Social Liberalism: Difference between revisions
m Popper gave us the "paradox of tolerance" anti communist, anti-facist, and although he didn't really mention it, I'd be strongly willing to bet he was anti-anarchist. |
No edit summary |
||
Line 43: | Line 43: | ||
|song = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AHqq-mv7yYI "This Land is Your Land!"] by Woodie Guthrie |
|song = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AHqq-mv7yYI "This Land is Your Land!"] by Woodie Guthrie |
||
|theorists = [[File:Cball-UK.png]] '''Anglosphere''' |
|theorists = [[File:Cball-UK.png]] '''Anglosphere''' |
||
{{Collapse| |
|||
*[[File:Radlib.png]] [[Radicalism|Thomas Paine]] (1737-1809) [[File:Cball-UK.png]] [[File:Cball-US.png]] United Kingdom / United States |
*[[File:Radlib.png]] [[Radicalism|Thomas Paine]] (1737-1809) [[File:Cball-UK.png]] [[File:Cball-US.png]] United Kingdom / United States |
||
*[[File:Mill.png]] [[Market Socialism|John Stuart Mill]] (1806-1873) [[File:Cball-UK.png]] United Kingdom |
*[[File:Mill.png]] [[Market Socialism|John Stuart Mill]] (1806-1873) [[File:Cball-UK.png]] United Kingdom |
||
Line 70: | Line 71: | ||
[[File:European Federalism.png]] '''Europe''' |
[[File:European Federalism.png]] '''Europe''' |
||
{{Collapse| |
|||
*[[File:Radlib.png]] [[Radicalism|Georges Clemenceau]] (1841-1929) [[File:Cball-France.png]] France |
*[[File:Radlib.png]] [[Radicalism|Georges Clemenceau]] (1841-1929) [[File:Cball-France.png]] France |
||
*[[File:Radlib.png]] [[Radicalism|Émile Chartier]] (1868-1951) [[File:Cball-France.png]] France |
*[[File:Radlib.png]] [[Radicalism|Émile Chartier]] (1868-1951) [[File:Cball-France.png]] France |
||
Line 78: | Line 80: | ||
*[[File:Anrad.png]] [[Anti-Radicalism|Karl Popper]] (1902-1994) [[File:Cball-Austria.png]] [[File:Cball-UK.png]] Austria / United Kingdom |
*[[File:Anrad.png]] [[Anti-Radicalism|Karl Popper]] (1902-1994) [[File:Cball-Austria.png]] [[File:Cball-UK.png]] Austria / United Kingdom |
||
*[[File:Radlib.png]] [[Radicalism|Pierre Mendès France]] (1907-1982) [[File:Cball-France.png]] France |
*[[File:Radlib.png]] [[Radicalism|Pierre Mendès France]] (1907-1982) [[File:Cball-France.png]] France |
||
*[[File:PS.png]] [[Welfarism|Francois Mitterand]] (1916-1996) [[File:Cball-France.png]] France |
|||
*[[File:Republicanismpix.png]] [[Laicism|Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber]] (1924-2006) [[File:Cball-France.png]] France |
*[[File:Republicanismpix.png]] [[Laicism|Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber]] (1924-2006) [[File:Cball-France.png]] France |
||
*[[File:EconProg.png]] [[Social Democracy|Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]] (1926-2020) [[File:Cball-France.png]] [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] France/ Germany |
*[[File:EconProg.png]] [[Social Democracy|Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]] (1926-2020) [[File:Cball-France.png]] [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] France/ Germany |
||
Line 89: | Line 92: | ||
[[File:PanAsian.png]] '''Asia''' |
[[File:PanAsian.png]] '''Asia''' |
||
{{Collapse| |
|||
*[[File:Mosaddegh.png]] [[Social Democracy|Mohammed Mossadegh]] (1882-1967) [[File:Cball-Iran.png]] Iran |
*[[File:Mosaddegh.png]] [[Social Democracy|Mohammed Mossadegh]] (1882-1967) [[File:Cball-Iran.png]] Iran |
||
* [[File:Welf.png]] [[Welfarism|Amartya Sen]] (1933-) [[File:Cball-India.png]] India |
* [[File:Welf.png]] [[Welfarism|Amartya Sen]] (1933-) [[File:Cball-India.png]] India |
||
Line 100: | Line 104: | ||
[[File:PanAmer.png]] '''Soth America''' |
[[File:PanAmer.png]] '''Soth America''' |
||
{{Collapse| |
|||
*[[File:Leftpop-0.png]] [[Left-Wing Populism|Joao Goulart ]] (1918-1976) [[File:Cball-Brazil.png]] Brazil |
|||
* [[File:Cball-UN.png]] [[Social Democracy|Michelle Bachelet]] (1951-) [[File:Cball-Chile.png]] Chile |
* [[File:Cball-UN.png]] [[Social Democracy|Michelle Bachelet]] (1951-) [[File:Cball-Chile.png]] Chile |
||
*[[File: 3way.png]] [[Third Way| Lenín Moreno]] (1953-) [[File:Cball-Ecuador.png]] Ecuador |
*[[File: 3way.png]] [[Third Way| Lenín Moreno]] (1953-) [[File:Cball-Ecuador.png]] Ecuador |
Revision as of 05:08, 11 January 2022
Template:Featured
{{Ideology
|themecolor = #005c94
|textcolor = #eee8aa
|title = Social Liberalism
|image = Soclib ball (resized).png
|caption = "The sense of justice is continuous with the love of mankind."
|aliases =
SocLib
Diet SocDem
Modern Liberalism (
United States)
New Liberalism (
United Kingdom)
Welfare Liberalism
Progressive Liberalism
Left-Liberalism (
Germany)
Neutered Socialism (By
the right)
New Deal Liberalism / New Dealism
Yavlinskyism
Cortezism (
Russia)
Millism
Keynesian Liberalism
|alignments =
Center
Liberals
Internationalists
Cultural Left
Capitalists
Welfarists
Democratic
|influences =
Consequentialism
Utilitarianism
Welfarism
Classical Liberalism
Radicalism
|influenced =
Progressivism
Liberal Socialism
National Liberalism (
DPP)
Neoliberalism
Nordic Model
Liberal Feminism
Kemalism
Social Libertarianism
Regulationism
Green Liberalism
Technoliberalism
Social Capitalism
Keynesianism
Social Democracy
Syncretic Liberalism
Ordo-Liberalism
Christian Democracy
Third Way
World Federalism
|song = "This Land is Your Land!" by Woodie Guthrie
|theorists = Anglosphere
{{Collapse|
Thomas Paine (1737-1809)
United Kingdom / United States
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
United Kingdom
Henry George (1839-1897)
United States
Leonard Hobhouse (1864-1929)
United Kingdom
Bertrand Russell (1872-1970)
United Kingdom
William Beveridge (1879–1963)
United Kingdom
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945)
United States
Harry S. Truman (1884-1972)
United States
John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946)
United Kingdom
Lyndon B. Johnson (1908-1973)
United States
Isaiah Berlin (1909-1997)
United Kingdom
Nelson Mandela (1918-2013)
South Africa
Pierre Trudeau (1919-2000)
Canada
John Rawls (1921-2002)
United States
Robert F. Kennedy (1925-1968)
United States
Richard Rorty (1931-2007)
United States
Al Gore (1948-)
United States
Elizabeth Warren (1949-)
United States
Paul Krugman (1953-)
United States
Steven Pinker (1954-)
Canada
Justin Trudeau (1971-)
Canada
- File:Progress.png Julián Castro (1974-)
United States
Ro Khanna (1976-)
United States
Kyle Kulinski (1988-)
United States
Steven Kenneth "Destiny" Bonnell II (1988- )
United States
Georges Clemenceau (1841-1929)
France
Émile Chartier (1868-1951)
France
Afonso Costa (1871-1937)
Portugal
Alexander Rüstow (1885-1963)
Germany
Bertil Ohlin (1899-1979)
Sweden
Piero Gobetti (1901-1926)
Italy
Karl Popper (1902-1994)
Austria / United Kingdom
Pierre Mendès France (1907-1982)
France
Francois Mitterand (1916-1996)
France
Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber (1924-2006)
France
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (1926-2020)
France/ Germany
Francisco de Sá Carneiro (1934-1980)
Portugal
Grigory Yavlinsky (1952-)
Russia
Dirk Verhofstadt (1955-)
Belgium
Carlo Calenda (1973-)
Italy
Ivan Bartoš (1980-)
Czech Republic
Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya (1982-)
Belarus
Damian Boeselager (1988-)
Germany
Mohammed Mossadegh (1882-1967)
Iran
Amartya Sen (1933-)
India
Wen Jiabao (1942-)
China
Moon Jae-in (1953-)
South Korea
Kwame Anthony Appiah (1954-)
India
Tsai Ing-wen (1956-)
Taiwan
Joko Widodo (1961-)
Indonesia
Yair Lapid (1963-)
Israel
Yingluck Shinawatra (1967-)
Thailand
Joao Goulart (1918-1976)
Brazil
Michelle Bachelet (1951-)
Chile
Lenín Moreno (1953-)
Ecuador
- File:Progress.png David Pakman (1984-)
Argentina
Social Liberalism (SocLib) also called Left-Liberalism (LeftLib), Modern Liberalism (ModLib), Welfare Liberalism (WelLib) and New Liberalism (NewLib) is an economically center to center-left, civically liberal, culturally progressive political ideology which combines elements of liberal democracy and
economic interventionism in the name of "ensuring economic justice as well as civil liberty". Social Liberals view the common good as harmonious with individual freedom. Much of Social Liberalism's success is due to the fact that it's polices have gained broad support across the political spectrum because of it's
reform-minded polices that address societal problems without overhauling the
capitalist economic system. As economic circumstances became more dire in places, many were more willing to accept social liberalism since it seemed to be less radical and evil than
other forms of left-wing government. Because of this, Social liberalism has been characterized by cooperation between businesses, government and labor unions. Many governments throughout the modern world have successfully adopted social liberal policies, and is now the dominant form of liberalism in North America, where it's often referred to as simply 'liberalism'.
History
Heavily inspired by his father Radicalism,
SocLib began to take his first steps in the late 19th century as
welfare states around the world started to grow. But it didn't become a more fully developed ideology until the post-war period when numerous Western democracies throughout the world began to implement social liberal policies in the aftermath of World War II.
United Kingdom
Social Liberalism started in the United Kingdom at the end of the 19th century as a trend within the Liberal Party that moved away from
laissez-faire economics, accepting certain market regulations, and moved more towards a social welfare system and from the more traditional
classical liberal deontological view of morality to a more utilitarian view of morality based on the philosophy of Jeremy Bentham.
The most influential figure behind the move towards this kind of liberalism is the English philosopher John Stuart Mill, who believed in certainly free markets along with welfare systems to assure equal opportunities.
The New Liberals
In the late 19th century and early 20th century, a group called the New Liberals began to argue against the laissez-faire economic system of classical liberalism and argued in favor of
state interventionism in the economy as a way to ensure individual liberty would be secured under favorable social and economic circumstances.
The Liberal Party, one of the two major political parties in the UK during the 19th and early 20th century, established the foundations of the welfare state in the United Kingdom before World War I. These liberal welfare reforms included progressive taxation, pensions for poor elderly people, and the National Insurance Act of 1911 which established health, sickness and unemployment insurance. At this time,
big bussiness owners, who regularly opposed these reforms, started to leave the
Liberal Party to join the
Conservative Party. The welfare state in the United Kingdom became more robust after World War II, mainly due to the efforts of the
Labour Party, and was heavily inspired by the economics of
John Maynard Keynes and the welfare system of
William Beveridge.
In modern day United Kingdom, Social Liberalism is most prominently represented by the Liberal Democrats and has had a strong influence on the
Labour Party.
Germany
In the 1860s, some left-liberal politicians in
Germany started to establish trade unions with the goal of improving worker conditions through cooperation between employees and employers. By the 1870s, some liberal economists were promoting social reform that rejected classical economics and supported an alternative to
classical liberalism and File:Soc.png Socialist Revolution.
In the 19th century, the German left-liberal movement began to fragment into new parties including the
German Progress Party. The main objectives of these parties were free speech, freedom of assembly, representative government, and protection of private property but they were opposed to the creation of a
welfare state which they called
state socialism.
The Protestant pastor Friedrich Naumann founded the National-Social Association Party in 1896 which proposed a mix of nationalism,
christian socialism, and social liberalism. He attempted to use this party to draw workers away from
Marxism but it only lasted for roughly seven years and was unable to win any seats.
In the Weimar Republic, the German Democratic Party was founded in 1918. It had both a social-liberal and
classical liberal wing. It heavily favored
republicanism over
monarchism. It's ideas consisted of a socially balanced economy with solidarity, duty and rights among all workers, but it struggled due to the economic sanctions of the Treaty of Versailles.
In 1932, the economist Alexander Rüstow called his version of social liberalism
Neoliberalism, although that term now carries a meaning different from the one proposed by Rüstow. His form of liberalism provided an alternative to File:Soc.png socialism and to the
classical liberal economics developed in the German Empire. In 1938,
Alexander Rüstow attended the Colloque Walter Lippmann conference. There, Rüstow advocated a strong state to enforce free markets and state intervention to correct market failures.
Following World War II, Rüstow's neoliberalism, now usually called ordoliberalism or the
social market economy, was adopted by the West German government under
Ludwig Erhard, who was the Minister of Economics and later became Chancellor. Price controls were lifted and free markets were introduced. While these policies are credited with Germany's post-war economic recovery, the welfare state—which had been established under
Bismarck—became increasingly costly.
After 1945, the Free Democrats included most of the social liberals while others joined the
Christian Democratic Union of Germany. Until the 1960s, post-war
ordoliberalism was the model for Germany. It had theoretical influence of social liberalism based on duty and rights. As the
Free Democrats discarded social liberal ideas in favor of more
conservative and
economical liberal approach in 1982, some members left the party and formed the social liberal
Liberal Democrats.
United States
American political discourse resisted this social turn in European liberalism. In the United States, the term social liberalism was used to differentiate it from
classical liberalism or
laissez-faire, which dominated political and economic thought for a number of years until the term branched off from it around the Great Depression and the
New Deal.
In the 1870s and the 1880s, the American economists Richard Ely, John Bates Clark and Henry Carter Adams—influenced both by File:Soc.png socialism and the Evangelical Protestant movement—castigated the conditions caused by industrial factories and expressed sympathy towards labor unions. However, none developed a systematic political philosophy and they later abandoned their flirtations with File:Soc.png socialist thinking. In 1883, Lester Frank Ward published the two-volume Dynamic Sociology and formalized the basic tenets of social liberalism while at the same time attacking the laissez-faire policies advocated by
Herbert Spencer and
William Graham Sumner. The historian
Henry Steele Commager ranked Ward alongside William James, John Dewey and Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. and called him the father of the modern
welfare state. Writing from 1884 until the 1930s, John Dewey—an educator influenced by
Hobhouse, Green and Ward—advocated File:Soc.png socialist methods to achieve
liberal goals. Some social liberal ideas were later incorporated into the
New Deal, which developed as a response to the Great Depression when
Franklin D. Roosevelt came into office.
While the economic policies of the New Deal appeared
Keynesian, there was no revision of
liberal theory in favor of greater state initiative. Even though the United States lacked an effective File:Soc.png socialist movement,
New Deal policies often appeared radical and were attacked by the
right. The separate development of
modern liberalism in the United States is often attributed to
American exceptionalism, which kept mainstream American ideology within a narrow range.
![](http://static.miraheze.org/polcompballwiki/thumb/4/44/Fdr-new-deal-speech.jpg/300px-Fdr-new-deal-speech.jpg)
John Rawls' principal work A Theory of Justice (1971) can be considered a flagship exposition of social liberal thinking, advocating the combination of
individual freedom and a
fairer distribution of resources. According to Rawls, every individual should be allowed to choose and pursue his or her own conception of what is desirable in life, while a socially just distribution of goods must be maintained. Rawls argued that differences in material wealth are tolerable if general economic growth and wealth also benefit the poorest. A Theory of Justice countered
utilitarian thinking in the tradition of Jeremy Bentham, instead following the
Kantian concept of a social contract, picturing society as a mutual agreement between rational citizens, producing rights and duties as well as establishing and defining roles and tasks of the state. Rawls put the equal liberty principle in the first place, providing every person with equal access to the same set of fundamental liberties, followed by the fair equality of opportunity and difference principle, thus allowing social and economic inequalities under the precondition that privileged positions are accessible to everyone, that everyone has equal opportunities and that even the least advantaged members of society benefit from this framework. This was later restated in the equation of Justice as Fairness. Rawls proposed these principles not just to adherents of
liberalism, but as a basis for all
democratic politics, regardless of ideology. The work advanced social liberal ideas immensely within the 1970s political and philosophic academia. Rawls may therefore be seen as a "patron saint" of social liberalism.
![](http://static.miraheze.org/polcompballwiki/thumb/8/8f/Barack-Obama.jpg/300px-Barack-Obama.jpg)
In recent US history, both former democratic President Barrack Obama and current democratic President
Joe Biden have incorporated social liberal principles and policies throughout their presidencies.
France
Historically, Radicalism emerged in an early form with the
French Revolution and the similar movements it inspired in other countries. It grew prominent during the 1830s in the
United Kingdom with the
Chartists and
Belgium with the Revolution of 1830, then across
Europe in the 1840s–1850s during the Revolutions of 1848. In contrast to the
social conservatism of existing
liberal politics,
radicalism sought political support for a radical reform of the electoral system to widen suffrage. It was also associated with
republicanism,
liberalism,
left-wing politics,
modernism,
secular humanism,
anti-imperialism,
civic nationalism, abolition of
titles, File:Enlightnenment.png rationalism and the resistance to a
single established state religion,
redistribution of property and
freedom of the press.
![](http://static.miraheze.org/polcompballwiki/7/78/Georges_Clemenceau.jpg)
In 19th-century France, radicalism had emerged as a minor political force by the 1840s as the extreme left of the day, in contrast to the socially-conservative liberalism of the
Moderate Republicans and
Orléanist monarchists and the anti-parliamentarianism of the
Legitimist monarchists and
Bonapartists. By the 1890s, the French radicals were not organized under a single nationwide structure, but rather they had become a significant political force in parliament. In 1901, they consolidated their efforts by forming the country's first major extra-parliamentary political party, the Republican, Radical and
Radical-Socialist Party which became the most important party of government during the second half (1899 to 1940) of the French Third Republic. The success of the French Radicals encouraged radicals elsewhere to organize themselves into formal parties in a range of other countries in the late 19th and early 20th century, with radicals holding significant political office in
Bulgaria,
Denmark,
Germany,
Greece,
Ireland,
Italy,
Netherlands,
Portugal,
Romania,
Russia,
Spain,
Sweden and
Switzerland. During the interwar period, European radical parties organized the Radical Entente, their own political international.
As social democracy emerged as a distinct political force in its own right, the differences that once existed between historical left-wing radicalism and
Liberal Conservatism dimenished. Between 1940 and 1973, radicalism became defunct in most of its European heartlands, with its role and philosophy taken on by
social-democratic and
Conservative Liberal parties.
Turkey
Kemalist Economic Model was designed by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of the Republic of Turkey. His economic model can be summarized as "solidarist liberal economy". Atatürk put the principle of
"Statism" in his Six Arrows and explained this principle as follows:
"State can't take the place of individuals, but, it must take into consideration the individuals to make them improve and develop themselves. Etatism includes the work that individuals won't do because they can't make
profit or the work which are necessary for
national interests. Just as it is the duty of the
state to protect the
freedom and independence of the country and to regulate internal affairs, the state must take care of the education and health of its citizens. The state must take care of the roads, railways, telegraphs, telephones, animals of the country, all kinds of vehicles and the general wealth of the nation to protect the peace and security of the country. During the administration and protection of the country, the things we just counted are more important than cannons, rifles and all kinds of weapons. (...)
Private interests are generally the opposite of the
general interests. Also, private interests are based on rivalries. But, you can't create a stable economy only with this. People who think like that are delusional and they will be a failure. (...) And, work of an individual must stay as the main basis of economic growth. Not preventing an individual's work and not obstructing the individual's freedom and enterprise with the state's own activities is the main basis of the principle of
democracy."
![](http://static.miraheze.org/polcompballwiki/thumb/a/a1/Atat%C3%BCrk.jpg/300px-Atat%C3%BCrk.jpg)
Moreover, Atatürk said this at his opening speech in November 1, 1937: "Unless there is an absolute necessity, the markets can't be intervened; also, no markets can be completely free."
Also he said that the principle of statism is a special economic system for Turkey, and said that it's different from socialism,
communism and
collectivism.
As it's understood from his words, Atatürk's statism is a social liberal economic system.
Liberal Kemalism ![](//static.miraheze.org/polcompballwiki/8/8b/Lib.png)
The Free Republican Party (sometimes referred to as the Liberal Republican Party; in Turkish: Serbest Cumhuriyet Fırkası) was a political party founded by Fethi Okyar upon President Kemal Atatürk's request in the early years of the Turkish Republic.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk requested that Okyar create it as an opposition party to confront the ruling Republican People's Party with the aim of establishing the tradition of multi-party democracy in Turkey.
In addition, this party defended the Liberal Kemalist thought in line with Atatürk's wishes.
However, the party was quickly embraced by the conservatives who saw it as an opportunity to reverse the reforms of Atatürk, particularly regarding secularism, and was personally dissolved in November 1930 by Okyar who himself was an ardent supporter of the reforms.
Beliefs and Ideas
Consequentalism
Consequentialism, as its name suggests, is simply the view that normative properties depend only on consequences. This historically important and still popular theory embodies the basic intuition that what is best or right is whatever makes the world best in the future, because we cannot change the past, so worrying about the past is no more useful than crying over spilled milk. This general approach can be applied at different levels to different normative properties of different kinds of things, but the most prominent example is probably consequentialism about the moral rightness of acts, which holds that whether an act is morally right depends only on the consequences of that act or of something related to that act, such as the motive behind the act or a general rule requiring acts of the same kind.
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is a version of consequentialism, which states that the consequences of any action are the only standard of right and wrong. Unlike other forms of consequentialism, such as egoism and altruism, utilitarianism considers the interests of all humans equally. Proponents of utilitarianism have disagreed on a number of points, such as whether actions should be chosen based on their likely results (act utilitarianism), or whether agents should conform to rules that maximize utility (rule utilitarianism). There is also disagreement as to whether total (total utilitarianism), average (average utilitarianism) or minimum utility should be maximized.
![](http://static.miraheze.org/polcompballwiki/thumb/8/8e/John-Stuart-mill-reading.jpg/300px-John-Stuart-mill-reading.jpg)
Rule Utilitarianism
Rule utilitarianism is a form of utilitarianism, Created by John Stuart Mill, that says an action is right as it conforms to a rule that leads to the greatest good, or that "the rightness or wrongness of a particular action is a function of the correctness of the rule of which it is an instance". Philosophers Richard Brandt and Brad Hooker are major proponents of such an approach.
For rule utilitarians, the correctness of a rule is determined by the amount of good it brings about when followed. In contrast, act utilitarians judge an act in terms of the consequences of that act alone (such as stopping at a red light), rather than judging whether it faithfully adhered to the rule of which it was an instance (such as, "always stop at red lights"). Rule utilitarians argue that following rules that tend to lead to the greatest good will have better consequences overall than allowing exceptions to be made in individual instances, even if better consequences can be demonstrated in those instances.
Economics
SocLib believes in modestly regulated capitalism with a large social safety net in a similar vein to Social Democracy. In the Vein of
Keynesianism, Social Liberals generally argue that aggregate demand is volatile and unstable and that, consequently, a market economy often experiences inefficient macroeconomic outcomes – a recession, when demand is low, and inflation, when demand is high. Further, they argue that these economic fluctuations can be mitigated by economic policy responses coordinated between government and central bank. In particular, fiscal policy actions (taken by the government) and monetary policy actions (taken by the central bank), can help stabilize economic output, inflation, and unemployment over the business cycle. Social liberals advocate a market economy – predominantly private sector, but with an active role for government intervention during recessions and depressions. These ideas were largley developed during and after the Great Depression.
Keynesianism
Social liberalism had an extensive influence one Keynsian economics. Keynesian economics is a macroeconomic economic theory of total spending in the economy and its effects on output, employment, and inflation. Keynesian economics was developed by the British economist John Maynard Keynes during the 1930s in an attempt to understand the Great Depression. Keynesian economics is considered a "demand-side" theory that focuses on changes in the economy over the short run. Keynes’s theory was the first to sharply separate the study of economic behavior and markets based on individual incentives from the study of broad national economic aggregate variables and constructs.
Based on his theory, Keynes advocated for increased government expenditures and lower taxes to stimulate demand and pull the global economy out of the depression. Subsequently, Keynesian economics was used to refer to the concept that optimal economic performance could be achieved—and economic slumps prevented—by influencing aggregate demand through activist stabilization and economic intervention policies by the government.
![](http://static.miraheze.org/polcompballwiki/thumb/4/45/John-Maynard-Keynes-Next-To-Wife.jpg/300px-John-Maynard-Keynes-Next-To-Wife.jpg)
Keynesian economics represented a new way of looking at spending, output, and inflation. Previously, what Keynes dubbed classical economic thinking held that cyclical swings in employment and economic output create profit opportunities that individuals and entrepreneurs would have an incentive to pursue, and in so doing correct the imbalances in the economy. According to Keynes’s construction of this so-called classical theory, if aggregate demand in the economy fell, the resulting weakness in production and jobs would precipitate a decline in prices and wages. A lower level of inflation and wages would induce employers to make capital investments and employ more people, stimulating employment and restoring economic growth. Keynes believed that the depth and persistence of the Great Depression, however, severely tested this hypothesis.
In his book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money and other works, Keynes argued against his construction of classical theory, that during recessions business pessimism and certain characteristics of market economies would exacerbate economic weakness and cause aggregate demand to plunge further.
For example, Keynesian economics disputes the notion held by some economists that lower wages can restore full employment because labor demand curves slope downward like any other normal demand curve. Instead he argued that employers will not add employees to produce goods that cannot be sold because demand for their products is weak. Similarly, poor business conditions may cause companies to reduce capital investment, rather than take advantage of lower prices to invest in new plants and equipment. This would also have the effect of reducing overall expenditures and employment.
A Theory of Justice
A Theory of Justice is a 1971 work of political philosophy and ethics by the philosopher John Rawls, in which the author attempts to provide a moral theory alternative to utilitarianism and that addresses the problem of distributive justice (the socially just distribution of goods in a society). The theory uses an updated form of Kantian philosophy and a variant form of conventional social contract theory. Rawls's theory of justice is fully a political theory of justice as opposed to other forms of justice discussed in other disciplines and contexts. However, the theory of justice itself is applicable to other moral systems, ironically including utilitarianism.
In A Theory of Justice, Rawls argues for a principled reconciliation of liberty and equality that is meant to apply to the basic structure of a well-ordered society. Central to this effort is an account of the circumstances of justice, inspired by David Hume, and a fair choice situation for parties facing such circumstances, similar to some of Immanuel Kant's views. Principles of justice are sought to guide the conduct of the parties. These parties are recognized to face moderate scarcity, and they are neither naturally altruistic nor purely egoistic. They have ends which they seek to advance, but prefer to advance them through cooperation with others on mutually acceptable terms. Rawls offers a model of a fair choice situation (the original position with its veil of ignorance) within which parties would hypothetically choose mutually acceptable principles of justice. Under such constraints, Rawls believes that parties would find his favoured principles of justice to be especially attractive, winning out over varied alternatives, including utilitarian and 'right wing' libertarian accounts.
![](http://static.miraheze.org/polcompballwiki/thumb/e/e9/John-Rawls.jpg/300px-John-Rawls.jpg)
Although A Theory of Justice itself was written from in a narrow fashion to justify Rawl’s particular views, it is viewed as an articulation of social liberal beliefs in general. It can be, and often is, considered a flagship exposition of social liberal thinking, advocating the combination of individual freedom and a fairer distribution of resources.
File:Progress.png
Progressivism ![](//static.miraheze.org/polcompballwiki/5/55/Prgess.png)
Social Liberalism is in support of social reform based on the idea of progress in which advancements in science, technology, economic development and social organization are vital to the improvement of the human condition. Progressivism became highly significant during the Age of Enlightenment in Europe, out of the belief that Europe was demonstrating that societies could progress in civility from uncivilized conditions to civilization through strengthening the basis of empirical knowledge as the foundation of society. Figures of the Enlightenment believed that progress had universal application to all societies and that these ideas would spread across the world from Europe.
Feminism
Social Liberals have contributed monumentally to feminist theory. Liberal Feminism largely grew out of and was often associated with social liberalism; the modern liberal feminist tradition notably includes both social liberal and
social democratic streams, and many often diverging schools of thought such as equality feminism, social feminism, equity feminism, and difference feminism Additionaly, the most seminal work of early feminism, The Subjection of Women, written by
John Stuart Mill, would go on to have a crucial influence of feminist politics.
Secularism
In political terms, secularism is a movement towards the separation of religion and government (often termed the separation of church and state). This can refer to reducing ties between a government and a state religion, replacing laws based on scripture (such as Halakha, and Sharia) with civil laws, and eliminating discrimination on the basis of religion. This is said to add to democracy by protecting the rights of religious minorities.
Within this view, social liberal's and liberalism in general has a long tradition of sex- i mean secularism. Thomas paine, an american revolutionary and founding father famously said:
"I believe in one God, and no more; and I hope for happiness beyond this life.
I do not believe in the creed professed by the Jewish church, by the Roman church, by the Greek church, by the Turkish church, by the Protestant church, nor by any church that I know of. My own mind is my own church. All national institutions of churches, whether Jewish, Christian or Turkish, appear to me no other than human inventions, set up to terrify and enslave mankind, and monopolize power and profit.
Whenever we read the obscene stories, the voluptuous debaucheries, the cruel and tortuous executions, the unrelenting vindictiveness with which more than half the Bible is filled, it would be more consistent that we call it the word of a demon than the word of God. It is a history of wickedness that has served to corrupt and brutalize mankind; and, for my part, I sincerely detest it, as I detest everything that is cruel."
![](http://static.miraheze.org/polcompballwiki/thumb/c/c4/Portrait_of_Thomas_Paine.jpg/300px-Portrait_of_Thomas_Paine.jpg)
It can be seen by many of the organizations (NGOs) for secularism that they prefer to define secularism as the common ground for all life stance groups, religious or atheistic, to thrive in a society that honours freedom of speech and conscience. An example of that is the National Secular Society in the UK. This is a common understanding of what secularism stands for among many of its activists throughout the world. However, many scholars of Christianity and conservative politicians seem to interpret secularism more often than not, as an antithesis of religion and an attempt to push religion out of society and replace it with atheism or a void of values, nihilism. This dual aspect (as noted above in "Secular ethics") has created difficulties in political discourse on the subject. It seems that most political theorists in philosophy following the landmark work of John Rawl's Theory of Justice in 1971 and its following book, Political Liberalism (1993), would rather use the conjoined concept overlapping consensus rather than secularism. In the latter Rawls holds the idea of an overlapping consensus as one of three main ideas of political liberalism. He argues that the term secularism cannot apply;
But what is a secular argument? Some think of any argument that is reflective and critical, publicly intelligible and rational, as a secular argument; [...], Nevertheless, a central feature of political liberalism is that it views all such arguments the same way it views religious ones, and therefore these secular philosophical doctrines do not provide public reasons. Secular concepts and reasoning of this kind belong to first philosophy and moral doctrine, and fall outside the domain of the political.
Still, Rawl's theory is akin to Holyoake's vision of a tolerant democracy that treats all life stance groups alike. Rawl's idea it that it is in everybody's own interest to endorse "a reasonable constitutional democracy" with "principles of toleration". His work has been highly influential on scholars in political philosophy and his term, overlapping consensus, seems to have for many parts replaced secularism among them. In textbooks on modern political philosophy, like Colin Farelly's, An Introduction to Contemporary Political Theory, and Will Kymlicka's, Contemporary Political Philosophy, the term secularism is not even indexed and in the former it can be seen only in one footnote. However, there is no shortage of discussion and coverage of the topic it involves. It is just called overlapping consensus, pluralism, multiculturalism or expressed in some other way. In The Oxford Handbook of Political Theory, there is one chapter called "Political secularism", by Rajeev Bhargava. It covers secularism in a global context, and starts with this sentence: "Secularism is a beleaguered doctrine."
Separation of church and state is but one possible strategy to be deployed by secular governments. From the democratic to the authoritarian, such governments share a concern to limit the religious side in the relationship. Each state may find its own unique policy prescriptions. These may include separation, careful monitoring and regulation of organized religion such as in France, Turkey, and others.
A major impact on the idea of state religious liberty came from the writings of John Locke who, in his A Letter Concerning Toleration, argued in favor of religious toleration. He argued that government must treat all citizens and all religions equally, and that it can restrict actions, but not the religious intent behind them.
Environmentalism
Social liberals have been central to the environmentalist movement in recent years, so much so that Green Liberalism has become a political philosophy in of itself. The term "green liberalism" was coined by political philosopher Marcel Wissenburg. In his 1998 book Green Liberalism: The Free and The Green Society. He argues that liberalism must reject the idea of absolute property rights and accept restraints that limit the freedom to abuse nature and natural resources. However, he rejects the control of population growth and any control over the distribution of resources as incompatible with individual liberty, instead favoring supply-side control: more efficient production and curbs on overproduction and overexploitation. This view tends to dominate the movement, although critics say it actually puts individual liberties above sustainability.
![](http://static.miraheze.org/polcompballwiki/thumb/f/ff/Al-Gore.jpg/300px-Al-Gore.jpg)
On economic issues, green liberals take a position somewhere between classical liberalism (on the center/center-right) and social liberalism (on the center/center-left): green liberals may favor slightly less government involvement than social liberals, but far more than classical liberals. Some green liberals practice free-market environmentalism and thus share some values with rightist classical liberalism or libertarianism. This is one of a few reasons why a blue-green alliance is possible in politics.
The historian Conrad Russell, a British Liberal Democrat member of the House of Lords, dedicated a chapter of his book The Intelligent Person's Guide to Liberalism to the subject of green liberalism. In a literary sense, the term "Green Liberalism" was coined, however, by political philosopher Marcel Wissenburg in his 1998 book Green Liberalism: The Free and The Green Society, among others.
Technological Progress
Social liberals tend to place an emphasis on technological progress, more so than other liberals. Social liberals tend to believe that technological, material progress brings about more prosperity than cultural or spiritual progress.
And uch like how Green Liberalism outgrew social liberalism into it's own distinct ideology, the same can be said for
Technoliberalism.
Technoliberalism is a political philosophy founded on ideas of liberty, individuality, responsibility, decentralization, and self-awareness. It also highlights an idea that technology should be available to everyone with minimal controls. Its core beliefs fit under five main interests that include Construction of the Government, Economics, Civil Liberties, Education and Science, and Environment. Technoliberals support such ideas as balance of powers in the government, decentralization, affordable education, the protection of our planet, Fine Arts, and the freedom of speech and communication technologies.
In his book titled Technoliberalism, Adam Fish describes technoliberalism as a belief that networked technologies ameliorate the contradictions of a society that cherishes both the free market of economic liberalism and the social welfare of social liberalism. In this manner, technoliberalism has some links to neo-liberalism, yet with some core differences; "While Adam Smith conceived of a market that was in a way a natural and ineradicable part of the landscape (based on the human propensity 'to truck, barter and exchange'), and neoliberal thought continues to see the market in this way, technoliberalism holds up the idea that such complex systems can be contrived in their entirety" At the centre of the philosophy of Technoliberalism as a belief and a movement is "an overriding faith in technology, a suspicion of conventional modernist (top-down) institutions and a conviction that the aggregate effects of individual engagement of technology will generate social goods" Technoliberalism is about the combining of decentralism, individualism, responsibility and self-awareness, nothing in excess, sustainability, and engineering style regulation and governance. Its core beliefs fit under five main interests; Construction of the Government, Education and Science, Economics, the Environment, and Civil Liberties. They include:
- The protection of the individuals' freedom, whilst maintaining that of others.
- Free markets with strongly enforced rules.
- Fair taxation, especially of big companies.
- The protection of our planet through strong regulation on damage to the environment.
- The power of small and medium-sized businesses.
- The freedom of speech and communication technologies.
- The emphasis on technological advancements instead of the status quo.
Personality
Social Liberalism either acts like a stereotypical western urban/suburban middle-class millennial, or a worn out, sleepy old
English man, similar to
Classical Liberalism. If he's the former he's very modern and loves to read analytic philosophers such as
Bertrand Russell,
Ludwig Wittgenstein,
Karl Popper, and
John Stuart Mill. He's also a massive
DGGer.
If he's the later he'll still read those analytic philosophers, although he'll usually take a much more pessimistic and
pragmatic approach to politics. He'll also talk about "the glory days" like
FDR's presidency and the
woman's sufferage movment.
How to Draw
The Social Liberal design is the Social Democratic Rose in the Liberal colours of Blue and Gold.
- Draw a ball,
- Fill it with the same shade of blue as Liberalism (#006AA7),
- Draw a rose in gold (#FFD700),
- Draw the eyes, and you're done!
Color Name | HEX | RGB | |
---|---|---|---|
Blue | #005C94 | 0, 92, 148 | |
Gold | #EEE8AA | 238, 232, 170 |
Relationships
Friends
- File:Monkeyzz-Enlightenment.png Enlightenment File:Enlightnenment.png - The greatest movement ever. Without you I would be nothing.
Radicalism - My father, and greatest influence.
Classical Liberalism - My grandfather and second greatest influence.
Civic Nationalism - The only acceptable nationalist.
Liberalism - Liberal Gang! Thanks for creating such a great system!
Georgism - We have so much in common.
Kemalism - Great job implementing my ideas in Turkey.
Keynesianism - He has some very good ideas but I don't like his opinion on military matters.
Neo-Keynesianism - Not very different from his father, although his spending habits are weird.
Social Capitalism - Believes in having a moderate welfare state, but wants freer markets.
Social Democracy - A slightly more regulationist version of myself. We often form coalitions.
Social Libertarianism - My more extreme descendant, but his heart is definitely in the right place.
Libertarian Social Democracy - An even more extreme version of me. You’re a bit misguided but you’re certainly an ally.
Ordo-Liberalism - We share the principle of moderately regulated markets with a welfare state.
Nordic Model - Same as Ordo-liberalism.
Bull Moose Progressivism - My cool older cousin. Hope you don't mind if I borrowed some of your notes for the New Deal cuz.
- File:Progress.png Progressivism - Fellow liberal who fights for progress
goes a bit too far sometimes but still good Regulationism - Taught me that sometimes markets need rules and regulations.
Technoliberalism - Fellow liberal, and a man of science. You have some interesting takes, not gonna lie.
Liberal Feminism - My best friend!
Green Liberalism - My other best friend!
Laicism - Religious freedom is the bedrock of a liberal society.
Civil Libertarianism - Another freind who defends secularism.
Reformism - Change is good, murdering dissenters is bad.
Anti-Authoritarianism - I influenced his Western European variants.
Frenemies
Third Way
-
Basically me in practice in most western countriesYou are okay, but sometimes I feel you're too close toFriedman and not close enough to
Keynes.
Left-Wing Populism - Sometimes helpful for me, but he's still too radical.
Social Authoritarianism - Your economic ideas are ok, but you scare me.
Liberal Socialism - You're kinda like me, but take things a bit too far.
Social Georgism - LVT is a fairly radical idea, the voters may not be down with it.
Neoliberalism - I like SOME of your ideas, but austerity has been disastrous.
Neo-Libertarianism - You're just a more irrelevant Neolib.
National Liberalism - Heh, if it isn't this Mr. "I'm too cool for
Alt-Right" himself. Although, I'll admit that working with you isn't always so bad.
Tridemism
- That health care system is nice, but why is it so hard for you to face what you did? Also stop calling me Green Taliban!!!
Democratic Socialism - You have good cultural takes but that socialism shit is disgusting.
Longism - If I borrow some of your "Sharing the Wealth" ideas, will you stop bugging me for not going far enough? And stop working with the mob!
Christian Democracy - One of my main opponents in elections, although your economic views aren't bad.
Paternalistic Conservatism - Same as the last guy.
Anti-Fascism - Look, in principle you're fine, but can you PLEASE stop making us look bad?
Progressive Conservatism - Uhhh...based?
Fordism - As far as dystopian hellscapes go, you're not bad...
Enemies
Marxism–Leninism - I'M A LEFTIST, ALRIGHT?! Can't you see my form of capitalism is true leftism? Anyways, you are somewhat racist and authoritarian you commie.
National Socialism - Didn't I kick your genocidal ass out of Europe?
National Bolshevism - Combines the worse of the 2 above.
Fourth Theory - Global poor hater.
Dengism - Nazbol with markets.
Showa Statism - That's what you get for sneak attacking me!
State Liberalism - YOU'RE NOT A LIBERAL STOP CALLING YOURSELF ONE!
Libertarianism - Ok,
Capitalism’s a great system, but if it ever collapses due to companies doing what they want, we will have to come to their rescue by using some
regulation, Also stop calling me a socialist, I’m not
them!
Neoconservatism - My primary opponent in American elections, we need to bring home the troops,
unless I was the one who sent them there in the first place!Marxist Feminism - I was the original feminist. You're an embarrassment to our movement.
Conservatism - My main ideological opponent for centuries, thankfully I'm beating you in America.
Conservative Socialism - Conservatism, socialism, sounds like hell.
Korwinism - STOP BEING A SEXIST PRICK.
Esoteric Fascism - Stop schizoposting you psycho.
Trumpism - I BEAT YOU COPE AND SEETHE
Anarcho-Communism - You're revolution is never coming and even if it did you'd lose.
Further Information
For overlapping political theory, see:
![](http://static.miraheze.org/polcompballwiki/8/8b/Lib.png)
![](http://static.miraheze.org/polcompballwiki/2/27/Socdem.png)
![](http://static.miraheze.org/polcompballwiki/c/c0/Welf.png)
![](http://static.miraheze.org/polcompballwiki/a/af/Keynes.png)
![](http://static.miraheze.org/polcompballwiki/0/0d/Regulationism.png)
![](http://static.miraheze.org/polcompballwiki/c/c4/3way.png)
Literature
- On Liberty, Principles of Political Economy and On Socialism by John Stuart Mill
- The Liberal Revolution and Liberal consciousness and working class by Piero Gobetti
- A Theory of Justice by John Rawls
- Liberalism is the best Cure for Poverty by Dirk Verhofstadt
- The New Liberalism: Reconciling Liberty and Community by Avital Simhoni and Davis Weinstein
- Towards a Socio-Liberal Theory of World Development by Arno Tausch and Fred Prager
- Two Concepts of Liberty by Isaiah Berlin
- Rights From Wrongs: A Secular Theory of the Origins of Rights by Alan Dershowitz
- The Conscience of a Liberal by Paul Krugman
Wikipedia
People
John Stuart Mill
John Maynard Keynes
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Harry S. Truman
John F. Kennedy
Robert Kennedy
Lyndon B. Johnson
Jimmy Carter
Karl Popper
Anthony Giddens
Pierre Trudeau
Justin Trudeau
John Rawls
Al Gore
Wen Jiabao
Moon Jae-in
Tsai Ing-wen
Jan Björklund
Elizabeth Warren
Andrew Yang
Ro Khanna
Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya
Kaja Kallas
Vlado Mirosevic
Brian Tyler Cohen
Videos
- Social Democracy vs Social Liberalism Explained by Liberaven
- Classical vs. Social Liberalism by Nick Carroll
- IdeoLogs: Interview With a Liberal by IdeoLogs
Communities
Gallery
Template:Centrist Template:Lib Template:Caps Template:Welfare Template:Prefixes <comments />