Libertad Free Askatasun'']
*[https://www.nodo50.org/ekintza/ ''Ekintza Zuzena'' magazine]
*[https://www.nodo50.org/ekintza/ ''Ekintza Zuzena'' magazine]
*[https://www.internacionalaborigen.com/ ''Aborijenen Internatzionala'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20021002233915/http://www.geocities.com/rebeldiaeneh/ ''Rebeldia en Euskal Herria'' (archived)]
*[https://anarkiturri.wordpress.com/ ''Anarkiturri'']

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20021002233915/http://www.geocities.com/rebeldiaeneh/ ''Rebeldía en Euskal Herria'' (archived)]
==== Hong Kong ====

*[https://smrc8a.org/ ''Autonomous 8A'']

==== Puerto Rico ====

*[https://web.archive.org/web/19990210051827/http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/5943/ ''Kolectivo Alternativa Libertaria'' (archived)]


==== Canary Islands ====
==== Canary Islands ====


*[https://independenciayautogestioncanarias.wordpress.com/ ''Independencia y Autogestión en Canarias'']
*[https://independenciayautogestioncanarias.wordpress.com/ ''Independencia y Autogestión en Canarias'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050319172504/http://blogs.ya.com/guayota/ ''Guayota'' (archived)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070707053939/http://blogs.ya.com/guayota/ ''Guayota'' (archived)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051125185050/http://rustico.org/cabecera.php?dire=http://ddt.rustico.org ''Dolor de Tormo'' (archived)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051125185050/http://rustico.org/cabecera.php?dire=http://ddt.rustico.org ''Dolor de Tormo'' (archived)]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20060202223503/http://www.rustico.org/foro/viewforum.php?f=2 ''Ideas para la Utopía'' forum (archived)]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20060202223503/http://www.rustico.org/foro/viewforum.php?f=2 ''Ideas para la Utopía'' forum (archived)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090814143136/http://tanekra.net/ ''Tanekra'' (archived)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090814143136/http://tanekra.net/ ''Tanekra'' (archived)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120118015250/http://vomitorabioso.blogspot.com/ ''Vómito Rabioso'' (archived)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20020913125850/http://www.arrakis.es/~gustavopt/distri/distri_radikal.htm ''Radikal Kanarias'' (archived)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20020913125850/http://www.arrakis.es/~gustavopt/distri/distri_radikal.htm ''Radikal Kanarias'' (archived)]


Line 258: Line 475:
**[https://fas-giustiziaeliberta.noblogs.org/ ''Gruppo Libertario "Giustizia e Libertà"'']
**[https://fas-giustiziaeliberta.noblogs.org/ ''Gruppo Libertario "Giustizia e Libertà"'']


==== Aragon ====
==== Sardinia ====


*[https://estrelanegra.wordpress.com/ ''Estrela Negra'']
*[https://sardegnaanarchica.wordpress.com/ ''Sardegna Anarchica'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030924193919/http://sardil.ilcannocchiale.it/ ''Sardigna Indipendente e Libertària'' (archived)]


==== Asturias ====
==== Andalusia ====


*[https://web.archive.org/web/20010624072911/http://www.iespana.es/oaca/ ''Organización Anarcocomunista Andaluza'' (archived)]
*[https://asturiesllibertaria.blogspot.com/ ''Asturies Llibertaria'']


==== Castile ====
==== Castile ====
Line 270: Line 488:
*[https://accioncastellana.blogspot.com ''Acción Castellana'']
*[https://accioncastellana.blogspot.com ''Acción Castellana'']


==== Sardinia ====
==== Hong Kong ====


*[https://smrc8a.org/ ''Autonomous 8A'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030924193919/http://sardil.ilcannocchiale.it/ ''Sardigna Indipendente e Libertària'' (archived)]


==== Andalusia ====
==== Puerto Rico ====


*[https://la-accion-libertaria.blogspot.com/ ''La Acción Libertaria'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20010624072911/http://www.iespana.es/oaca/ ''Organización Anarcocomunista Andaluza'' (archived)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/19990210051827/http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/5943/ ''Kolectivo Alternativa Libertaria'' (archived)]

==== Quebec ====

*[https://davidgendron.wordpress.com/ ''Anarcho-Indépendantisme: l'indépendance du Quebec en tant que condition nécessaire (mais non suffisante) à l'anarchie]

==== Aragon ====

*[https://estrelanegra.wordpress.com/ ''Estrela Negra'']

==== Asturias ====

*[https://asturiesllibertaria.blogspot.com/ ''Asturies Llibertaria'']


==== Galicia ====
==== Galicia ====

Revision as of 20:51, 4 January 2022

Template:Art Improvement


Independence Anarchism is an anarchist, culturally left-wing and File:Soc.png economically left-wing movement of movements and anarchist tendency that advocates for and emphasizes the autonomy, self-determination or independence of a given people with a common identity from forms of hierarchy, especially centralized ones, in defense of the nation's culture, language and history. It inhabits the bottom left corner of the political compass.

Independence anarchism as a term originated in Western Europe after the Second World War, and was "officially" adopted by independence anarchists at their first international meeting in 1985, in Guasila, Sardinia. As a result, the movements from Western Europe are mainly the ones who use the label. However, many similar movements, although not so prevalent, have also existed in Eastern Europe, East Asia, the Americas and Northern Africa. A few examples of them are in Catalonia, Brittany, Occitania, the Basque Country, the Canary Islands, Sicily, Sardinia, Andalusia, Castile, Hong Kong and Puerto Rico.

Independence anarchism is seen as a strain of Post-Colonial Anarchism alongside Indigenous Anarchism, Black Anarchism, Chicano Anarchism and the unique post-colonial anarchist strain that has developed in Ireland, all of which are involved in national liberation struggles and are therefore most similar to independence anarchism. Ideologically, independence anarchism is compatible with both social and individualist forms of anarchism.

History and Branches

Catalan Countries

The history of independence anarchism in the Catalan Countries (territories where the Catalan language is spoken) can be traced back to the 19th century. As the Catalan anarchist-oriented worker movement and the revindicative national liberation movement became ever so tied together, mostly due to their mutual belief in federalism, ideals close to those of modern independence anarchism began to arise. By 1881, Josep Llunas i Pujals (1852 – 1905), the primary theorist of what would later become anarcho-syndicalism, founded the popular libertarian collectivist weekly newspaper La Tramontana (The Tramontane), akin to Catalanism and federalism, while many anarchist Catalanists such as Jaume Brossa wrote essays on the magazine L'Avenç (The Advance), founded on the same year. Although L'Avenç and La Tramontana were closed by the authorities in 1894 and 1896 respectively, they would set the stage for other anarchist newspapers in Catalan to appear, such as L'Avenir (The Future, 1905-1910) and El Progrés (The Progress, 1905-1905). La Tramontana even came back in 1907 and 1913.

With the creation of the National Confederation of Labour (CNT) syndicate in 1910 in Barcelona, factions within anarcho-syndicalism that can be considered the precursors to Catalan independence anarchism began to materialize. Many prominent Spanish anarcho-syndicalists such as Joan Peiró (1887 – 1942), Salvador Seguí (1887 – 1923) and Federica Montseny (1905 – 1994), the latter of which was even known for his Catalanist sentiment, made statements in support of Catalan autonomy (despite the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia being a subject that initially caused an internal division in the CNT). Meanwhile, the Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI) was founded in 1927 in València.

Catalan anarchist militiamen carrying an estelada

The CNT and the FAI briefly formed the CNT-FAI during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) to prevent the nationalists from taking Catalonia. The CNT-FAI union still had its internal ruptures, which resulted in two main factions: the more moderate, minoritarian and reformist Treintists that were mostly made up of some CNT members, and the more majoritarian, insurrectionary Faists led by the FAI. Both sectors, despite the difference of their tactics, sometimes shared a Catalanist sentiment although revindicative/nationalist rhetoric was nowhere to be seen. Before the CNT-FAI's social revolution fell apart, a proposal was made by the Valencian branch of the CNT to make a Statute of Autonomy for the Valencian Country, but the project never saw the light of day. The nationalists would take over all of Spain in 1939 and Franco would later have a lot of CNT-FAI members executed, effectively making proto-independence anarchism in the Catalan Countries dormant for the duration of the Francoist dictatorship.

Throughout more recent history, the CGT was formed in 1979 as a result of a split in the CNT concerning union elections. The CNT, the CGT and the FAI would continue to campaign for anarchism in Catalonia, frequently holding debates and talks about the "National Question" between its members.

However, aside from these three main groups, independence anarchism as a term in the Catalan Countries would finally first appear after the Spanish transition to democracy, with the birth of self-described independence anarchist collectives exclusive to the Catalan Countries.

In Catalonia, these organizations would first appear in the 80's. The two most notable groups of the era were the Col·lectiu Ikària (Ikària Collective; CI) and the Federació Anarco-Comunista Catalana (Catalan Anarcho-Communist Federation; FACC).

Propaganda document by the Ikària Collective

Ikària, which after 1985 became known as Ikària-Contracorrent, published the newsletter Ikària: la Polla de Déu from January 1985 to March 1990, and was born on January 1980 out of student movements and smaller independent libertarian organizations with the objective of initiating a debate inside the anarchist movement in Barcelona. The FACC was founded in Barcelona in 1981 as an anarcho-communist organization for national liberation, and edited the bulletin Tramuntana (not to be confused with the original from 1881) and the newspaper Visca la Terra (Long Live the Land).

The CI and the FACC worked together in the comarcal Libertarian Assembly of the Barcelonès, but nonetheless began to lose activity in 1982. Thus, on November 1982, they joined forces to create the Coordinadora Llibertària dels Països Catalans (Libertarian Coordinator of the Catalan Countries).

Aside from the CI and the FACC, the Libertarian Coordinator of the Catalan Countries regrouped several Libertarian Assemblies in different comarcas, such as that of the Empordà (and the Coordinadora Llibertària Empordanesa or Empordanese Libertarian Coordinator, which edited a publication called La Campana de l'Empordà (The Bell of the Empordà) containing only two full issues: issue number 0 on January/February 1983 and issue number 1 on March 1983), the Baix Camp (and the Col·lectiu Llibertari de Vilaplana (Libertarian Collective of Vilaplana) based in the same comarca), the Maresme (and the Coordinadora Llibertària del Maresme or Libertarian Coordinator of the Maresme, which edited an informative document called La Ceba (The Onion) that had an issue sometime in 1982 containing an independence anarchist manifesto) and the Berguedà, among others. There were also several smaller groups that followed independence anarchism inside the Coordinator, such as the Col·lectiu Independentista Estel Negre (Independentist Collective Black Star), Grup Llibertari de l’Ateneu de Mataró (Libertarian Group of the Mataró Athenaeum), the Grup Anarquista l'Insurrecte (Anarchist Group 'the Insurgent') and even a youth organization called the Joventuts Anarco-Independentistes (Independence Anarchist Youth; JAI). A fanzine linked to the JAI and the FACC in the city of L'Escala was called Skena Pelat: fanzine llibertari de l'Empordà (Skena Pelat: libertarian fanzine of the Empordà) with issue number 1 on October of 1986.

After many years of organizing activities nationally and internationally, the Libertarian Coordinator of the Catalan Countries became inactive by the mid 80's, but ultimately ceased to exist when the FACC was publicly dissolved in late 1988. The Ikària Collective suffered the same fate soon after their headquarters were attacked with an incendiary bomb on July 9th, 1990.

It is also important to note that a short-lived independence anarchist syndicate referred to as the National Confederation of Labour-Catalan Countries (CNT-PPCC) was formed on late 1983 as a result from a split that the CNT underwent. The CNT-PPCC is widely regarded as another organizational proposal of the FACC.

In the Valencian Country, nominally, independence anarchism would take a bit longer to arrive. Nevertheless, the collective Recerca Autònoma (Autonomous Research) was formed in 1994. It edited a magazine of the same name, first released on February 1994. Recerca Autònoma and other Valencian groups with similar tendencies such as Germania Socialista (Socialist Brotherhood) eventually fell into inactivity.

In spite of previous events though, independence anarchism in the Catalan Countries experienced a resurgence in the 2000's, with the creation of several new organizations. For example, local groups like Acció Autònoma (Autonomous Action), born in Terrassa in 1997, the collective Catarko, founded in the comarca of El Prat in 2006, and the Valencian collective L'Ullal (The Tusk), born in 2008.

Logo of Negres Tempestes

But by far the largest independence anarchist collective in the Catalan Countries is Negres Tempestes (Black Storms; NNTT), founded in 2005 after many encounters between like-minded individuals in the annual Catalan protests of September 11th. Negres Tempestes edits the magazine La Rosa dels Vents (The Compass Rose) and focuses its activity on various squatted social centers, especially the Can Vies Self-Managed Social Center.

The Bloc Negre (Black Bloc) of the annual demonstrations on September 11th, National Day of Catalonia, serves as a yearly meeting point for the most recent Catalan independence anarchist groups.

TBA

Brittany

TBA

Occitania

TBA

Basque Country

TBA

Canary Islands

TBA

Sicily

TBA

Sardinia

TBA

Andalusia

TBA

Castile

TBA

Hong Kong

TBA

Puerto Rico

TBA

Foundations and Beliefs

Nationalist or Internationalist?

TBA

Personality

Very angry all the time, he just wants independence. (TBD)

How to Draw

Flag of Independence Anarchism

The flag of independence anarchism is the anarchist version of the estelada (starred flag), an unofficial flag typically flown by supporters of Catalan independence. It was first used by the previously mentioned Catalan Anarcho-Communist Federation (FACC) in the 80's and later used by more recent groups from the 2000's. Another version of the independence anarchist flag, used by the Ikària collective, swapped the red 8-pointed star with a white circle-A symbol.

The symbolism behind the flag is unique. The red stripes on the yellow background represent Catalonia or the Catalan Countries. The triangle symbolizes liberty, fraternity and equality, while the color black is the color of anarchy. The eight-pointed red star is a compass rose and represents the 8 territories of the Catalan Countries (Catalonia proper, the Valencian Country, Andorra, the Balearic Islands, Northern Catalonia, La Franja, l'Alguer and el Carxe).

  1. Draw a ball.
  2. Fill in with yellow.
  3. Draw four horizontal red stripes.
  4. Draw a right-pointing, black triangle on the leftmost point.
  5. Draw an 8-pointed red star in the center of the triangle.
  6. Draw the eyes, and you're done!
Color Name HEX RGB
Yellow #FFD800 255, 216, 0
Red #CD0000 205, 0, 0
Black #141414 20, 20, 20


Relations

Friends

  • Anarchism - You teached me to question the authority of the ruling nation-state.
  • Post-Colonial Anarchism - We always support one another. I'd really like some of your more Americanized variants to recognize anti-imperialist struggles in Europe too though.
  • Left-Wing Nationalism - I want my own autonomy. I don't want to be part of his clay anymore!
  • Anarcho-Syndicalism - Based parent that succeeded in Catalonia for some time.
  • Separatism - Our fight is for self-determination first and foremost!
  • Black Anarchism - My black comrade. Keep fighting imperialism!
  • Indigenous Anarchism - Resist statist power structures!

Frenemies

  • Nationalism - As much as I dislike the term nationalism, I'm still waiting for you to acknowledge that nations are stateless and borderless.
  • Anationalism - Only redeemable quality is your anarchism, and possibly your economics. You took internationalism too far.

Enemies

Further Information

YouTube

Wikipedia

People

People in bold are viewed as independence anarchists, people in bold and italics are viewed as predecessors to independence anarchism, and people in italics are mostly known for other reasons although they fit in one of the two previous categories.

Literature

General

Catalan Countries

Brittany

Occitania

Basque Country

  • Anark-Herria by Marc Légasse and Jakue Pascual. Publishing house Txertoa, Basque Country, 1986. Re-edited by Juantxo Estebaranz, Javi Olaizola, Ritxi Aizpuru, Idoia Eizmendi, Jordi Bonet i Martí and Jon Markel Ormazabal. Publishing houseTxalaparta, 2011. (In Spanish and Basque)
  • El movimiento autónomo en Euskadi by Emilio López Adán (Beltza). (In Spanish)
  • Apuntes sobre anarquismo y cuestión nacional by Jakue Pascual. Published in the Borroka Garaia da! website; Basque Country; November 28th, 2011. (In Spanish)
  • Independentzia osoa / Independencia total by Anark-Herria. Basque Country, 2000's. (In Basque and Spanish)
  • Anarquismo e izquierda abertzale by Borroka garaia da!. Published in the Borroka Garaia da! website; Basque Country; June 4th, 2015. (In Spanish)
  • Aportación al debate sobre la izquierda abertzale by Jakue Pascual. Published in the Anark-Herria website; Donostia-San Sebastián; November 18th, 2011. (In Spanish)
  • Marc Légasse: anarquista y separatista (interview with Marc Légasse). Published in the Punto y Hora de Euskal Herria magazine, Bermeo, September 1982. (In Spanish)
  • Breve historia del anarquismo vasco by Juantxo Estebarantz. Publishing house Txertoa; June 17th, 2011. (In Spanish)
  • Por una alternativa libertaria y global by Mikel Orrantia. Publishing house Zero Zyx; January 1st, 1978. (In Spanish)
  • Nación y anarquismo: notas para una discusión más allá de las caricaturas by Manuel de la Tierra. Published in the Ekintza Zuzena magazine, Santiago de Chile, December 2010. (In Spanish)
  • Euskadi: ETA y el nacionalismo revolucionario by Mikel Orrantia. Published in the Revista Mensual/Monthly Review, May 1979. (In Spanish)
  • Cuestión nacional y autonomía obrera en Euskal Herria by Zirikatu. Biscay, 1985 (published in 1989). (In Spanish)
  • Comandos Autónomos: un anticapitalismo iconoclasta by the Felix Likiniano Cultural Association. Publishing house Likiniano Elkartea, Bilbao, November 1996. (In Spanish)
  • Komando Autonomoak: una historia anticapitalista by the Felix Likiniano Cultural Association. Publishing house Virus; Bilbao; December 17th, 1998. (In Basque and Spanish)
  • Nazio arazoa by Bereterretxe. Publishing house Likiniano Elkartea, 1978. (In Basque)
  • Telúrica vasca de liberación by Jakue Pascual. Publishing house Virus, November 1996. (In Spanish)
  • El hilo negro de los noventa: encuentros con la autonomía by the Felix Likiniano Cultural Association. Publishing house Likiniano Elkartea, Bilbao. (In Spanish)
  • La gran curva vasca del 2000 by Karlos García Salmones. Publishing house Likiniano Elkartea, c. 2000, Bilbao. (In Spanish)
  • Palabras de un anarquista vasco by Marc Légasse. Publishing house Likiniano Elkartea; January 1st, 2002; Bilbao. (In Spanish)
  • Felix Likiniano: miliciano de la utopía by Pilar Iparragirre. Publishing house Txalaparta; Tafalla; January 1st, 1994. (In Spanish)
  • Marc Légasse: un rebelde burlón by Amaia Ereñaga. Publishing house Txalaparta; 1997. (In Spanish)

Canary Islands

Sicily

Sardinia

Castile

Puerto Rico

Kabylia

Cuba

Russia

Ukraine

Quebec

Aragon

  • El Consejo de Aragón by Alejandro García. Published in the Utopías y realidades blog; Aragon; February 22nd, 2008. (In Spanish)

Asturias

Galicia

Cantabria

  • Anarquismo y nacionalismo by Agitación Rural. Published in the 2nd issue of the Agitación Rural fanzine, Cantabria, 2008. (In Spanish)

Levant

Websites

Catalan Countries

Organizations not officially independence anarchist, with independence anarchist members or sympathetic beliefs:

Brittany

Occitania

Basque Country

Canary Islands

Sicily

Sardinia

Andalusia

Castile

Hong Kong

Puerto Rico

Quebec

Aragon

Asturias

Galicia

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