Deep Ecology

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Deep Ecology
"Ideologies are creatures, so why should we treat creatures differently?"
Basic Information
Aliases	Misanthropy Fundi (in Germany) Fundamentalist Environmentalism Species Egalitarianism
Alignment(s)	Leftist Unity  Culturally Left   Environmentalists
Ideological Information
Influenced by:	Buddhism Enlightenment Thought Gandhian Socialism Progressivism Egalitarianism Anti-Humanism Radical Environmentalism
Influenced	Eco-Fascism Veganarchism
Notable people	Rachel Carson (1907-1964) USA Arne Næss (1912-2009) Norway Gary Snyder (1930-) USA Pentti Linkola (1932-2020) Finland Motoe Matsuyama (1968-) Japan Chihiro Okada (1978-) Japan
Character Information
Likes	Animals and the biosphere Permaculture and foraging Recycling Hugging trees Nature
Dislikes	Killing animals Pollution Axes and chainsaws Modern society
Song	Beds are Burning by Midnight Oil Animal Crackers

“Environmentalists sometimes succumb to a joyless life that belies their concern for a better environment. This cult of dissatisfaction is apt to add to the already fairly advanced joylessness we find among socially responsible, successful people, and to undermine one of the chief presuppositions of the ecological movement: that joy is related to the environment and to nature.”

Arne Naess

Deep Ecology is a philosophy that believes that all species are an equally important aspect of the world's ecology, and should be treated as equals. He is typically economically and culturally left, but his principal aspect is his extreme environmentalism.

History

The Deep Ecology movement, which emerged in 1973 through the work of Norwegian philosopher Arne Næss , represents a profound shift in environmental philosophy. Næss's seminal article introduced the concept of Deep Ecology as a critique and expansion of the traditional, anthropocentric (human-centered) environmentalism that dominated the discourse at the time. This new perspective emphasized the intrinsic value of all living beings and the need for a radical rethinking of humanity's relationship with the natural world.

Origins and Philosophical Foundations

Arne Næss coined the term "Deep Ecology" to distinguish it from "Shallow Ecology," which he saw as focusing merely on pollution and resource depletion without addressing deeper issues of values and human behavior. Deep Ecology, in contrast, advocates for a fundamental shift in consciousness, recognizing the interconnectedness of all life and the importance of preserving the ecological integrity of the planet. Some key influences of the movement were and still are:

Rachel Carson

Rachel Carson (1907-1964) was an American marine biologist, author, and conservationist whose work is often credited with advancing the global environmental movement. Her most influential book, "Silent Spring", published in 1962, exposed the dangers of indiscriminate pesticide use, particularly DDT, on wildlife, ecosystems, and human health. Carson's meticulous research and eloquent writing brought to light the interconnectedness of all living things and the far-reaching consequences of human actions on the environment.

"Silent Spring" was a catalyst for change, leading to policy reforms and the eventual ban of DDT in the United States. Carson's work emphasized the need for a more holistic understanding of the natural world, recognizing the delicate balance within ecosystems. Her advocacy for precautionary principles in environmental management resonated deeply with the core tenets of Deep Ecology, inspiring a generation of environmental activists and thinkers to consider the intrinsic value of nature beyond its utility to humans.

Gary Snyder

Gary Snyder (1930-present) is an American poet, essayist, and environmental activist whose work has significantly influenced the Deep Ecology movement. Snyder's writings blend themes of nature, spirituality, and human culture, drawing on his deep understanding of Eastern philosophies, particularly Zen Buddhism , as well as his intimate knowledge of the natural world gained through his work as a logger and fire lookout.

Snyder's poetry and essays advocate for a biocentric perspective, emphasizing the interconnectedness of all life and the need for humans to live in harmony with the Earth. His book "The Practice of the Wild" (1990) is considered a seminal work in Deep Ecology, offering profound insights into how humanity can reconnect with nature through mindfulness and sustainable living. Snyder's vision of ecological consciousness and respect for all forms of life has inspired many within the Deep Ecology movement.

Pentti Linkola

Pentti Linkola (1932-2020) was a Finnish fisherman, writer, and radical environmentalist known for his controversial views on environmental conservation and human population control. Linkola's writings advocate for a return to a simpler, more sustainable way of life, arguing that modern industrial civilization is inherently destructive to the natural world.

Linkola's ideas are often described as ecocentric and deeply aligned with the principles of Deep Ecology. He believed that drastic measures were necessary to preserve the Earth's ecosystems, including significant reductions in human population and consumption . While his views were often polarizing, Linkola's stark warnings about the consequences of unchecked industrial growth and environmental degradation have contributed to the discourse on the need for profound changes in human behavior to protect the planet.

Chihiro Okada

Chihiro Okada (1978-present) is a less widely known but influential Japanese environmental philosopher whose work has contributed to the Deep Ecology movement. Okada's writings focus on the spiritual and philosophical aspects of humanity's relationship with nature, drawing on traditional Japanese concepts such as "Satoyama," a term that describes the harmonious coexistence between humans and nature in rural landscapes.

Okada advocates for a holistic approach to environmentalism, emphasizing the importance of cultural and spiritual values in fostering a sustainable relationship with the Earth. His work has highlighted the need for integrating traditional ecological knowledge with modern environmental practices, advocating for a deeper understanding and respect for the natural world. Okada's philosophy aligns with Deep Ecology's emphasis on intrinsic value and interconnectedness, contributing to a broader, more culturally inclusive vision of ecological sustainability.

David Brower

David Brower (1912-2000) was a prominent American environmentalist and the first executive director of the Sierra Club. His leadership transformed the organization into a powerful force for environmental advocacy. Brower's activism played a crucial role in numerous conservation campaigns, including the protection of the Grand Canyon, the establishment of national parks, and the fight against destructive dam projects.

Brower later founded Friends of the Earth and the League of Conservation Voters, continuing his relentless efforts to safeguard the environment. His approach to environmentalism was deeply rooted in the belief that wilderness and biodiversity have intrinsic value and should be preserved for their own sake. Brower's passionate defense of nature and his ability to mobilize public support for environmental causes made him a key figure in the Deep Ecology movement, which shares his commitment to protecting the natural world from human exploitation.

Paul R. Ehrlich

Paul R. Ehrlich (1932-present) is an American biologist and professor of population studies at Stanford University, best known for his 1968 book "The Population Bomb." Co-authored with his wife, Anne Ehrlich, the book warned of the dire consequences of rapid population growth, including famine, resource depletion, and environmental degradation. Although some of Ehrlich's more dire predictions did not come to pass, his work highlighted the unsustainable nature of exponential population growth and its impact on the planet's ecosystems.

Ehrlich's advocacy for population control and sustainable resource use brought attention to the limits of Earth's carrying capacity. His emphasis on the need to reduce human impact on the environment aligns with Deep Ecology's call for a profound transformation in how humanity interacts with nature. Ehrlich's work underscored the interconnectedness of ecological and social issues, advocating for integrated solutions that address both environmental sustainability and human well-being.

Additional Contributions and Influence

Beyond these key figures, the Deep Ecology movement has been shaped by a broader array of thinkers, activists, and organizations. For instance, Aldo Leopold's "land ethic," as articulated in his 1949 book "A Sand County Almanac," emphasized the moral responsibility of humans to care for the land. This ethic of respect for nature's intrinsic value parallels the principles of Deep Ecology.

Philosophers such as Henry David Thoreau and John Muir also contributed to the ideological foundation of Deep Ecology through their writings and advocacy for the preservation of wild spaces. Thoreau's transcendentalism and Muir's wilderness preservation efforts underscored the spiritual and ethical dimensions of humanity's relationship with the natural world.

Development and Spread of Deep Ecology

The 1970s and 1980s saw the ideas of Deep Ecology gain traction among environmentalists, academics, and activists. The movement advocated for policies and lifestyles that respected the rights of all species and promoted ecological sustainability. It called for a shift away from industrial growth and consumerism towards more sustainable and ecologically harmonious ways of living.

Greenpeace

It was during this time that Greenpeace was created, playing a significant influence on the Deep Ecology movement. Founded in 1971, Greenpeace's direct action campaigns against whaling, nuclear testing, and other environmental threats highlighted the urgent need for a more radical approach to environmental protection. Greenpeace's emphasis on bearing witness and non-violent protest resonated with Deep Ecology's ethical and philosophical stance.

Greenpeace's approach to environmental activism—characterized by dramatic, media-savvy interventions—helped to raise public awareness and galvanize support for environmental causes. The organization's commitment to the protection of all life forms and its recognition of the interconnectedness of ecological systems echoed the core tenets of Deep Ecology, reinforcing the movement's call for a deep-seated change in human attitudes and behaviors toward nature.

Expansion and Academic Influence

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Deep Ecology influenced a variety of academic disciplines, including philosophy, biology, and environmental studies. Scholars began to explore and elaborate on Næss's ideas, leading to a richer and more nuanced understanding of Deep Ecology. Environmental philosophers such as George Sessions and Bill Devall further developed the theoretical underpinnings of Deep Ecology, emphasizing biocentric equality and ecological wisdom.

Controversies and Today's Legacy

Despite its significant influence, the Deep Ecology movement has faced numerous criticism since its conception. Critics argue that its biocentric approach can be impractical or overly idealistic for addressing real-world environmental issues. Additionally, some point out that Deep Ecology's focus on reducing human population and consumption may neglect social justice concerns, potentially conflicting with the needs of marginalized communities. Others criticize the movement for its perceived lack of actionable solutions compared to more pragmatic environmental approaches.

Nonetheless, the Deep Ecology movement has made a lasting impact on environmental thought and activism. Its emphasis on the intrinsic value of nature and the need for profound ethical and cultural transformation continues to inspire new generations of environmentalists. Deep Ecology has influenced fields such as conservation biology, ecological economics, and environmental ethics, contributing to a broader and more holistic understanding of the human-nature relationship.

In today's environmental landscape, Deep Ecology's principles are evident in movements like rewilding, permaculture, and bioregionalism. These movements aim to restore ecosystems, promote sustainable living practices, and encourage communities to reconnect with their local environments. Moreover, Deep Ecology's influence extends to environmental education, shaping curricula that foster a deep respect for nature and an understanding of ecological interdependence.

Beliefs

Deep Ecology advocates for a profound integration of ecological principles and environmental ethics, focusing on redefining humanity's relationship with nature. It is both a philosophical framework and a social movement that promotes a holistic vision of the world. Deep ecologists assert that the survival of any part of the ecosystem is intrinsically linked to the well-being of the entire system. They criticize the anthropocentric narrative of human supremacy, which they argue has not been a pervasive feature in most cultures throughout human history. Instead, Deep Ecology offers an eco-centric (Earth-centered) perspective, in contrast to the anthropocentric (human-centered) view that was prominently developed by philosophers like Newton, Bacon, and Descartes.

Arne Næss, along with philosopher George Sessions, articulated the core tenets of Deep Ecology, which include:

1. The well-being and flourishing of human and non-human life on Earth have intrinsic value.
2. The richness and diversity of life forms are values in themselves.
3. Humans have no right to reduce this richness and diversity except to satisfy vital needs.
4. Present human interference with the non-human world is excessive and worsening.
5. Decreasing human population and rethinking economic growth are necessary for ecological sustainability.
6. Policies must change to affect basic economic, technological, and ideological structures.
7. Appreciating life quality rather than adhering to an increasingly higher standard of living.
8. Those who subscribe to the foregoing points have an obligation to try to implement the necessary changes.

Key principles

Eco-Centric Worldview

Proponents of Deep Ecology challenge the notions that humans are separate from nature, in control of nature, or stewards of nature, or that nature exists merely as a resource for human exploitation. They point to the practices of indigenous peoples, who historically managed their environments sustainably for thousands of years, as evidence that human societies are not inherently destructive. Deep ecologists believe that the prevailing materialist paradigm must be replaced with a more harmonious approach.

Holistic Vision

Deep Ecology promotes a holistic view of the world, where the well-being of the whole ecosystem is paramount. This holistic vision means recognizing the interconnectedness of all life forms and the intricate balance required to maintain the health of the biosphere. Deep ecologists argue that human well-being is ultimately dependent on the health of the entire ecosystem, and therefore, efforts to preserve and protect nature are essential for the long-term sustainability of human societies.

Historical Context and Critique of Anthropocentrism

Deep Ecology presents an eco-centric view, challenging the anthropocentric perspectives that were developed during the Enlightenment. During this time, philosophers emphasized human dominion over nature, laying the groundwork for the industrial and technological advancements that followed. Deep ecologists critique this anthropocentric worldview, arguing that it has led to the exploitation and degradation of natural resources for human gain, without due consideration for the long-term consequences on ecosystems and biodiversity.

Proponents of Deep Ecology cite the sustainable practices of indigenous peoples as evidence that human societies can live in harmony with nature. Indigenous cultures often had a deep understanding of ecological balance and maintained their environments without depleting resources, demonstrating that destructive practices are not an inherent aspect of human nature. Deep ecologists advocate for learning from indigenous wisdom and incorporating traditional ecological knowledge into contemporary conservation efforts.

Societal and Systemic Changes

Deep ecologists argue that the current materialist paradigm, characterized by relentless economic growth and consumerism, must be replaced. They critique the anthropocentric worldview that prioritizes human desires and economic interests over the health of the planet. Deep Ecology calls for a shift towards more sustainable and regenerative economic systems that prioritize ecological integrity and human well-being over short-term profits.

As Næss stated: "We need changes in society such that reason and emotion support each other. This requires not only a change in technological and economic systems but also a transformation that touches all fundamental aspects of industrial societies. This is what I mean by a change of 'system.'" Deep Ecology advocates for a fundamental reorientation of societal values and priorities, recognizing the interconnectedness of environmental, social, and economic systems. This holistic approach requires addressing underlying drivers of environmental degradation, including overconsumption, inequality, and unsustainable resource extraction.

Environmental Impact and Human Population

Deep ecologists argue that the environmental damage sustained since the Industrial Revolution now threatens social collapse and the possible extinction of humans. They strive to enact the ideological, economic, and technological changes that Næss envisioned. Human activities, such as deforestation, pollution, and habitat destruction, have exceeded the Earth's capacity to absorb and regenerate, leading to biodiversity loss, climate change, and ecosystem collapse. Deep Ecology calls for urgent action to mitigate these impacts and restore ecological balance.

Deep Ecology posits that ecosystems can only absorb damage within certain limits and contends that modern civilization jeopardizes the Earth's biodiversity. Some deep ecologists suggest that the human population needs to be significantly reduced, advocating for a gradual decrease rather than drastic measures. In a 1982 interview, Arne Næss mentioned that a global population of 100 million (0.1 billion) would be ideal, though others argue that a population of 1 to 2 billion could be compatible with Deep Ecology principles, acknowledging the complex socio-political challenges associated with population reduction and emphasizing the importance of empowering women. That is, ensuring access to reproductive healthcare, and promoting education and economic opportunities as part of a comprehensive approach to population stabilization.

Political and Social Dimensions

Deep Ecology transcends traditional left-wing and right-wing politics, often being viewed as radical ('Deep Green') due to its opposition to capitalism and its promotion of an ecological paradigm. Deep ecologists critique the limitations of conventional political ideologies in addressing environmental issues and advocate for a paradigm shift towards more ecologically sustainable and socially just systems. This includes challenging corporate power, promoting grassroots activism, and fostering community-based solutions to environmental challenges.

Unlike conventional conservation, which focuses on the controlled preservation of natural areas, Deep Ecology advocates for minimal human interference with natural diversity, except to meet vital needs. Deep ecologists argue that attempts to control or manage ecosystems often lead to unintended consequences and further disruption of ecological processes. Instead, Deep Ecology calls for a more hands-off approach to conservation, where humans act as stewards rather than controllers of nature, allowing ecosystems to evolve and adapt naturally.

Personality

• Likes to think that nature is always right and that humans are, at best, tolerated guests.
• Spends hours meditating with its kale to ensure it’s on board with becoming a salad.
• Lives in a yurt built using fallen branches and mud.
• Enjoys having long debates with the neighbor’s roses, trying to convince them to go wild instead of remaining "enslaved by human aesthetics".
• Gets angry at people for stepping on ants or grass because “all other living beings have feelings too”.

How to Draw

Flag of Deep Ecology

1. Draw a ball
2. Colour it dark green (#007000)
3. Draw a white circle but don't fill it in
4. Draw a white diameter for the circle going horizontally
5. Add the eyes and you're done!

Color Name		HEX	RGB
	Green	#007000	0, 112, 0
	White	#FFFFFF	255, 255, 255

Relationships

Animal-huggers

• Veganarchism - Sometimes I go to the vegan farmers' market with him.
• Buddhist Theocracy - "We can all do something to protect and care for our planet. If we cultivate a deep awareness of the Earth and our interconnectedness with all beings, we will naturally develop compassion and the desire to protect the Earth and each other." – Thich Nhat Hanh
• Environmentalism - Hi mom!
• Eco-Socialism - Fellow green egalitarian.
• Post-Industrialism - Thanks for stopping industrialism!
• Anti-Humanism - Human exceptionalism is nonsense. And we both hate being confused for misanthropy.
• All other environmentalists - Godspeed!

Frenemies

• Primalism - Your rights will be protected, but I don't want to return to monke (that's misanthropy). I just want monkeys and humans to peacefully coexist.
• Libertarian Municipalism - I would like you more, but STOP CALLING ME FAKE ECOLOGY!!! I AM NOT A MISANTHROPE!!!
• Eco-Authoritarianism - Uh, calm down?
• Eco-Fascism - Yeah, you too.
• Neoluddism - You're a bit too wacky tbh.
• Technocracy - Some good ideas, but too statist and sometimes "forgets" to care for the environment.
• Nazism - Cruel, soulless tyrant... who cared about animal rights?

Tree-choppers

• Industrialism - DIE YOU SMOG-MAKING, TREE-CHOPPING, ANIMAL-BEATING, HUMAN RIGHT-VIOLATING, FACTORY-CHURNING, DICKHEAD!
• Apoliticism - STOP GRILLING ANIMALS!
  • Okay, calm down. I can grill veggies too.

• Posadism - DON'T NUKE THE EARTH!
• Climate Skepticism - Unlike the other polluters who at least claim to have good intentions (as horribly misguided as they are), you're just plain evil for the sake of being evil.
• Humanism - Stop human supremacy and start treating monkeys as equals .
• Post-Humanism - My worst nightmare because he seeks to wipe out all biological organisms.
• Social Darwinism - ALL species have value, including "weak" ones.
• Maoism - FUCK YOU, stop killing sparrows!

Further Information

Wikipedia

• Deep Ecology
• Biocentrism
• Green politics
• Greenpeace
• European Green Party (EGP)
• Greens/European Free Alliance (Greens/EFA)
• Party for the Animals (PvdD)
• The Greens (Die Grünen)
• Fundi
• Animalist Party with the Environment (PACMA)

YouTube

Videos

• Environmental Ethics: Deep Ecology

Literature

Articles

• Deep Ecology, by Arne Næss
• Deep Ecology: A Debate on the Role of Humans in the Environment, by Wendy Ambrosius
• From Deep Ecology to Integral Ecology: A Retrospective Study, by Michael E. Zimmerman
• The Deep Ecology Movement, by Bill Devall

Books

• Silent Spring, by Rachel Carson
• A Collection of Essays, by Pentti Linkola
• Can Life Prevail?, by Pentti Linkola
• The Practise of the Wild, by Gary Snyder
• A Place in Space, by Gary Snyder
• Mountains and Rivers Without End, by Gary Snyder
• The Making of the Environmental Movement, by David Brower
• The Population Bomb, by Paul R. Ehrlich and Anne Ehrlich
• Walden, or, Life in the Woods, by Henry David Thoreau
• My First Summer in the Sierra, by John Muir

Other

• Deep Ecology Website
• Encyclopædia Britannica's Page
• Greenpeace Website

Gallery

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  u/H501 Source

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  Old Portrait