Enlightenment Thought: Difference between revisions
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{{Ideology |
{{Ideology |
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|title |
|title=[[File:Enlightenment.png]] '''{{Glow|Enlightenment Thought|#FFF881}}''' |
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|image |
|image= |
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EnglightThought.png |
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enlightenment1.png|Candle |
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|caption=“Eureka!” |
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Enlightenment3.png|Glow |
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|aliases={{ScrollBox| |
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</gallery> |
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[[File:Gero.png]] The Grandfather<br> Proto-Progressivism<br> Cenoprogressivism<br> |
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|caption = Eureka! |
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Post-Renaissance Politics<br> |
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[[File:Enlightenment.png]] Illuminism<br> [[File:AntiReact.png]] Anti-Obscurantism<br> [[File:Enlightenment.png]] Counter-Obscurantism<br> |
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|alignments = [[File:Nonquadrant.png]] [[NonQuad]] |
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Humeanism 2.0 ([[File:Kant.png]] Kantianism)<br> |
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[[File: |
Proto-Conservative Liberalism ([[File:Montesquieu.png]] Montesquieuanism)<br> |
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[[File: |
Proto-Post Modernism ([[File:Sadist.png]] Sadism)<br> |
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Romantic National Liberalism ([[File:Hegel.png]] Hegelianism) |
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[[File:Humanismpix.png]] [[Humanism]] <br> |
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}} |
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[[File:ProtTheo.png]] [[Protestant Theocracy|The Reformation]] (allegedly) <br> |
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|alignments= |
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|influenced = |
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[[File:Nonquadrant.png|link=:Category:Non-Quadrant]] [[:Category:Non-Quadrant|{{Color|#FFFFFF|'''Non-Quadrant'''}}]] |
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{{Info|Culturally Left}}(For its time, In general)<br> |
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|influences= |
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[[File:CapAnti_Clerical.png]] [[Secularism|Anti-Clericalism]]<br> |
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[[File:AntiReact.png]] Anti-Reactionaryism<br> |
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[[File:Antifeud.png]] Anti-Feudalism<br> |
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[[File:Antimon.png]] Anti-Monarchism (Most)<br> |
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[[File:Reform.png]] [[Reformism]]<br> |
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[[File:ProtTheo.png]] [[Protestant Theocracy|The Reformation]] (Allegedly) |
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|influenced={{ScrollBox| |
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[[File:Abolitionism.png]] [[Abolitionism]]<br> |
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[[File:Anego.png]] [[Anarcho-Egoism]]<br> |
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[[File:Babouvism.png]] [[Babouvism]]<br> |
[[File:Babouvism.png]] [[Babouvism]]<br> |
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[[File: |
[[File:Bolivarism.png]] [[Bolivarianism]]<br> |
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[[File:Clib.png]] [[Classical Liberalism]]<br> |
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[[File:Deepe.png]] [[Deep Ecology]]<br> |
[[File:Deepe.png]] [[Deep Ecology]]<br> |
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[[File: |
[[File:Fash.png]] [[Fascism]]<br> |
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[[File:Illum.png]] [[Illuminatism]]<br> |
[[File:Illum.png]] [[Illuminatism]]<br> |
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[[File:Jack.png]] [[Jacobinism]]<br> |
[[File:Jack.png]] [[Jacobinism]]<br> |
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[[File:Enlightmon.png]] [[Enlightened Absolutism]]<br> |
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[[File:Lib.png]] [[Liberalism]]<br> |
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[[File:Bckchn.png]] [[Libertarian Municipalism]]<br> |
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[[File:Ormarxf.png]] [[Marxism]]<br> |
[[File:Ormarxf.png]] [[Marxism]]<br> |
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[[File:Ego.png]] [[Egoism]]<br> |
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[[File:Nation.png]] [[Nationalism]]<br> |
[[File:Nation.png]] [[Nationalism]]<br> |
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[[File:NeoEnl.png]] [[Neo-Enlightenment]]<br> |
[[File:NeoEnl.png]] [[Neo-Enlightenment]]<br> |
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[[File:Physiocracypix.png]] [[Physiocracy]]<br> |
[[File:Physiocracypix.png]] [[Physiocracy]]<br> |
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[[File:Prog-u.png]] [[Progressivism]]<br> |
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[[File:Republicanismpix.png]] [[Republicanism]]<br> |
[[File:Republicanismpix.png]] [[Republicanism]]<br> |
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[[File:Totalitarian.png]] [[Totalitarianism]] <br> |
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|theorists = |
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}} |
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*[[File:Humanismpix.png]] [[Humanism|Sir Francis Bacon]] (1561-1626), [[File:Cball-England.png]] Kingdom of England\[[File:Cball-GB.png]] Great Britain |
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|sub = |
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*[[File:Hobbes.png]] [[Authoritarian Conservatism|Thomas Hobbes]] (1588-1679), [[File:Cball-England.png]] England |
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|school = |
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*[[File:Newton.png]] [[Scientocracy|Issac Newton]] (1643-1727), [[File:Cball-England.png]] Kingdom of England\[[File:Cball-GB.png]] Great Britain |
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[[File:Descartes.png]] '''{{PHB|Cartesianism}}''' {{Collapse| |
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*[[File:Descartes.png]] [[Apoliticism|René Descartes]] (1596-1650) [[File:Cball-FranceKingdom.png]] [[File:Cball-DutchRepublic.png]] The Kingdom of France/The Dutch Republic |
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*[[File:Aristotle.png]] [[Noocracy|Aristotelianism]] |
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*[[File:Classlib.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|John Locke]] (1632-1704), [[File:Cball-England.png]] Kingdom of England |
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*[[File:Augustinianism.png]] [[Christian Theocracy|Augustinianism]] |
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*[[File:Physiocracypix.png]] [[Physiocracy|Anne Robert Jacques Turgot]] (1727-1781), [[File:Cball-France.png]] France |
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*[[File:Muslim 2.png]] {{PHB|Avicennism}} |
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*[[File:David Hume the icon.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism|David Hume]] (1711-1776), [[File:Cball-Scotland.png]] Scotland |
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*[[File:Catheo.png]] [[Catholic Theocracy]] |
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*[[File:Cap.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|Adam Smith]] (1723-1790), [[File:Cball-Scotland.png]] Scotland |
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*[[File:Deist.png]] {{PHB|Deism}} (Accused) |
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*[[File:Equality.png]] [[Republicanism|Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] (1712-1778), [[File:Cball-FranceKingdom.png]] Kingdom of France |
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*[[File:Ockhamism.png]] {{PHB|Nominalism|Occamism}} |
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*[[File:Sadist.png]] [[Anarcho-Nihilism|Marquis de Sade]] (1740-1814), [[File:Cball-FranceKingdom.png]] Kingdom of France |
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*[[File:Platon.png]] [[Noocracy|Platonism]] |
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*[[File:Kant.png]] [[Republicanism|Immanuel Kant]] (1724-1804) [[File:Cball-Prussia.png]] The Kingdom of Prussia |
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*[[File:Catheo.png]] {{PHB|Scotism}} |
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|examples = Europe, 17th Century |
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*[[File:Thomism.png]] [[Catholic Theocracy|Thomism]] |
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|likes = Writing books <br> Changing the old system <br> [[File:Equality.png]] Egalitarianism (Most) <br> Individual liberty |
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}} |
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|dislikes = [[File:Monarch.png]] Monarchists <br>}} |
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[[File:Hegel.png]] '''{{PHB|Hegelianism}}''' {{Collapse| |
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*[[File:Bonaparte.png]] [[Bonapartism]] |
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*[[File:Strato-Antifurry.png]] [[Stratocracy|Militarism]] |
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*[[File:Platon.png]] [[Noocracy|Platonism]] |
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*[[File:RomanticNationalism.png]] [[Nationalism|Romantic Nationalism]] |
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*[[File:AdamSmith.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|Smithianism]] |
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*[[File:Socrates.png]] [[Noocracy|Socratianism]] |
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}} |
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[[File:Kant.png]] '''{{PHB|Kantianism}}''' {{Collapse| |
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*[[File:Anti-Colonial.png]] Anti-Colonialism |
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*[[File:AntiDem.png]] Anti-Democracy |
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*[[File:Anti-Prim.png]] Anti-Primitivism |
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*[[File:Abolitionism.png]] [[Abolitionism|Anti-Slavery]] |
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*[[File:Aristotle.png]] [[Noocracy|Aristotelianism]] |
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*[[File:Civlibert.png]] [[Civil Libertarianism]] |
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*[[File:Consti.png]] [[Constitutionalism]] |
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*[[File:Cosmo.png]] [[Cosmopolitanism]] |
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*[[File:Fed.png]] [[Federalism]] |
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*[[File:DavidHume.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism|Humeanism]] |
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*[[File:Internation.png]] [[Internationalism]] |
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*[[File:JohnLocke.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|Lockeanism]] |
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*[[File:Newton.png]] [[Scientocracy|Newtonianism]] |
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*[[File:Platon.png]] [[Noocracy|Platonism]] |
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*[[File:DeathWatch.png]] Pro-Death Penalty |
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*[[File:Republicanismpix.png]] [[Republicanism]] |
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*[[File:ScientificRacism.png]] [[Racial Nationalism|Scientific Racism]] |
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*[[File:AdamSmith.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|Smithianism]] |
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}} |
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[[File:Rousseau.png]] '''{{PHB|Rousseauism}}''' {{Collapse| |
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*[[File:Farm.png]] [[Agrarianism]] |
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*[[File:Antiapolit.png]] Anti-Apoliticism |
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*[[File:AntiAtheism.png]] Anti-Atheism |
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*[[File:Anti-Parl.png]] Anti-Parliamentarianism |
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*[[File:Abolitionism.png]] [[Abolitionism|Anti-Slavery]] |
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*[[File:AntiFem.png]] [[Manosphere|Anti-Feminism]] |
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*[[File:Autarky.png]] [[Protectionism|Autarky]] |
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*[[File:Clib.png]] [[Classical Liberalism]] |
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*[[File:Deist.png]] {{PHB|Deism}} (Debatably) |
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*[[File:Directdem.png]] [[Democracy|Direct Democracy]] |
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*[[File:Fishe.png]] [[Authoritarian Conservatism|Hobbesianism]] |
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*[[File:DavidHume.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism|Humeanism]] |
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*[[File:Psychopathy.png]] Insanity (Later in life) |
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*[[File:JohnLocke.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|Lockeanism]] |
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*[[File:Platon.png]] [[Noocracy|Platonism]] |
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*[[File:DeathWatch.png]] Pro-Death Penalty |
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*[[File:Radlib.png]] [[Radicalism]] |
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*[[File:Republicanismpix.png]] [[Republicanism]] |
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*[[File:Totdem.png]] [[Illiberal Democracy|Totalitarian Democracy]] (Accused) |
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*[[File:Utsoc.png]] [[Utopian Socialism]] |
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}} |
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[[File:Spinoza.png]] '''{{PHB|Spinozism}}''' {{Collapse| |
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*[[File:Clib.png]] [[Classical Liberalism]] |
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*[[File:Dem.png]] [[Democracy]] |
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*[[File:Freespeech.png]] [[Civil Libertarianism|Freedom of Thought]] |
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*[[File:Secular.png]] [[Secularism]] |
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*[[File:NeoSpinoza.png]] '''Neo-Spinozism''' |
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**[[File:Directdem.png]] [[Democracy|Direct Democracy]] |
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**[[File:Neomarx.png]] [[Neo-Marxism]] |
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**[[File:Raddem.png]] [[Radical Democracy]] |
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**'''Factions:''' |
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***[[File:Auton.png]] [[Autonomism]] |
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***[[File:Meta-Anarchism.png]] [[Nomadology]] |
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}} |
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|regional = |
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[[File:Diderot.png]] '''Diderotianism''' {{Collapse| |
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*[[File:Anti-Elite.png]] Anti-Aristocracy |
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*[[File:Anti-Catholic.png]] Anti-Catholicism |
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*[[File:CapAnti_Clerical.png]] [[Secularism|Anti-Clericalism]] |
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*[[File:Aristotle.png]] [[Athenian Democracy|Aristotelianism]] |
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*[[File:JohnLocke.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|Lockeanism]] |
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*[[File:Mach.png]] [[Machiavellianism]] |
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*[[File:Newton.png]] [[Scientocracy|Newtonianism]] |
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*[[File:Republicanismpix.png]] [[Republicanism]] |
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*[[File:Ultraprogressivism.png]] [[Revolutionary Progressivism]] |
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*'''Historically:''' |
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**[[File:Deist.png]] {{PHB|Deism}} |
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}} |
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[[File:Fichteanism.png]] '''{{PHB|Fichtean Idealism}}''' {{Collapse| |
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*[[File:Atheism.png]] Atheism (Accused) |
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*[[File:Unitary.png]] [[Centralism]] |
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*[[File:Col.png]] Collectivism |
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*[[File:Cultural_Nationalism.png]] [[Cultural Nationalism]] |
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*[[File:Cball-France.png]] Francophilia |
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*[[File:Esosoc.png]] [[Esoteric Socialism]] |
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*[[File:Jacobin.png]] [[Jacobinism]] |
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*[[File:Merc.png]] [[Mercantilism]] |
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*[[File:Nihil.png]] {{PHB|Nihilism}} (Accused) |
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*[[File:Panhumanism.png]] Panhumanism (Later on) |
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*[[File:Paternalism.png]] [[Paternalism]] |
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*[[File:Modcultnat.png]] [[Patriotism]] |
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*[[File:ProtTheo.png]] [[Protestant Theocracy]] (Later on) |
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}} |
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[[File:Montesquieu.png]] '''Montesquieuanism''' {{Collapse| |
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*[[File:Abolitionism.png]] [[Abolitionism|Anti-Slavery]] |
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*[[File:Aristotle.png]] [[Noocracy|Aristotelianism]] |
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*[[File:Descartes.png]] Cartesianism |
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*[[File:Optim.png]] [[Optimateism|Ciceronianism]] |
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*[[File:Clib.png]] [[Classical Liberalism]] |
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*[[File:Consti.png]] [[Constitutionalism]] |
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*[[File:Fishe.png]] [[Authoritarian Conservatism|Hobbesianism]] |
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*[[File:JohnLocke.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|Lockeanism]] |
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*[[File:Merc.png]] [[Mercantilism]] |
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}} |
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[[File:Sadist.png]] '''Sadism''' {{Collapse| |
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*[[File:Thar.png]] [[Anti-Authoritarianism]] |
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*[[File:Fishe.png]] [[Authoritarian Conservatism|Hobbesianism]] |
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*[[File:Jack.png]] [[Jacobinism]] |
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*[[File:Mach.png]] [[Machiavellianism]] |
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*[[File:Republicanismpix.png]] [[Republicanism]] |
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*[[File:Ultraprogressivism.png]] [[Revolutionary Progressivism]] |
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*[[File:Sexocracy.png]] {{PCBA|Sexocracy|Sexual Revolution}} |
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*'''Historically: |
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**[[File:Arist.png]] [[Aristocracy]]<ref>Around the time Sade left prison, all titles of nobility were abolished.</ref> |
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}} |
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[[File:Voltaire.png]] '''Voltairianism''' {{Collapse| |
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*[[File:Abolitionism.png]] [[Abolitionism]] |
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*[[File:Deepe.png]] [[Deep Ecology|Animal Rights]] |
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*[[File:Anti-Elite.png]] Anti-Aristocracy |
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*[[File:AntiAtheism.png]] Anti-Atheism |
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*[[File:Anti-Catholic.png]] Anti-Catholicism |
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*[[File:CapAnti_Clerical.png]] [[Secularism|Anti-Clericalism]] |
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*[[File:AntiDem.png]] Anti-Democracy |
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*[[File:Anti-Semitic.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Semitism}} (Allegedly) |
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*[[File:Anti-Christian.png]] {{PCBA|Christophobia}} |
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*[[File:Civlibert.png]] [[Civil Libertarianism]] |
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*[[File:Clib.png]] [[Classical Liberalism]] |
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*[[File:Confucianism.png]] [[Traditionalism|Confucianism]] |
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*[[File:Deist.png]] {{PHB|Deism}} |
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*[[File:Enlightmon.png]] [[Enlightened Absolutism]] |
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*[[File:Hind.png]] [[Hindu Theocracy]] (Sympathetic) |
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*[[File:DavidHume.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism|Humeanism]] |
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*[[File:Islamophobia.png]] {{PCBA|Islamophobia}} |
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*[[File:JohnLocke.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|Lockeanism]] |
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*[[File:Optim.png]] [[Optimateism|Ciceronianism]] |
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*[[File:Newton.png]] [[Scientocracy|Newtonianism]] |
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*[[File:Platon.png]] [[Noocracy|Platonism]] |
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*[[File:Rational.png]] {{PHB|Rationalism}} |
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*[[File:Secular.png]] [[Secularism]] |
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*[[File:Envi.png]] [[Environmentalism|Vegetarianism]] |
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}} |
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|personal = |
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[[File:Civlibert.png]] '''Beccarianism''' {{Collapse| |
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*[[File:Civlibert.png]] [[Civil Libertarianism]] |
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*[[File:Clib.png]] [[Classical Liberalism]] |
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*[[File:Consti.png]] [[Constitutionalism]] |
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*[[File:Reform.png]] [[Reformism]] |
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}} |
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[[File:Tradcon.png]] '''Bolingbrokeism''' {{Collapse| |
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*[[File:Anglican Theocracyf.png]] [[Protestant Theocracy|Anglican Theocracy]] (Supportive) |
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*[[File:AntiAbs.png]] Anti-Absolutism |
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*[[File:CapAnti_Clerical.png]] [[Secularism|Anti-Clericalism]] |
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*[[File:Anti-Corrupt.png]] Anti-Corruption |
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*[[File:AntiWalpole.png]] Anti-Walpoleism |
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*[[File:Tradcon.png]] [[Classical Conservatism]] |
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*[[File:Conmon.png]] [[Constitutional Monarchism]] |
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*[[File:Cball-France.png]] Francophilia |
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*[[File:Jabotite.png]] [[Jacobitism]] |
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*[[File:Modnat.png]] [[Patriotism]] |
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}} |
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[[File:RenaissanceHumanism.png]] '''Grotianism''' {{Collapse| |
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*[[File:CapAnti_Clerical.png]] [[Secularism|Anti-Clericalism]] |
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*[[File:Consti.png]] [[Constitutionalism]] |
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*[[File:Cosmo.png]] [[Cosmopolitanism]] |
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*[[File:Internation.png]] [[Internationalism]] |
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*[[File:Mil.png]] [[Stratocracy|Militarism]] |
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*[[File:Pac.png]] {{PCBA|Pacifism}} |
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*[[File:ProtTheo.png]] [[Protestant Theocracy|Protestantism]] |
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*[[File:Secular.png]] [[Secularism]] |
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}} |
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[[File:JamesHarrington.png]] '''Harringtonism''' {{Collapse| |
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*[[File:AgCap.png]] [[Agrarian Capitalism]] |
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*[[File:CapAnti_Clerical.png]] [[Secularism|Anti-Clericalism]] |
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*[[File:Antifeud.png]] Anti-Feudalism |
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*[[File:Consti.png]] [[Constitutionalism]] |
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*[[File:Demarchy.png]] [[Demarchy]] |
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*[[File:5thMonarchism.png]] [[Cultism|Fifth Monarchism]] |
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*[[File:Israelite.png]] [[Jewish Theocracy|Israelite System]] |
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*[[File:LandReform.png]] [[Agrarian Socialism|Land Reformism]] |
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*[[File:Levellism.png]] [[Radicalism|Levellism]] |
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*[[File:Mach.png]] [[Machiavellianism]] |
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*[[File:Materialism.png]] Materialism |
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*[[File:Mil.png]] [[Stratocracy|Militarism]] |
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*[[File:Parl.png]] [[Parliamentarianism]] |
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*[[File:Populare.png]] [[Populareism]] |
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*[[File:Property.png]] [[Propertarianism]] |
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*[[File:Historical Materialism.png]] Proto-Historical Materialism |
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*[[File:Civlibert.png]] [[Civil Libertarianism|Religious Freedom]] |
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*[[File:Republicanismpix.png]] [[Republicanism]] |
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*[[File:Res Publica.png]] [[Roman Republicanism]] |
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*[[File:Roundhead.png]] [[Parliamentarianism|Roundheadism]] |
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*[[File:Sparta.png]] [[Diarchy|Spartanism]] |
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*[[File:Tellur.png]] [[Imperialism#Tellurocracy|Tellurocracy]] |
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*[[File:Cball-Veneto.png]] [[Patchwork|Venetian Republicanism]] |
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}} |
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[[File:MiguelHidalgo.png]] '''Hidalguismo''' {{Collapse| |
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*[[File:Abolitionism.png]] [[Abolitionism]] |
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*[[File:Farmpop.png]] [[Agrarianism|Agrarian Populism]] |
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*[[File:AntiAbs.png]] Anti-Absolutism |
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*[[File:Anti-Colonial.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Imperialism|Anti-Colonialism}} |
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*[[File:CapAnti_Clerical.png]] [[Secularism|Anti-Clericalism]] |
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*[[File:AntiReact.png]] Anti-Reactionaryism |
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*[[File:Catheo.png]] [[Catholic Theocracy]] |
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*[[File:Caudillo.png]] [[Caudillismo]] |
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*[[File:Conmon.png]] [[Constitutional Monarchism]] |
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*[[File:Native.png]] [[Indigenism]] |
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*[[File:Lutheran Theocracy.png]] [[Protestant Theocracy|Lutheranism]] (accused by [[File:Inquisition.png]] [[Catholic Theocracy|Inquisition Model]]) |
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*[[File:Classicalliberalnationalism-icon.png]] [[National Liberalism]] |
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*[[File:PanAmer.png]] [[Pan-Nationalism#Pan-Americanism|Pan-Americanism]] |
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*[[File:Secular Clergy.png]] Secular Clergy |
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}} |
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[[File:HuangZongxi.png]] '''Huang Zongxi Thought''' {{Collapse| |
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*[[File:AntiAbs.png]] Anti-Absolutism |
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*[[File:Anti-Corrupt.png]] Anti-Corruption |
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*[[File:Antifeud.png]] Anti-Feudalism |
|||
*[[File:Anti-Qing.png]] Anti-Qing |
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*[[File:Civlibert.png]] [[Civil Libertarianism]] |
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*[[File:Conmon.png]] [[Constitutional Monarchism]] |
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*[[File:LandReform.png]] [[Agrarian Socialism|Land Reformism]] |
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*[[File:Merit.png]] [[Meritocracy]] |
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*[[File:Cball-Ming.png]] [[Absolute Monarchism|Ming Loyalism]] |
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*[[File:NC.png]] [[Traditionalism|Neo-Confucianism]] |
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*[[File:Parl.png]] [[Parliamentarianism]] |
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*[[File:Scientocracy Small.png]] [[Scientocracy]] |
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}} |
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[[File:Radishchev.png]] '''Radishchevism''' {{Collapse| |
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*[[File:Abolitionism.png]] [[Abolitionism]] |
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*[[File:Anti-Corrupt.png]] Anti-Corruption |
|||
*[[File:Anti-Elitism.png]] Anti-Elitism |
|||
*[[File:Antifeud.png]] Anti-Feudalism |
|||
*[[File:AntiCaste.png]] Anti-Serfdom |
|||
*[[File:Civlibert.png]] [[Civil Libertarianism]] |
|||
*[[File:Clib.png]] [[Classical Liberalism]] |
|||
*[[File:Consti.png]] [[Constitutionalism]] |
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*[[File:Fed.png]] [[Federalism]] |
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*[[File:Jacobin.png]] [[Jacobinism]] (Supportive) |
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*[[File:Modnat.png]] [[Patriotism]] |
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*[[File:Protect.png]] [[Protectionism]] |
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*[[File:Radlib.png]] [[Radicalism]] |
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*[[File:Republicanismpix.png]] [[Republicanism]] |
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*[[File:Washdem2.png]] [[Classical Liberalism#Washingtonism|Washingtonism]] (Supportive) |
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}} |
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[[File:WangFuzhi.png]] '''Wang Fuzhi Thought/Chuanshanism''' {{Collapse| |
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*[[File:Antifeud.png]] Anti-Feudalism |
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*[[File:Anti-Qing.png]] [[Ethnonationalism|Anti-Manchu Sentiment]] |
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*[[File:AntiNC.png]] Anti-Neo-Confucianism |
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*[[File:Confucianism.png]] [[Traditionalism|Confucianism]] |
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*[[File:LandReform.png]] [[Agrarian Socialism|Land Reformism]] |
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*[[File:Legalism.png]] [[Machiavellianism|Legalism]] |
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*[[File:Materialism.png]] Materialism |
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*[[File:Cball-Ming.png]] [[Absolute Monarchism|Ming Loyalism]] |
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*[[File:Regulationism.png]] [[Regulationism]] |
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}} |
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[[File:YunChiho.png]] '''Yun Chi-ho Thought''' {{Collapse| |
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*[[File:AntiAm.png]] Anti-Americanism |
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*[[File:Anti-Bolshevik.png]] Anti-Bolshevism |
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*[[File:AntiFem.png]] Anti-Feminism |
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*[[File:AntiNazism.png]] Anti-Nazism |
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*[[File:Antipop.png]] Anti-Populism |
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*[[File:Antisoc.png]] Anti-Socialism |
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*[[File:ProtDem.png]] [[Christian Democracy]] (Initially) |
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*[[File:Ghandi.png]] [[Gandhian Socialism]] (Sympathetic) |
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*[[File:Parl.png]] [[Parliamentarianism]] |
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*[[File:Racenat.png]] [[Racial Nationalism]] |
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}} |
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|theorists=[[File:PanAmer.png]] '''Americas''' {{Collapse| |
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*[[File:Franklin.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|Benjamin Franklin]] (1706-1790) [[File:Cball-US.png]] {{PBW|USAball|USA}} |
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*[[File:Clib.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|George Mason]] (1725-1792) [[File:Cball-US.png]] {{PBW|USAball|USA}} |
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*[[File:Washdem2.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|George Washington]] (1732-1799) [[File:Cball-US.png]] {{PBW|USAball|USA}} |
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*[[File:Jeffersondem2.png]] [[Jeffersonian Democracy|Thomas Jefferson]] (1743-1826) [[File:Cball-US.png]] {{PBW|USAball|USA}} |
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*[[File:Madison.png]] [[Jeffersonian Democracy|James Madison]] (1751-1836) [[File:Cball-US.png]] {{PBW|USAball|USA}} |
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}} |
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[[File:Cball-Caricom.png]] '''Caribbean''' {{Collapse| |
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*[[File:Louverture.png]] [[Abolitionism|Toussaint Louverture]] (1743-1803) [[File:Cball-Haiti.png]] {{PBW|Haitiball|Haiti}} |
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*[[File:Frencons.png]] [[Constitutionalism#France|Vincent Ogé]] (1757-1791) [[File:Cball-Haiti.png]] {{PBW|Haitiball|Haiti}} |
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}} |
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[[File:Cball-Commonwealth.png]] '''Commonwealth Realm''' {{Collapse| |
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*[[File:FBacon.png]] [[Protestant Theocracy|Sir Francis Bacon]] (1561-1626) [[File:Cball-England.png]] {{PBW|Englandball|England}} |
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*[[File:Fishe.png]] [[Authoritarian Conservatism|Thomas Hobbes]] (1588-1679) [[File:Cball-England.png]] {{PBW|Englandball|England}} |
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*[[File:JohnLocke.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|John Locke]] (1632-1704) [[File:Cball-England.png]] {{PBW|Englandball|England}} |
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*[[File:Newton.png]] [[Scientocracy|Isaac Newton]] (1643-1727) [[File:Cball-England.png]] {{PBW|Englandball|England}} |
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*[[File:Tradcon.png]] [[Classical Conservatism|Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke]] (1678-1751) [[File:Cball-GB.png]] {{PBW|UKball|Great Britain}} |
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*[[File:DavidHume.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism|David Hume]] (1711-1776) [[File:Cball-GB.png]] {{PBW|UKball|Great Britain}} |
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*[[File:AdamSmith.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|Adam Smith]] (1723-1790) [[File:Cball-GB.png]] {{PBW|UKball|Great Britain}} |
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*[[File:Paine.png]] [[Radicalism|Thomas Paine]] (1737–1809) [[File:Cball-GB.png]] {{PBW|UKball|Great Britain}}/[[File:Cball-US.png]] {{PBW|USAball|USA}} |
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*[[File:Wollstonecraft.png]] [[Liberal Feminism|Mary Wollstonecraft]] (1759-1797) [[File:Cball-GB.png]] {{PBW|UKball|Great Britain}} |
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}} |
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[[File:Cball-EU.png]] '''Europe''' {{Collapse| |
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*[[File:Descartes.png]] [[Apoliticism|René Descartes]] (1596-1650) [[File:Cball-FranceKingdom.png]] [[File:Cball-DutchRepublic.png]] France/Dutch Republic |
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*[[File:Spinoza.png]] [[Secularism|Baruch Spinoza]] (1632-1677) [[File:Cball-DutchRepublic.png]] Dutch Republic |
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*[[File:Rousseau.png]] [[Radicalism|Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] (1712-1778) [[File:Cball-FranceKingdom.png]] {{PBW|Franceball|France}} |
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*[[File:Kant.png]] [[Republicanism|Immanuel Kant]] (1724-1804) [[File:Cball-Prussia.png]] Prussia |
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*[[File:Physiocracypix.png]] [[Physiocracy|Anne Robert Jacques Turgot]] (1727-1781) [[File:Cball-FranceKingdom.png]] {{PBW|Franceball|France}} |
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*[[File:Sadist.png]] [[Republicanism|Marquis de Sade]] (1740-1814) [[File:Cball-FranceKingdom.png]] {{PBW|Franceball|France}} |
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*[[File:Radishchev.png]] [[Republicanism|Alexander Radishchev]] (1749-1802) [[File:Cball-Russia.png]] Russian Empire |
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*[[File:Anti-Marx.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|Heinrich Marx]] (1777-1838) [[File:Cball-Prussia.png]] Prussia |
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}} |
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|examples=[[File:Cball-EU.png]] Europe, 17th Century |
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|likes=Writing books<br> Changing the old system<br> [[File:Equality.png]] Egalitarianism (most)<br> [[File:Liberty.png]] Individual liberty |
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|dislikes=[[File:Monarch.png]] Most Monarchists<br> [[File:Reactcross.png]] Obscurantism [[File:CountEn.png]]<br> Maintaining the [[File:Feud.png]] [[File:Merc.png]] Old System [[File:Arist.png]] [[File:Abmon.png]]<br> |
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|song=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=izaEUF2Oys8 Enlightenment songs :)] |
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}} |
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{{Quote| |
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quote="The public use of a man's reason must be free at all times, and this alone can bring enlightenment among men..." |
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|speaker=[[File:Kant.png]] [[Republicanism|Immanuel Kant]] |
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}} |
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The '''Enlightenment''' was born some time in the late 17th century and is the ancestor of many, many ideologies. They are a broad ideology used to represent ideas of the [[w:Age of Enlightenment|Age of Enlightenment]]. Although their biggest contribution to the world was to give birth to [[File:Republicanismpix.png]] [[Republicanism]] and [[File:Clib.png]] [[Classical Liberalism]], they also caused the separation of church and state and went against tyranny. Their ideas promoted individual liberty, progress, fraternity, and tolerance. |
The '''Enlightenment''' was born some time in the late 17th century and is the ancestor of many, many ideologies. They are a broad ideology used to represent ideas of the [[w:Age of Enlightenment|Age of Enlightenment]]. Although their biggest contribution to the world was to give birth to [[File:Republicanismpix.png]] [[Republicanism]] and [[File:Clib.png]] [[Classical Liberalism]], they also caused the separation of church and state and went against tyranny. Their ideas promoted individual liberty, progress, fraternity, and tolerance. |
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Enlightenment parented Classical Liberalism in the early 18th century, as the concept of the invisible hand and free-market ideas were created. Classical Liberalism was then the parent of most free-market ideologies. |
Enlightenment parented Classical Liberalism in the early 18th century, as the concept of the invisible hand and free-market ideas were created. Classical Liberalism was then the parent of most free-market ideologies. |
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Enlightenment also gave birth to the modern republican ideals who led to the creation of the [[File:Frencons.png]] Society of the Friends of the Constitution, from which originated [[File:Jack.png]] [[Jacobinism]], the predominant political force in the French revolution. Jacobinism later would form the basic blocks of [[File:Soc.png]] [[Socialism]]. |
Enlightenment also gave birth to the modern republican ideals who led to the creation of the [[File:Frencons.png]] Society of the Friends of the Constitution, from which originated [[File:Jack.png]] [[Jacobinism]], the predominant political force in the French revolution. Jacobinism later would form the basic blocks of [[File:Soc-h.png]] [[Socialism]]. |
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[[File: Ingsocf.png]] [[Ingsoc]], at some point, traveled back in time and had a child with Enlightenment. This created [[File:Illum.png]] [[Illuminatism]]. |
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They also had a child with [[File:Farm.png]] [[Agrarianism]] called [[File:Physiocracypix.png]] [[Physiocracy]], who would in turn become the parent of [[File:Georgist.png]] [[Georgism]]. |
They also had a child with [[File:Farm.png]] [[Agrarianism]] called [[File:Physiocracypix.png]] [[Physiocracy]], who would in turn become the parent of [[File:Georgist.png]] [[Georgism]]. |
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And, for last, at the start of the 20th century, they had a child with [[File:Austrobert.png]] [[ |
And, for last, at the start of the 20th century, they had a child with [[File:Austrobert.png]] [[Austrian School]], [[File:NeoEnl.png]] [[Neo-Enlightenment]]. |
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== |
==History== |
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==Variants== |
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== Personality and Behaviour == |
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===[[File:Kant.png]] Kantianism=== |
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Kant's Epistemology and Metaphysics are infamously complex, so this will be a brief overview. Kant made the claim that there are three main categories through which we experience the world, Intuition, Understanding, and Reason. Intuition is sensory impressions that are given to us by objects outside our understanding. Reason is what allows us to make logical destination's based of these sensory impressions. Understanding is the facility that allows us to comprehend things without having to infer them from intuition. |
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According to Kant, there are certain intuitions like time and space which are indispensable to how we experience the world. They must exist a priori, or before we experience anything. But all intuitions must exist from empirical experience. Therefore, Kant argues that what we experience in the world is not the world it's self, but merely an impression of it. Therefore, what we experience Kant be the world as it is in and of it's self. Kant calls the world as it is in and of its self "Numina" and the world as we experience it "Phenomena." So then what is this "Numina" like? Who the hell knows. This leads Kant to his view of Transcendental Idealism, basically the view that, although all are ideas stem from reality, the world as it is in and of it's self remains unknowable. |
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==== Ethics ==== |
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The basis of Kant's ethics is that we should always act in such a way that could be made a universal law. From this, he derives that we should never use people as an means, but always as an ends in themselves. For Kant, this goes even if using someone as an ends will help prevent a greater harm to even more people. |
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==== Politics ==== |
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Kant argued that in order to maintain human freedom, we must all seek a society in which it is possible to live free and rational lives. He called this state a ''Rechtsstaat,'' or a Republic governed by law. The sole purpose of this state was to maximize the possibility of human autonomy. |
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===[[File:Descartes.png]] Cartesianism=== |
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==== Epistemology and Metaphysics ==== |
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Descartes thinks that at least once in our lives, we must doubt nearly everything we know, in order to arrive at certain knowledge. He thinks that we can doubt Nearly everything, our scenes, the existence of God, even the truth of mathematics. However, the one thing we can not doubt is that we are thinking thing that exists, or that "I think therefor I am." |
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From this, he argues that God must exist. Descartes defines God as a perfect being. But Descartes himself perceives that he must be an imperfect being, having believed many different contradictory things. He also perceives that either he must have come up with the idea of God, or God must have an existence outside of him, in other words, he must be real. Because a perfect thing can not come form something imperfect, God must exist. |
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Because God is more perfect then us, he would not allow us to be deceived, we must therefor be able to trust all clear and distinct perceptions, including our senses. Thus, our senses never lie to us, but it is only our will which fails us, in being to hasty to judge appearance to be reality. |
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====Philosophy of Mind and Science==== |
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Descartes is dualist, who thinks the world is made up of two parts, the nonphysical world that contains things that last forever, God, human minds, ideas, the laws of mathematics and nature; and the physical world, which is made up of matter. He thinks that only humans have minds, and that animals are therefor incapable of feeling anything, including pain. |
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This leads to a rejection of the [[File:Aristotle.png]] [[Aristotelianism|Aristotelian]] view of nature, which practices a more hylomorphic style of dualism where the mental and nonphysical are bound together much more closely, to the point of inseparability, and which believes in teleological ideas of final causes as opposed to a world run by mechanistic laws of nature. |
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====Ethics and Political Philosophy==== |
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Descartes didn't speak often on ethics or political philosophy. In terms of ethics, this was because he wanted to have a more cretin foundation in Metaphysics before he really got started building an ethical system. He refrained from speaking on politics becuse he thought such things should be mostly dealt with by Kings and those who they appointed as magistrates. |
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None the less, he did have some ideas in these two subjects, tending towards a version [[File:Virtue ethics icon.png]] [[Virtue Ethics]] based on [[File:Stoic.png]] [[Roman Stoicism|Stoicism]] as well as viewing [[File:Monarch.png]] {{FPCB|Monarchism}} as the natural order of things. |
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===[[File:Diderot.png]] Diderotianism=== |
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'''Diderotianism''' is a set of theories developed by the French philosopher and writer of the [[file:Enlightenment.png]] [[Enlightenment Philosophy|Enlightenment]] era Denis Diderot. He is best known for being a co-founder of the first encyclopedia along with [[file:Alembert.png]] [[Encyclopédisme|Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert]] |
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Like his other contemporaries, Diderot promoted [[file:Antthe.png]] [[Antitheism|antitheism]] and [[File:Materialism.png]] [[Materialism|materialism]]. |
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He also developed proto-evolutionary ideas and it could be said he was the predecessor of [[file:Darwin.png]] [[Darwinism|Darwin]]. |
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===[[File:Hegel.png]] Hegelianism=== |
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==== Metaphysics ==== |
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Hegel claimed that everything that exists is in the process of becoming something else. He believed history itself was in the process of change, through a dialectical process of opposing ideas, through which would emerge the new synthesis of a single idea, making the old binary distinction irreverent. He thought this process would continue until finally, we arrive at the point when all subjects would realize that only one thing exists, the mind itself. |
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Hegel was an idealist, meaning he thought that everything that exists is a non-physical entity. |
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==== [[File:HegelianPhilosophy.png]] Hegelian Dialectic ==== |
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In Part I of his ''Encyclopaedia of Philosophical Sciences'', also known as the ''Encyclopaedia Logic'', Hegel presents his dialectical method. According to Hegel, logic has three moments or sides: understanding, dialectical, and speculative. The understanding is the moment of fixity where concepts have stable definitions. The dialectical moment is one of instability and self-sublation, where concepts pass into their opposites. The speculative moment grasps the unity of the first two moments and produces a more comprehensive and universal concept. Hegel's dialectics differ from Plato's arbitrary dialectics in several ways. The movement to new determinations in Hegel's dialectics is driven by the nature of earlier determinations, not by the introduction of new ideas. The transition to new determinations grows out of the process itself and is not dependent on external factors. Later determinations both replace and preserve earlier determinations, and they determine and surpass the limits of the earlier determinations. The dialectical process leads to increasingly comprehensive and universal concepts, ultimately driving towards the Absolute, the all-encompassing concept or form. The Absolute represents the highest level of universality and completes the dialectical process. When taken together, the Absolute concepts for different subject matters form Hegel's entire philosophical system, which is characterized as a "circle of circles." Hegel considers his dialectical method to be truly scientific because it is driven by the subject matter itself and exhibits coherence and necessity. |
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==== The Phenomenology of Spirit ==== |
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===== Consciousness ===== |
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Hegel's philosophical perspective focuses on the stages of consciousness development. He begins with sense-certainty, which is limited because it provides only basic factual information without deeper insights. Perception is introduced as an active form of consciousness that recognizes the interconnectedness and relational nature of objects. However, the process of negation erodes specific characteristics, leading to doubt and a return to sense-certainty. Understanding is presented as the most complete form of consciousness, merging sense-certainty and perception. Hegel introduces the concept of force, which operates both in the observable world and as a pure notion. Understanding seeks to uncover the underlying principles and laws governing the actions and reactions of forces. Hegel discusses the existence of two realms, one governed by laws and another where phenomena remain unexplained. He acknowledges that earlier stages of consciousness may not have been aware of these perspectives, while he and his readers understand them as observers. |
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===== Self-Consciousness ===== |
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Self-consciousness arises when the mind recognizes its own thinking and existence in relation to an external world. It seeks validation and self-assertion by acknowledging the same self-consciousness in others, leading to the emergence of collective human consciousness or spirit. Hegel emphasizes that true understanding comes from collective efforts rather than isolated individuals. The process involves mutual recognition and gradual development. The paradox of dominance and servitude reveals that the servant achieves true self-consciousness through discipline and obedience, while the lord depends on recognition but denies equality. Stoicism and skepticism are explored as stages of development, with skepticism questioning true knowledge but ultimately being incoherent. The Unhappy Consciousness seeks unity with the unchangeable through surrender and mediation, leading to the next phase of reason. Hegel incorporates Christian and philosophical concepts to discuss the ascent of human consciousness, highlighting its broader relevance beyond Christianity. |
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===== Reason ===== |
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Reason, for Hegel, involves actively shaping our perception of reality by discerning essential qualities and implicit laws. Observational reason, however, falls short in providing a comprehensive understanding of the world. Hegel introduces rational self-consciousness, combining reason with self-awareness in a social context. True fulfillment and individuality, he argues, are achieved when individuals align themselves with the existing social order. Individuality and self-interest play a role in human action, which exposes intentions and reveals true character. Hegel sees work as a moral imperative for self-realization and emphasizes reason operating within collective consciousness and societal laws. |
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===== Spirit ===== |
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Spirit, in Hegel's view, is the collective consciousness and morality that connects all humans. The ethical order, represented by societal laws and norms, embodies the true spirit and reflects both human and divine aspects. The family represents the natural ethical community, while the government embodies the implementation of human law. Human actions often create a conflict between divine and human law, leading to a society characterized by individualism and the erosion of ethical customs. Hegel also discusses the [[File:Enlightenment.png]] [[Enlightenment Philosophy|Enlightenment]] and its impact on the division between culture and faith, with one pole emphasizing divine law and the other emphasizing human utilitarianism. |
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===== Religion ===== |
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In his exploration of the progress of spirit, Hegel identifies the concept of the "absolute" or divine being. He suggests that the absolute is fully revealed in the current stage of development. Hegel traces the previous appearances of the absolute, highlighting how religion plays a crucial role in achieving self-consciousness. Religion evolves through stages such as natural religion, perceiving spirituality in nature, and the stage of art, where religion becomes an expression of ethics detached from nature. Hegel focuses on the development of religion as art, particularly referencing ancient Greek religions. He discusses the transition from abstract statues to the humanization of gods in epics. Hegel introduces the idea of revealed religion, exemplified by [[File:Christheo.png]] [[Christianity]], where God becomes incarnate. He emphasizes the significance of God's presence in the physical world and the shared experience of Christ's existence. Hegel views religion's development through visual imagery, with each stage representing a different aspect of human self-consciousness. He argues that evil stems from the same impulse as good and is a result of self-consciousness. Ultimately, Hegel asserts that spirit finds its culmination in the human conscience, where God is internalized. |
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===== Absolute Knowing ===== |
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Hegel argues that revealed religions, including Christianity, rely on symbolic representations rather than achieving genuine self-consciousness. He revisits the progression of human spirit from sense-certainty to religion, asserting that spirit must surpass religion and manifest its principles in human actions. Hegel terms this stage as systematic science, a pure understanding of the self attained through struggle and development. He emphasizes that systematic science must observe the development of spirit within specific contexts, making it a work of history. |
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==== Science of Logic ==== |
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Hegel believed that logic is the form taken by the science of thinking and that existing approaches to logic needed a radical reformulation. He criticized the separation between the content and form of cognition, which created a gap between subject and object. Hegel aimed to bridge this gap by integrating content and form within the science of logic itself. He believed that he had achieved this integration in his work, the Phenomenology of Spirit, through the concept of Absolute Knowing, where subject and object are united, and truth is equated with certainty. Hegel referred to this [[File:PostDual.png]] [[Post-Dualism|Post-Dualist]] form of consciousness as "Begriff," representing the self-contained nature of thought. His goal in the Science of Logic was to overcome the separation between subject and object, providing a comprehensive framework for understanding rational thought and truth. By integrating these elements, Hegel sought to establish a self-contained system reflecting the eternal essence of God before the creation of nature and finite minds. |
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==== Philosophy of the Real ==== |
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Hegel emphasizes that philosophy comes after the completion of actuality and serves to reconstruct and grasp the real world in its intellectual realm. He uses the metaphor of "gray in gray" to illustrate that philosophy recognizes and interprets an already existing shape of life that has aged and cannot be rejuvenated. Philosophy is not meant to dictate how the world should be but to comprehend it as it is. Hegel's concept of actuality suggests that reality is a continuous process, always in a state of preparedness rather than being definitively completed. The relationship between the logical and real-philosophical parts of his system is that philosophy, as the thought and knowledge of the substantial spirit of its time, makes that spirit its object. Hegel's aim is to uncover the systematically coherent logical form within the material of nature and history, presenting it in a scientific manner. |
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==== Unfolding of Species ==== |
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Hegel presents a sequential development from inanimate objects to animate creatures and ultimately to human beings. While this progression has been compared to the [[File:Darwin.png]] [[Darwinism|Darwinian]] theory of evolution, Hegel's perspective differs in that he believed organisms possess agency and actively participate in the process. In contrast to Darwin's view of natural selection, Hegel saw organisms as making choices and collaborating with others to advance along this developmental path. According to Hegel, this progression follows a predetermined trajectory, leading towards a teleological end that represents the ultimate purpose and destiny of this natural development. |
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====Politics==== |
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Hegel thought that the state could transcend the limits of the individual mind to form a higher mode of being, based in the national spirit, and a [[File:Nation.png]] nations constitution. |
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===[[File:Montesquieu.png]] Montesquieuanism=== |
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'''Montesquieuism''' is a collection of theories made by the [[file:Enlightenment.png]] [[Enlightenment Philosophy|Enlightenment]] era French philosopher Charles Louis Montesquieu (18 January 1689 – 10 February 1755). He is most famous for his political theories where he states the 3 systems of government power: legislature, executive, and judiciary. |
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Montesquieu claims 3 types of government: |
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*[[file:Republicanismpix.png]] Republic which is developed by [[file:ProtTheo.png]] [[Protestantism|Protestants]] |
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*[[file:Monarch.png]] Monarchy developed by [[file:Catheo.png]] [[Catholicism|Catholics]] |
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*[[file:Sec.png]] Despotist States developed by [[file:Muslim_2.png]] [[Islam|Muslims]]. |
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===[[File:Rousseau.png]] Rousseauism=== |
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====Natural state==== |
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Rousseauism Argues that the state in human development associated with what he called "Savages" were the best and optimal state. In this original condition, humans have no moral relations or determinate obligations to one another, because or the rarity of contact between groups, differences would have little significance, and no existence of things such as private property or conflict, and all are perfectly equal. |
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He thinks that humans have two things in common with animals: self preservation and empathy. While he does not think that humans are better than other species, he does think that humans are able to change their ways from the natural state in a way that other species can't. |
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====Republicanism and democracy==== |
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Rousseauism believes that sovereignity should be in the hands of the people (including women), ideally decided by direct democracy, and should preside over the government. He thinks this can only be in practice in small places, ideally a city state. The social contract is to agree to this general will of the people. |
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====Property==== |
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He believes property is the source of all inequality, and thus believes it should be restricted to only those who have found land first which is not occupied. |
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====Education==== |
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{{Quote|quote=“We should not teach children the sciences; but give them a taste for them.”|speaker=[[File:Rousseau.png]] {{FPCB|Radicalism|Jean-Jacques Rousseau}}}} |
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===[[File:Sadist.png]] Sadism=== |
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The philosophy of Sade, known as sadism, revolves around the idea of total freedom and individual pleasure without moral constraints. Sade advocated for the pursuit of personal pleasure, even at the expense of others, without concern for social or moral norms. He believed in absolute freedom to satisfy sexual desires and cruelty without limits, challenging the moral conventions of his time. His literary work explores these ideas through characters who exercise unrestricted power over others to fulfill their own pleasure. |
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===[[File:Spinoza.png]] Spinozism=== |
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==== Theory of Substance ==== |
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For Spinoza, Substance underlies our experience, but it can also be known by its various attributes. He does not specify how many attributes substance has, but he says that human beings, at least, can conceive of two — namely, the attribute of extension (physicality) and the attribute of thought (mentality). For this reason, Spinoza is also known as an “attribute dualist”, and he claims that these two attributes cannot be explained by each other, and so must be included in any complete account of the world. |
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==== [[File:Pantheism.png]] Panentheism [[File:PanRational.png]] ==== |
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Spinoza’s theory is often referred to as a form of [[File:Pantheism.png]] [[pantheism|panentheism]] — the belief that God is everything (and beyond), and that everything (and beyond) is God. In Spinoza’s system, the world is not a mass of material and mental stuff — rather, the world of material things is a form of God as conceived under the attribute of extension, and the world of mental things is that same form of God as conceived under the attribute of thought. |
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Spinoza, influenced by [[File:Descartes.png]] [[Cartesianism|René Descartes]], accepted the [[File:Ontology.png]] ontological argument. He set out on [[File:Rational.png]] [[rationalism]] and said that God is the most perfect being. Spinoza saw God as [[File:Infinity.png]] infinite and thought that there was no other being that could be absolutely [[File:Infinity.png]] infinite. |
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In his book Ethics, he adopted theory of substance to the [[File:Religious.png]] philosophy of religion. Spinoza argued that, God has the same qualities as the substance that provides existence of [[File:Universal_alt.png]] universe. Knowledge of [[File:Envi.png]] nature, which is necessary and non-contingent, was given as a method for understanding God's creation. |
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===[[File:Voltaire.png]] Voltairianism=== |
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Voltaire perceived the French bourgeoisie to be too small and ineffective, the aristocracy to be parasitic and corrupt, the commoners as ignorant and superstitious, and the Church as a static and oppressive force useful only on occasion as a counterbalance to the rapacity of kings, although all too often, even more rapacious itself. Voltaire distrusted democracy, which he saw as propagating the idiocy of the masses. Voltaire long thought only an enlightened monarch could bring about change, given the social structures of the time and the extremely high rates of illiteracy, and that it was in the king's rational interest to improve the education and welfare of his subjects. But his disappointments and disillusions with Frederick the Great changed his philosophy somewhat, and soon gave birth to one of his most enduring works, his novella ''Candide, ou l'Optimisme'' (''Candide, or Optimism,'' 1759), which ends with a new conclusion of quietism: "It is up to us to cultivate our garden." His most polemical and ferocious attacks on intolerance and religious persecutions indeed began to appear a few years later. ''Candide'' was also burned, and Voltaire jokingly claimed the actual author was a certain 'Demad' in a letter, where he reaffirmed the main polemical stances of the text. |
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===[[File:JamesHarrington.png]] Harringtonism=== |
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WIP |
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===[[File:Radishchev.png]] Radishchevism=== |
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WIP |
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===[[File:YunChiho.png]] Tchi Ho Yun Thought=== |
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Tchi Ho Yun (also known as Chi-ho Yun) was a korean enlightenment activist. He once studied in America but was disillusioned due to Anti-Asian Racism in America and became racial nationalist. He hated communist movement arguing that Korean Bolshevism glorifies robbery. Despite his hatred towards patriarchy and sexism, he still hated feminism as much as socialism. Although he once supported Mussolini, he hated Hitler and the nazis, saying that 'Hitler changes everything he touches into hell' and even called him 'Hell Hitler'. |
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==Personality and Behaviour== |
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Enlightenment within the comics is usually portrayed as a stereotypical enlightened thinker. |
Enlightenment within the comics is usually portrayed as a stereotypical enlightened thinker. |
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==How to Draw== |
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An Enlightenment wig is an encouraged accessory |
An Enlightenment wig is an encouraged accessory |
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===Candle Design=== |
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{{Flag|Enlightenment_flag2.svg|(Glowing design)}} |
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#Draw a ball with eyes |
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#Draw a smaller light yellow circle inside the ball |
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And you're done |
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=== Candle Design === |
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{{Flag|Enlightenment_flag1.svg|(Candle design)}} |
{{Flag|Enlightenment_flag1.svg|(Candle design)}} |
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== |
==Relationships== |
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=== |
===Illuminated=== |
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*[[File:Clib.png]] [[Classical Liberalism]] - My rightist son. |
*[[File:Clib.png]] [[Classical Liberalism]] - My rightist son. |
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*[[File:Jack.png]] [[Jacobinism]] - My leftist son. |
*[[File:Jack.png]] [[Jacobinism]] - My leftist son. |
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*[[File:Republicanismpix.png]] [[Republicanism]] - My centrist son. Good job defeating and replacing [[File:Abmon.png]] [[Absolute Monarchism|him]]! |
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*[[File:Enlightmon.png]] [[Enlightened Absolutism]] - My monarchist son, and the only monarchy worth a damn. |
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*[[File:Cap.png]] [[Capitalism]] - My rightist grandson. |
*[[File:Cap.png]] [[Capitalism]] - My rightist grandson. |
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*[[File: |
*[[File:Nalib.png]] [[National Liberalism]] - My other rightist grandson. |
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*[[File:Conlib.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism]] - Another rightist grandson that really appreciates Kant and his father. |
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*[[File:Girondi.png]] [[Girondism]] - French Republican version of above. |
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*[[File:Soc-h.png|link=https://polcompball.fandom.com/wiki/File:Soc.png]] [[Socialism]] - My leftist grandson. |
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*[[File:Radlib.png]] [[Radicalism]] - My radical grandson that nowadays is a moderate! |
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*[[File:Lib.png]] [[Liberalism]] - My centrist grandson. |
*[[File:Lib.png]] [[Liberalism]] - My centrist grandson. |
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*[[File:Soclib.png]] [[Social Liberalism]] - My |
*[[File:Soclib.png]] [[Social Liberalism]] - My center-left great-grandson. |
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*[[File:Neoliberal-icon.png]] [[Neoliberalism]] - My centrist great-great-grandson. |
*[[File:Neoliberal-icon.png]] [[Neoliberalism]] - My centrist great-great-grandson. |
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*[[File:Liberalsoc.png]] [[Liberal Socialism]] - My evolutionary great-grandson. |
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*[[File: Republicanismpix.png]] [[Republicanism]] - Good job defeating and replacing [[File:Monarch.png]] [[Monarchism|him]], son. |
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*[[File:Necon.png]] [[Neoconservatism]] - My hawkish great-grandson. |
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*[[File:Kemal.png]] [[Kemalism]] - My Middle Eastern great-grandson. |
*[[File:Kemal.png]] [[Kemalism]] - My Middle Eastern great-grandson. |
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*[[File:Nation.png]] [[Nationalism]] - Long live the national fraternity! |
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*[[File:Prog-u.png]] [[Progressivism]] - I like that you advocate for social progress just like I did back in my day. |
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*[[File:Radcent.png]] [[Radical Centrism]] - The fact that you're an avid fan of [[File:Radlib.png]] him give me very good vibes about you. |
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=== |
===Gray Area=== |
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*[[File:Progress.png]] [[Progressivism]] - I like that you advocate for social progress just like I did back in my day, but could you slow down a little there? |
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*[[File:NeoEnl.png]] [[Neo-Enlightenment]] - Listen, I like your dedication to my values and ideas but stop acting like you're the same as me. |
*[[File:NeoEnl.png]] [[Neo-Enlightenment]] - Listen, I like your dedication to my values and ideas but stop acting like you're the same as me. |
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*[[File:Ultraprogressivism.png]] [[Revolutionary Progressivism]] - Calm down a little buddy. |
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*[[File:Enlightmon.png]] [[Enlightened Absolutism]] - My monarchist son, the only monarchy worth a damn. Still a monarchist though. |
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*[[File: |
*[[File:Illum.png]] [[Illuminatism]] - Goddamn oligarch totalitarian, you're everything we set out to destroy. <s> W-W-Weishaupt?</s> |
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*[[File:Statlib.png]] [[State Liberalism]] - ...what the hell ARE you?! Progress is good but you're even more insane than [[File:Ultraprogressivism.png]] him and that's saying something. |
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*[[File:Trad.png]] [[Traditionalism]] - You aren't that bad but you have to embrace more empiricism and rationalism instead of past dogmatism. |
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*[[File:Conservative.png]] [[Conservatism]] - You need to stick less to tradition. |
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*[[File:Tradcon.png]] [[Classical Conservatism]] - Father of above, an old rival but you're more tolerable and reasonable than compared other anti-illuminists especially nowadays [[File:EnochPowell.png]] [[File:Rees-Mogg.png]] [[File:Scrutonism.png]]. |
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*[[File:Plcn2.png]] [[Paleoconservatism]] - American version of above, we both like the foundation of his country but he sometimes can become a [[File:Fuente.png]] reactard lolcow. |
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*[[File:Natcon.png]] [[National Conservatism]] - I like that you embrace people's sovereignty and nation-state but you need to calm down sometimes. |
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*[[File:Reactlib.png]] [[Reactionary Liberalism]], [[File:Reactlib-icon.png]] [[Reactionary Libertarianism]], [[File:Hoppef.png]] [[Hoppeanism]] & [[File:Korwinism-Pikselart.png]] [[Korwinism]] - WTF? <s>Unless I can still work with them, plus [[File:Therm.png]] Thermidorians are good. </s> |
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*[[File:Nrx.png]] [[Neoreactionaryism]] - I don't know what to think of you. You call yourself a reactionary, but you still support my [[File:Kant.png]] [[File:Cap.png]] children [[File:Libertarian.png]] [[File:Secular.png]]. |
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*[[File:Feuillant.png]] [[Feuillantism]] - Nice try but too tame and slavery is horrible. |
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*[[File:Posadist.png]] [[Posadism]] - Destroying all old things [[File:RedNovelt.png]] with explosives around the globe for better future? Well... Good luck with that. |
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=== |
===Left in the dark=== |
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*[[File:CountEn.png]] [[Counter-Enlightenment]] - [[File:Hangman.png]] OW, you darkness, you dark, midnight, evil motherf***er, OW, dark ages, darkness! You're all darkness, you're f***ing delirious motherf***er, OW! |
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*[[File:Reactcross.png]] [[Reactionaryism]] - You're not getting rid of my ideas that easily. |
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*[[File:ReactPix.png]] [[Reactionary Modernism]] - WHAT, NO! WHY! Nooooo technology and reactionary thought are incompatible!!! <s>You also need to see the light in a literal way.</s> |
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*[[File:Feud.png]] [[Feudalism]] - Lol feudalism is no more. |
*[[File:Feud.png]] [[Feudalism]] - Lol feudalism is no more. |
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*[[File:Merc.png]] [[Mercantilism]] - Same for you except for your [[File:NeoMerc.png]] modern version which is my great-great-grandson? |
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*[[File:Monarch.png]] [[Monarchism]] - My biggest enemy. |
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*[[File: |
*[[File:Abmon.png]] [[Absolute Monarchism]] - One of my biggest enemies. |
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*[[File: |
*[[File:Frankfurt.png]] [[Frankfurt School]] - Oh come on! I am not a totalitarian! |
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*[[File:Carlism.png]] [[Carlism]] - Bites the dust! <s>[[File:Franco.png]] Oh wait...</s> |
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*[[File:BlackHundred.png]] [[Black Hundredism]] - Another one bites the dust! <s>[[File:Euras.png]] Oh wait again...</s> |
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*[[File:Heart-Integralism.png]] [[Integralism]] - Get real, dude, your time is over. |
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**[[File:Heart-Integralism.png]] [[File:LBubble.png]] Every day the society of today gets worse for the average man, the closer you are to death. Cease peddling false light.[[File:RBubble.png]] |
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*[[File:Ilminism.png]] [[Ilminism]] - Illuminism, not Ilminism! |
*[[File:Ilminism.png]] [[Ilminism]] - Illuminism, not Ilminism! |
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**[[File:Ilminism.png]] [[File:LBubble.png]]Hey, it's not my fault that my name is Ilminism in English![[File:RBubble.png]] |
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*[[File:Illum.png]] [[Illuminatism]] - Goddamn oligarch totalitarian, you're everything we set out to destroy. <s> What do you mean I influenced you?</s> |
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*[[File:Frankfurt.png]] [[Frankfurt Socialism]] - Oh come on! I am not a totalitarian! |
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== |
==Further Information== |
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=== |
===Wikipedia=== |
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*[[w:Age of Enlightenment|Age of Enlightenment]] |
*[[w:Age of Enlightenment|Age of Enlightenment]] |
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=== |
===Literature=== |
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*Discourse on Method and |
*[https://earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/descartes1637.pdf Discourse on Method] and [https://earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/descartes1641.pdf Meditations on First Philosophy] by [[File:Descartes.png]] [[Apoliticism|René Descartes]] (1637 and 1641) |
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*Pierre Gassendi and the Birth of Early Modern Philosophy by |
*Pierre Gassendi and the Birth of Early Modern Philosophy by Pierre Gassendi (1655) |
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*Maxims by |
*Maxims by François de La Rochefoucauld (1662) |
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*Pensees by |
*Pensees by Blaise Pascal (1670) |
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*Theological-Political Treatise by |
*[https://earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/spinoza1669.pdf Theological-Political Treatise] by [[File:Spinoza.png]] [[Secularism|Benedict De Spinoza]] (1670) |
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*Ethics by |
*[https://earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/spinoza1665.pdf Ethics] by [[File:Spinoza.png]] [[Secularism|Benedict De Spinoza]] (1677) |
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*A Letter Concerning Toleration by |
*[https://earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/locke1689b.pdf A Letter Concerning Toleration] by [[File:JohnLocke.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|John Locke]] (1689) |
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*Two Treatises of Government by |
*Two Treatises of Government by [[File:JohnLocke.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|John Locke]] (1690) |
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*An Essay Concerning Human Understanding by |
*[https://earlymoderntexts.com/authors/locke An Essay Concerning Human Understanding] by [[File:JohnLocke.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|John Locke]] (1690) |
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*Some Considerations of the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest and the Raising the Value of Money by |
*Some Considerations of the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest and the Raising the Value of Money by [[File:JohnLocke.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|John Locke]] (1691) |
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*Discourses Concerning Government by |
*Discourses Concerning Government by Algernon Sidney (1698) |
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*The Fable of the Bees; Or, Private Vices, Public Benefits by |
*The Fable of the Bees; Or, Private Vices, Public Benefits by Bernard Mandeville (1714) |
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*Philosophical Selections by |
*Philosophical Selections by Nicolas Malebranche (1715) |
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*Cato's Letters by John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon (1720) |
*Cato's Letters by John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon (1720) |
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*The New Science by |
*The New Science by Giambattista Vico (1725) |
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*An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue by |
*An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue by Francis Hutcheson (1725) |
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*An Essay on the Nature and Conduct of the Passions and Affections, with Illustrations on the Moral Sense by |
*An Essay on the Nature and Conduct of the Passions and Affections, with Illustrations on the Moral Sense by Francis Hutcheson (1728) |
||
*A Modest Proposal and Other Writings by |
* A Modest Proposal and Other Writings by [[File:RightSatirism.png]] [[Satirism|Jonathan Swift]] (1729) |
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*Letters Concerning the English by |
*Letters Concerning the English by [[File:Enlightmon.png]] [[Enlightened Absolutism|Voltaire]] (1734) |
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*A Treatise of Human Nature by |
*[https://earlymoderntexts.com/authors/hume A Treatise of Human Nature] by [[File:DavidHume.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism|David Hume]] (1740) |
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*Machine Man and Other Writings by |
*Machine Man and Other Writings by Julien Offray de La Mettrie (1747) |
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*The Spirit of the Laws by |
*The Spirit of the Laws by Baron de Montesquieu (1748) |
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*An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding by |
*[https://earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/hume1748.pdf An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding] by [[File:DavidHume.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism|David Hume]] (1748) |
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*An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals by |
*[https://earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/hume1751.pdf An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals] by [[File:DavidHume.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism|David Hume]] (1751) |
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*The Law of Nations Treated According to the Scientific Method by |
*The Law of Nations Treated According to the Scientific Method by Christian Wolff (1754) |
||
*A System of Moral Philosophy by |
* A System of Moral Philosophy by Francis Hutcheson (1755) |
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*An Essay on Economic Theory: Essay on the Nature of Trade in General by |
*An Essay on Economic Theory: Essay on the Nature of Trade in General by Richard Cantillon (1755) |
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*A Review of the Principal Questions in Morals by |
* A Review of the Principal Questions in Morals by Richard Price (1758) |
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*De L'esprit, Or, Essays On the Mind, and Its Several Faculties by |
*De L'esprit, Or, Essays On the Mind, and Its Several Faculties by Claude Adrien Helvétius (1758) |
||
*The Economical Table by |
*The Economical Table by [[File:Physiocracypix.png]] [[Physiocracy|Francois Quesnay]] (1758) |
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*Essays: Moral, Political and Literary by |
*Essays: Moral, Political and Literary by [[File:DavidHume.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism|David Hume]] (1758) |
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*The Theory of Moral Sentiments by |
*[https://earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/smith1759.pdf The Theory of Moral Sentiments] by [[File:AdamSmith.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|Adam Smith]] (1759) |
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*Christianity Unveiled by |
*Christianity Unveiled by Baron d'Holbach (1761) |
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*Emile; or On Education by |
*Emile; or On Education by [[File:Rousseau.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] (1762) |
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*The Basic Political Writings by |
*The Basic Political Writings by [[File:Rousseau.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] (1750-1762) |
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*Reveries of the Solitary Walker by |
*Reveries of the Solitary Walker by [[File:Rousseau.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] (1782) |
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*The Confessions by |
*The Confessions by [[File:Rousseau.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] (1782) |
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*Lectures on Jurisprudence by |
*Lectures on Jurisprudence by [[File:AdamSmith.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|Adam Smith]] (1763) |
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*Lectures on Justice, Police, Revenue and Arms by |
*Lectures on Justice, Police, Revenue and Arms by [[File:AdamSmith.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|Adam Smith]] (1763) |
||
*Classical Republican in Eighteenth-Century France by |
*Classical Republican in Eighteenth-Century France by Gabriel Bonnot de Mably (1763) |
||
*Treatise On Toleration by |
*[https://earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/voltaire1763.pdf Treatise On Toleration] by [[File:Enlightmon.png]] [[Enlightened Absolutism|Voltaire]] (1763) |
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*Philosophical Dictionary by |
*Philosophical Dictionary by [[File:Enlightmon.png]] [[Enlightened Absolutism|Voltaire]] (1764) |
||
*On Crimes and Punishments by |
*On Crimes and Punishments by Cesare Beccaria (1764) |
||
*On Natural Rights by |
*On Natural Rights by [[File:Physiocracypix.png]] [[Physiocracy|Francois Quesnay]] (1765) |
||
*An Essay on the History of Civil Society by |
*An Essay on the History of Civil Society by Adam Ferguson (1767) |
||
*An Essay on the First Principles of Government, and on the Nature of Political, Civil, and Religious Liberty by |
*An Essay on the First Principles of Government, and on the Nature of Political, Civil, and Religious Liberty by Joseph Priestley (1768) |
||
*The Sacred Contagion: The Natural History of Superstition by |
*The Sacred Contagion: The Natural History of Superstition by Baron d'Holbach (1768) |
||
*System of Nature by |
*System of Nature by Baron d'Holbach (1770) |
||
*Turgot Collection by |
*Turgot Collection by [[File:Physiocracypix.png]] [[Physiocracy|Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot]] (1770) |
||
*Good Sense Without God: The Revolutionary Treatise on Free Thought by |
*Good Sense Without God: The Revolutionary Treatise on Free Thought by Baron d'Holbach (1772) |
||
*Encyclopedic Liberty by |
*Encyclopedic Liberty by Denis Diderot, Henry C. Clark, and Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1751-1772) |
||
*Common Sense by |
*Common Sense by [[File:Paine.png]] [[Radicalism|Thomas Paine]] (1776) |
||
*Commerce and Government: Considered in Their Mutual Relationship by |
*Commerce and Government: Considered in Their Mutual Relationship by Étienne Bonnot de Condillac (1776) |
||
*An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations by |
*[https://earlymoderntexts.com/authors/smith An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations] by [[File:AdamSmith.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|Adam Smith]] (1776) |
||
*Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion by |
*[https://earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/hume1779.pdf Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion] by [[File:DavidHume.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism|David Hume]] (1779) |
||
*A Treatise Concerning Civil Government by |
* A Treatise Concerning Civil Government by Josiah Tucker (1781) |
||
*Dangerous Liaisons by |
*Dangerous Liaisons by Pierre Choderlos De Laclos (1782) |
||
*Political Writings by |
*Political Writings by Denis Diderot (1784) |
||
*Dialogue Between A Priest And A Dying Man by |
*Dialogue Between A Priest And A Dying Man by [[File:Sadist.png]] [[Anarcho-Nihilism|Marquis de Sade]] (1782) |
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*The 120 Days of Sodom by |
*The 120 Days of Sodom by [[File:Sadist.png]] [[Anarcho-Nihilism|Marquis de Sade]] (1785) |
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*Aline and Valcour, Vol. 1: or, the Philosophical Novel by |
*Aline and Valcour, Vol. 1: or, the Philosophical Novel by [[File:Sadist.png]] [[Anarcho-Nihilism|Marquis de Sade]] (1788) |
||
*Aline and Valcour, Vol. 2: or, the Philosophical Novel by |
*Aline and Valcour, Vol. 2: or, the Philosophical Novel by [[File:Sadist.png]] [[Anarcho-Nihilism|Marquis de Sade]] (1788) |
||
*Aline and Valcour, Vol. 3: or, the Philosophical Novel by |
*Aline and Valcour, Vol. 3: or, the Philosophical Novel by [[File:Sadist.png]] [[Anarcho-Nihilism|Marquis de Sade]] (1788) |
||
*Justine, or the Misfortunes of Virtue by |
*Justine, or the Misfortunes of Virtue by [[File:Sadist.png]] [[Anarcho-Nihilism|Marquis de Sade]] (1788) |
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*Philosophy in the Bedroom by |
*Philosophy in the Bedroom by [[File:Sadist.png]] [[Anarcho-Nihilism|Marquis de Sade]] (1795) |
||
*Juliette by |
*Juliette by [[File:Sadist.png]] [[Anarcho-Nihilism|Marquis de Sade]] (1799) |
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*The Limits of State Action by |
*The Limits of State Action by [[File:Clib.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|Wilhelm von Humboldt]] (1790) |
||
*Reflections on the Revolution in France by |
*[https://earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/burke1790.pdf Reflections on the Revolution in France] by [[File:Burke.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism|Edmund Burke]] (1790) |
||
*Rights of Man by |
*Rights of Man by [[File:Paine.png]] [[Radicalism|Thomas Paine]] (1791) |
||
*Agrarian Justice by |
*Agrarian Justice by [[File:Paine.png]] [[Radicalism|Thomas Paine]] (1797) |
||
*Mary Wollstonecraft Philosophical and Political Writings Collection by |
*Mary Wollstonecraft Philosophical and Political Writings Collection by [[File:Wollstonecraft.png]] [[Liberal Feminism|Mary Wollstonecraft]] (1797) |
||
*Condorcet: Political Writings by |
*Condorcet: Political Writings by Nicolas de Condorcet (1788-1794) |
||
*Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment? by |
*Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment? by [[File:Kant.png]] [[Republicanism|Immanuel Kant]] (1784) |
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*Logic by |
*Logic by Immanuel Kant and Gottlob Benjamin Jäsche (1800) |
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*Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime and Other Writings by |
*Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime and Other Writings by [[File:Kant.png]] [[Republicanism|Immanuel Kant]] (1764) |
||
*Critique of Pure Reason by |
*Critique of Pure Reason by [[File:Kant.png]] [[Republicanism|Immanuel Kant]] (1781) |
||
*The Metaphysics of Morals by |
*[https://earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/kant1785.pdf The Metaphysics of Morals] by [[File:Kant.png]] [[Republicanism|Immanuel Kant]] (1785) |
||
*Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science by |
*[https://earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/kant1786.pdf Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science] by [[File:Kant.png]] [[Republicanism|Immanuel Kant]] (1786) |
||
*Critique of Practical Reason by |
*Critique of Practical Reason by [[File:Kant.png]] [[Republicanism|Immanuel Kant]] (1788) |
||
*Critique of Judgment by |
*Critique of Judgment by [[File:Kant.png]] [[Republicanism|Immanuel Kant]] (1790) |
||
*Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason by |
*[https://earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/kant1793.pdf Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason] by [[File:Kant.png]] [[Republicanism|Immanuel Kant]] (1793) |
||
*To Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch by |
*[https://earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/kant1795.pdf To Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch] by [[File:Kant.png]] [[Republicanism|Immanuel Kant]] (1795) |
||
*Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals by |
*Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals by [[File:Kant.png]] [[Republicanism|Immanuel Kant]] (1797) |
||
*Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View by |
*Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View by [[File:Kant.png]] [[Republicanism|Immanuel Kant]] (1798) |
||
*Lectures and Drafts on Political Philosophy by |
*Lectures and Drafts on Political Philosophy by [[File:Kant.png]] [[Republicanism|Immanuel Kant]] (1799) |
||
*Opus Postumum by |
*Opus Postumum by [[File:Kant.png]] [[Republicanism|Immanuel Kant]] (1804) |
||
*Kant’s Critical Philosophy: The Doctrine of the Faculties by |
*Kant’s Critical Philosophy: The Doctrine of the Faculties by Gilles Deleuze (1967) |
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*Kant and Political Philosophy: The Contemporary Legacy by |
*Kant and Political Philosophy: The Contemporary Legacy by Ronald Beiner and William James Booth (1993) |
||
*Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment by |
*Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment by Alan Charles Kors (1815) |
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==Gallery== |
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Latest revision as of 20:52, 9 August 2024
"The public use of a man's reason must be free at all times, and this alone can bring enlightenment among men..."
The Enlightenment was born some time in the late 17th century and is the ancestor of many, many ideologies. They are a broad ideology used to represent ideas of the Age of Enlightenment. Although their biggest contribution to the world was to give birth to Republicanism and
Classical Liberalism, they also caused the separation of church and state and went against tyranny. Their ideas promoted individual liberty, progress, fraternity, and tolerance.
Enlightenment parented Classical Liberalism in the early 18th century, as the concept of the invisible hand and free-market ideas were created. Classical Liberalism was then the parent of most free-market ideologies.
Enlightenment also gave birth to the modern republican ideals who led to the creation of the Society of the Friends of the Constitution, from which originated
Jacobinism, the predominant political force in the French revolution. Jacobinism later would form the basic blocks of
Socialism.
They also had a child with Agrarianism called
Physiocracy, who would in turn become the parent of
Georgism.
And, for last, at the start of the 20th century, they had a child with Austrian School,
Neo-Enlightenment.
History
Variants
Kantianism
Kant's Epistemology and Metaphysics are infamously complex, so this will be a brief overview. Kant made the claim that there are three main categories through which we experience the world, Intuition, Understanding, and Reason. Intuition is sensory impressions that are given to us by objects outside our understanding. Reason is what allows us to make logical destination's based of these sensory impressions. Understanding is the facility that allows us to comprehend things without having to infer them from intuition.
According to Kant, there are certain intuitions like time and space which are indispensable to how we experience the world. They must exist a priori, or before we experience anything. But all intuitions must exist from empirical experience. Therefore, Kant argues that what we experience in the world is not the world it's self, but merely an impression of it. Therefore, what we experience Kant be the world as it is in and of it's self. Kant calls the world as it is in and of its self "Numina" and the world as we experience it "Phenomena." So then what is this "Numina" like? Who the hell knows. This leads Kant to his view of Transcendental Idealism, basically the view that, although all are ideas stem from reality, the world as it is in and of it's self remains unknowable.
Ethics
The basis of Kant's ethics is that we should always act in such a way that could be made a universal law. From this, he derives that we should never use people as an means, but always as an ends in themselves. For Kant, this goes even if using someone as an ends will help prevent a greater harm to even more people.
Politics
Kant argued that in order to maintain human freedom, we must all seek a society in which it is possible to live free and rational lives. He called this state a Rechtsstaat, or a Republic governed by law. The sole purpose of this state was to maximize the possibility of human autonomy.
Cartesianism
Epistemology and Metaphysics
Descartes thinks that at least once in our lives, we must doubt nearly everything we know, in order to arrive at certain knowledge. He thinks that we can doubt Nearly everything, our scenes, the existence of God, even the truth of mathematics. However, the one thing we can not doubt is that we are thinking thing that exists, or that "I think therefor I am."
From this, he argues that God must exist. Descartes defines God as a perfect being. But Descartes himself perceives that he must be an imperfect being, having believed many different contradictory things. He also perceives that either he must have come up with the idea of God, or God must have an existence outside of him, in other words, he must be real. Because a perfect thing can not come form something imperfect, God must exist.
Because God is more perfect then us, he would not allow us to be deceived, we must therefor be able to trust all clear and distinct perceptions, including our senses. Thus, our senses never lie to us, but it is only our will which fails us, in being to hasty to judge appearance to be reality.
Philosophy of Mind and Science
Descartes is dualist, who thinks the world is made up of two parts, the nonphysical world that contains things that last forever, God, human minds, ideas, the laws of mathematics and nature; and the physical world, which is made up of matter. He thinks that only humans have minds, and that animals are therefor incapable of feeling anything, including pain.
This leads to a rejection of the Aristotelian view of nature, which practices a more hylomorphic style of dualism where the mental and nonphysical are bound together much more closely, to the point of inseparability, and which believes in teleological ideas of final causes as opposed to a world run by mechanistic laws of nature.
Ethics and Political Philosophy
Descartes didn't speak often on ethics or political philosophy. In terms of ethics, this was because he wanted to have a more cretin foundation in Metaphysics before he really got started building an ethical system. He refrained from speaking on politics becuse he thought such things should be mostly dealt with by Kings and those who they appointed as magistrates.
None the less, he did have some ideas in these two subjects, tending towards a version Virtue Ethics based on
Stoicism as well as viewing
Template:FPCB as the natural order of things.
Diderotianism
Diderotianism is a set of theories developed by the French philosopher and writer of the Enlightenment era Denis Diderot. He is best known for being a co-founder of the first encyclopedia along with File:Alembert.png Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert
Like his other contemporaries, Diderot promoted
antitheism and
materialism.
He also developed proto-evolutionary ideas and it could be said he was the predecessor of
Darwin.
Hegelianism
Metaphysics
Hegel claimed that everything that exists is in the process of becoming something else. He believed history itself was in the process of change, through a dialectical process of opposing ideas, through which would emerge the new synthesis of a single idea, making the old binary distinction irreverent. He thought this process would continue until finally, we arrive at the point when all subjects would realize that only one thing exists, the mind itself.
Hegel was an idealist, meaning he thought that everything that exists is a non-physical entity.
Hegelian Dialectic
In Part I of his Encyclopaedia of Philosophical Sciences, also known as the Encyclopaedia Logic, Hegel presents his dialectical method. According to Hegel, logic has three moments or sides: understanding, dialectical, and speculative. The understanding is the moment of fixity where concepts have stable definitions. The dialectical moment is one of instability and self-sublation, where concepts pass into their opposites. The speculative moment grasps the unity of the first two moments and produces a more comprehensive and universal concept. Hegel's dialectics differ from Plato's arbitrary dialectics in several ways. The movement to new determinations in Hegel's dialectics is driven by the nature of earlier determinations, not by the introduction of new ideas. The transition to new determinations grows out of the process itself and is not dependent on external factors. Later determinations both replace and preserve earlier determinations, and they determine and surpass the limits of the earlier determinations. The dialectical process leads to increasingly comprehensive and universal concepts, ultimately driving towards the Absolute, the all-encompassing concept or form. The Absolute represents the highest level of universality and completes the dialectical process. When taken together, the Absolute concepts for different subject matters form Hegel's entire philosophical system, which is characterized as a "circle of circles." Hegel considers his dialectical method to be truly scientific because it is driven by the subject matter itself and exhibits coherence and necessity.
The Phenomenology of Spirit
Consciousness
Hegel's philosophical perspective focuses on the stages of consciousness development. He begins with sense-certainty, which is limited because it provides only basic factual information without deeper insights. Perception is introduced as an active form of consciousness that recognizes the interconnectedness and relational nature of objects. However, the process of negation erodes specific characteristics, leading to doubt and a return to sense-certainty. Understanding is presented as the most complete form of consciousness, merging sense-certainty and perception. Hegel introduces the concept of force, which operates both in the observable world and as a pure notion. Understanding seeks to uncover the underlying principles and laws governing the actions and reactions of forces. Hegel discusses the existence of two realms, one governed by laws and another where phenomena remain unexplained. He acknowledges that earlier stages of consciousness may not have been aware of these perspectives, while he and his readers understand them as observers.
Self-Consciousness
Self-consciousness arises when the mind recognizes its own thinking and existence in relation to an external world. It seeks validation and self-assertion by acknowledging the same self-consciousness in others, leading to the emergence of collective human consciousness or spirit. Hegel emphasizes that true understanding comes from collective efforts rather than isolated individuals. The process involves mutual recognition and gradual development. The paradox of dominance and servitude reveals that the servant achieves true self-consciousness through discipline and obedience, while the lord depends on recognition but denies equality. Stoicism and skepticism are explored as stages of development, with skepticism questioning true knowledge but ultimately being incoherent. The Unhappy Consciousness seeks unity with the unchangeable through surrender and mediation, leading to the next phase of reason. Hegel incorporates Christian and philosophical concepts to discuss the ascent of human consciousness, highlighting its broader relevance beyond Christianity.
Reason
Reason, for Hegel, involves actively shaping our perception of reality by discerning essential qualities and implicit laws. Observational reason, however, falls short in providing a comprehensive understanding of the world. Hegel introduces rational self-consciousness, combining reason with self-awareness in a social context. True fulfillment and individuality, he argues, are achieved when individuals align themselves with the existing social order. Individuality and self-interest play a role in human action, which exposes intentions and reveals true character. Hegel sees work as a moral imperative for self-realization and emphasizes reason operating within collective consciousness and societal laws.
Spirit
Spirit, in Hegel's view, is the collective consciousness and morality that connects all humans. The ethical order, represented by societal laws and norms, embodies the true spirit and reflects both human and divine aspects. The family represents the natural ethical community, while the government embodies the implementation of human law. Human actions often create a conflict between divine and human law, leading to a society characterized by individualism and the erosion of ethical customs. Hegel also discusses the Enlightenment and its impact on the division between culture and faith, with one pole emphasizing divine law and the other emphasizing human utilitarianism.
Religion
In his exploration of the progress of spirit, Hegel identifies the concept of the "absolute" or divine being. He suggests that the absolute is fully revealed in the current stage of development. Hegel traces the previous appearances of the absolute, highlighting how religion plays a crucial role in achieving self-consciousness. Religion evolves through stages such as natural religion, perceiving spirituality in nature, and the stage of art, where religion becomes an expression of ethics detached from nature. Hegel focuses on the development of religion as art, particularly referencing ancient Greek religions. He discusses the transition from abstract statues to the humanization of gods in epics. Hegel introduces the idea of revealed religion, exemplified by File:Christheo.png Christianity, where God becomes incarnate. He emphasizes the significance of God's presence in the physical world and the shared experience of Christ's existence. Hegel views religion's development through visual imagery, with each stage representing a different aspect of human self-consciousness. He argues that evil stems from the same impulse as good and is a result of self-consciousness. Ultimately, Hegel asserts that spirit finds its culmination in the human conscience, where God is internalized.
Absolute Knowing
Hegel argues that revealed religions, including Christianity, rely on symbolic representations rather than achieving genuine self-consciousness. He revisits the progression of human spirit from sense-certainty to religion, asserting that spirit must surpass religion and manifest its principles in human actions. Hegel terms this stage as systematic science, a pure understanding of the self attained through struggle and development. He emphasizes that systematic science must observe the development of spirit within specific contexts, making it a work of history.
Science of Logic
Hegel believed that logic is the form taken by the science of thinking and that existing approaches to logic needed a radical reformulation. He criticized the separation between the content and form of cognition, which created a gap between subject and object. Hegel aimed to bridge this gap by integrating content and form within the science of logic itself. He believed that he had achieved this integration in his work, the Phenomenology of Spirit, through the concept of Absolute Knowing, where subject and object are united, and truth is equated with certainty. Hegel referred to this File:PostDual.png Post-Dualist form of consciousness as "Begriff," representing the self-contained nature of thought. His goal in the Science of Logic was to overcome the separation between subject and object, providing a comprehensive framework for understanding rational thought and truth. By integrating these elements, Hegel sought to establish a self-contained system reflecting the eternal essence of God before the creation of nature and finite minds.
Philosophy of the Real
Hegel emphasizes that philosophy comes after the completion of actuality and serves to reconstruct and grasp the real world in its intellectual realm. He uses the metaphor of "gray in gray" to illustrate that philosophy recognizes and interprets an already existing shape of life that has aged and cannot be rejuvenated. Philosophy is not meant to dictate how the world should be but to comprehend it as it is. Hegel's concept of actuality suggests that reality is a continuous process, always in a state of preparedness rather than being definitively completed. The relationship between the logical and real-philosophical parts of his system is that philosophy, as the thought and knowledge of the substantial spirit of its time, makes that spirit its object. Hegel's aim is to uncover the systematically coherent logical form within the material of nature and history, presenting it in a scientific manner.
Unfolding of Species
Hegel presents a sequential development from inanimate objects to animate creatures and ultimately to human beings. While this progression has been compared to the Darwinian theory of evolution, Hegel's perspective differs in that he believed organisms possess agency and actively participate in the process. In contrast to Darwin's view of natural selection, Hegel saw organisms as making choices and collaborating with others to advance along this developmental path. According to Hegel, this progression follows a predetermined trajectory, leading towards a teleological end that represents the ultimate purpose and destiny of this natural development.
Politics
Hegel thought that the state could transcend the limits of the individual mind to form a higher mode of being, based in the national spirit, and a nations constitution.
Montesquieuanism
Montesquieuism is a collection of theories made by the Enlightenment era French philosopher Charles Louis Montesquieu (18 January 1689 – 10 February 1755). He is most famous for his political theories where he states the 3 systems of government power: legislature, executive, and judiciary.
Montesquieu claims 3 types of government:
Republic which is developed by
Protestants
Monarchy developed by
Catholics
Despotist States developed by
Muslims.
Rousseauism
Natural state
Rousseauism Argues that the state in human development associated with what he called "Savages" were the best and optimal state. In this original condition, humans have no moral relations or determinate obligations to one another, because or the rarity of contact between groups, differences would have little significance, and no existence of things such as private property or conflict, and all are perfectly equal.
He thinks that humans have two things in common with animals: self preservation and empathy. While he does not think that humans are better than other species, he does think that humans are able to change their ways from the natural state in a way that other species can't.
Republicanism and democracy
Rousseauism believes that sovereignity should be in the hands of the people (including women), ideally decided by direct democracy, and should preside over the government. He thinks this can only be in practice in small places, ideally a city state. The social contract is to agree to this general will of the people.
Property
He believes property is the source of all inequality, and thus believes it should be restricted to only those who have found land first which is not occupied.
Education
“We should not teach children the sciences; but give them a taste for them.”
Sadism
The philosophy of Sade, known as sadism, revolves around the idea of total freedom and individual pleasure without moral constraints. Sade advocated for the pursuit of personal pleasure, even at the expense of others, without concern for social or moral norms. He believed in absolute freedom to satisfy sexual desires and cruelty without limits, challenging the moral conventions of his time. His literary work explores these ideas through characters who exercise unrestricted power over others to fulfill their own pleasure.
Spinozism
Theory of Substance
For Spinoza, Substance underlies our experience, but it can also be known by its various attributes. He does not specify how many attributes substance has, but he says that human beings, at least, can conceive of two — namely, the attribute of extension (physicality) and the attribute of thought (mentality). For this reason, Spinoza is also known as an “attribute dualist”, and he claims that these two attributes cannot be explained by each other, and so must be included in any complete account of the world.
Panentheism File:PanRational.png
Spinoza’s theory is often referred to as a form of panentheism — the belief that God is everything (and beyond), and that everything (and beyond) is God. In Spinoza’s system, the world is not a mass of material and mental stuff — rather, the world of material things is a form of God as conceived under the attribute of extension, and the world of mental things is that same form of God as conceived under the attribute of thought.
Spinoza, influenced by René Descartes, accepted the File:Ontology.png ontological argument. He set out on
rationalism and said that God is the most perfect being. Spinoza saw God as File:Infinity.png infinite and thought that there was no other being that could be absolutely File:Infinity.png infinite.
In his book Ethics, he adopted theory of substance to the philosophy of religion. Spinoza argued that, God has the same qualities as the substance that provides existence of
universe. Knowledge of
nature, which is necessary and non-contingent, was given as a method for understanding God's creation.
Voltairianism
Voltaire perceived the French bourgeoisie to be too small and ineffective, the aristocracy to be parasitic and corrupt, the commoners as ignorant and superstitious, and the Church as a static and oppressive force useful only on occasion as a counterbalance to the rapacity of kings, although all too often, even more rapacious itself. Voltaire distrusted democracy, which he saw as propagating the idiocy of the masses. Voltaire long thought only an enlightened monarch could bring about change, given the social structures of the time and the extremely high rates of illiteracy, and that it was in the king's rational interest to improve the education and welfare of his subjects. But his disappointments and disillusions with Frederick the Great changed his philosophy somewhat, and soon gave birth to one of his most enduring works, his novella Candide, ou l'Optimisme (Candide, or Optimism, 1759), which ends with a new conclusion of quietism: "It is up to us to cultivate our garden." His most polemical and ferocious attacks on intolerance and religious persecutions indeed began to appear a few years later. Candide was also burned, and Voltaire jokingly claimed the actual author was a certain 'Demad' in a letter, where he reaffirmed the main polemical stances of the text.
Harringtonism
WIP
Radishchevism
WIP
Tchi Ho Yun Thought
Tchi Ho Yun (also known as Chi-ho Yun) was a korean enlightenment activist. He once studied in America but was disillusioned due to Anti-Asian Racism in America and became racial nationalist. He hated communist movement arguing that Korean Bolshevism glorifies robbery. Despite his hatred towards patriarchy and sexism, he still hated feminism as much as socialism. Although he once supported Mussolini, he hated Hitler and the nazis, saying that 'Hitler changes everything he touches into hell' and even called him 'Hell Hitler'.
Personality and Behaviour
Enlightenment within the comics is usually portrayed as a stereotypical enlightened thinker.
How to Draw
An Enlightenment wig is an encouraged accessory
Candle Design
- Draw a ball with eyes
- Draw a candle handle
- Draw a candle which is glowing on the handle
And you're done
Color Name | HEX | RGB | |
---|---|---|---|
White | #FFFFFF | 255, 255, 255 | |
Yellow | #FFF200 | 255, 242, 0 | |
Red | #ED131F | 237, 19, 31 | |
Black | #141414 | 20, 20, 20 | |
Grey | #5A5A5A | 90, 90, 90 | |
Light Grey | #C4C4C4 | 196, 196, 196 |
Relationships
Illuminated
Classical Liberalism - My rightist son.
Jacobinism - My leftist son.
Republicanism - My centrist son. Good job defeating and replacing
him!
Enlightened Absolutism - My monarchist son, and the only monarchy worth a damn.
Capitalism - My rightist grandson.
National Liberalism - My other rightist grandson.
Conservative Liberalism - Another rightist grandson that really appreciates Kant and his father.
Girondism - French Republican version of above.
Socialism - My leftist grandson.
Radicalism - My radical grandson that nowadays is a moderate!
Liberalism - My centrist grandson.
Social Liberalism - My center-left great-grandson.
Neoliberalism - My centrist great-great-grandson.
Liberal Socialism - My evolutionary great-grandson.
Neoconservatism - My hawkish great-grandson.
Kemalism - My Middle Eastern great-grandson.
Nationalism - Long live the national fraternity!
Progressivism - I like that you advocate for social progress just like I did back in my day.
Radical Centrism - The fact that you're an avid fan of
him give me very good vibes about you.
Gray Area
Neo-Enlightenment - Listen, I like your dedication to my values and ideas but stop acting like you're the same as me.
Revolutionary Progressivism - Calm down a little buddy.
Illuminatism - Goddamn oligarch totalitarian, you're everything we set out to destroy.
W-W-Weishaupt?State Liberalism - ...what the hell ARE you?! Progress is good but you're even more insane than
him and that's saying something.
Traditionalism - You aren't that bad but you have to embrace more empiricism and rationalism instead of past dogmatism.
Conservatism - You need to stick less to tradition.
Classical Conservatism - Father of above, an old rival but you're more tolerable and reasonable than compared other anti-illuminists especially nowadays
.
Paleoconservatism - American version of above, we both like the foundation of his country but he sometimes can become a
reactard lolcow.
National Conservatism - I like that you embrace people's sovereignty and nation-state but you need to calm down sometimes.
Reactionary Liberalism,
Reactionary Libertarianism,
Hoppeanism &
Korwinism - WTF?
Unless I can still work with them, plusThermidorians are good.
Neoreactionaryism - I don't know what to think of you. You call yourself a reactionary, but you still support my
children
.
Feuillantism - Nice try but too tame and slavery is horrible.
Posadism - Destroying all old things
with explosives around the globe for better future? Well... Good luck with that.
Left in the dark
Counter-Enlightenment -
OW, you darkness, you dark, midnight, evil motherf***er, OW, dark ages, darkness! You're all darkness, you're f***ing delirious motherf***er, OW!
Reactionaryism - You're not getting rid of my ideas that easily.
Reactionary Modernism - WHAT, NO! WHY! Nooooo technology and reactionary thought are incompatible!!!
You also need to see the light in a literal way.Feudalism - Lol feudalism is no more.
Mercantilism - Same for you except for your
modern version which is my great-great-grandson?
Absolute Monarchism - One of my biggest enemies.
Frankfurt School - Oh come on! I am not a totalitarian!
Carlism - Bites the dust!
Oh wait...
Black Hundredism - Another one bites the dust!
Oh wait again...
Integralism - Get real, dude, your time is over.
Ilminism - Illuminism, not Ilminism!
Further Information
Wikipedia
Literature
- Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy by
René Descartes (1637 and 1641)
- Pierre Gassendi and the Birth of Early Modern Philosophy by Pierre Gassendi (1655)
- Maxims by François de La Rochefoucauld (1662)
- Pensees by Blaise Pascal (1670)
- Ethics by
Benedict De Spinoza (1677)
- A Letter Concerning Toleration by
John Locke (1689)
- Two Treatises of Government by
John Locke (1690)
- Some Considerations of the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest and the Raising the Value of Money by
John Locke (1691)
- Discourses Concerning Government by Algernon Sidney (1698)
- The Fable of the Bees; Or, Private Vices, Public Benefits by Bernard Mandeville (1714)
- Philosophical Selections by Nicolas Malebranche (1715)
- Cato's Letters by John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon (1720)
- The New Science by Giambattista Vico (1725)
- An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue by Francis Hutcheson (1725)
- An Essay on the Nature and Conduct of the Passions and Affections, with Illustrations on the Moral Sense by Francis Hutcheson (1728)
- A Modest Proposal and Other Writings by
Jonathan Swift (1729)
- Letters Concerning the English by
Voltaire (1734)
- A Treatise of Human Nature by
David Hume (1740)
- Machine Man and Other Writings by Julien Offray de La Mettrie (1747)
- The Spirit of the Laws by Baron de Montesquieu (1748)
- The Law of Nations Treated According to the Scientific Method by Christian Wolff (1754)
- A System of Moral Philosophy by Francis Hutcheson (1755)
- An Essay on Economic Theory: Essay on the Nature of Trade in General by Richard Cantillon (1755)
- A Review of the Principal Questions in Morals by Richard Price (1758)
- De L'esprit, Or, Essays On the Mind, and Its Several Faculties by Claude Adrien Helvétius (1758)
- The Economical Table by
Francois Quesnay (1758)
- Essays: Moral, Political and Literary by
David Hume (1758)
- The Theory of Moral Sentiments by
Adam Smith (1759)
- Christianity Unveiled by Baron d'Holbach (1761)
- Emile; or On Education by
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762)
- The Basic Political Writings by
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1750-1762)
- Reveries of the Solitary Walker by
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1782)
- The Confessions by
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1782)
- Lectures on Jurisprudence by
Adam Smith (1763)
- Lectures on Justice, Police, Revenue and Arms by
Adam Smith (1763)
- Classical Republican in Eighteenth-Century France by Gabriel Bonnot de Mably (1763)
- Treatise On Toleration by
Voltaire (1763)
- Philosophical Dictionary by
Voltaire (1764)
- On Crimes and Punishments by Cesare Beccaria (1764)
- On Natural Rights by
Francois Quesnay (1765)
- An Essay on the History of Civil Society by Adam Ferguson (1767)
- An Essay on the First Principles of Government, and on the Nature of Political, Civil, and Religious Liberty by Joseph Priestley (1768)
- The Sacred Contagion: The Natural History of Superstition by Baron d'Holbach (1768)
- System of Nature by Baron d'Holbach (1770)
- Turgot Collection by
Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot (1770)
- Good Sense Without God: The Revolutionary Treatise on Free Thought by Baron d'Holbach (1772)
- Encyclopedic Liberty by Denis Diderot, Henry C. Clark, and Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1751-1772)
- Common Sense by
Thomas Paine (1776)
- Commerce and Government: Considered in Their Mutual Relationship by Étienne Bonnot de Condillac (1776)
- A Treatise Concerning Civil Government by Josiah Tucker (1781)
- Dangerous Liaisons by Pierre Choderlos De Laclos (1782)
- Political Writings by Denis Diderot (1784)
- Dialogue Between A Priest And A Dying Man by
Marquis de Sade (1782)
- The 120 Days of Sodom by
Marquis de Sade (1785)
- Aline and Valcour, Vol. 1: or, the Philosophical Novel by
Marquis de Sade (1788)
- Aline and Valcour, Vol. 2: or, the Philosophical Novel by
Marquis de Sade (1788)
- Aline and Valcour, Vol. 3: or, the Philosophical Novel by
Marquis de Sade (1788)
- Justine, or the Misfortunes of Virtue by
Marquis de Sade (1788)
- Philosophy in the Bedroom by
Marquis de Sade (1795)
- Juliette by
Marquis de Sade (1799)
- The Limits of State Action by
Wilhelm von Humboldt (1790)
- Rights of Man by
Thomas Paine (1791)
- Agrarian Justice by
Thomas Paine (1797)
- Mary Wollstonecraft Philosophical and Political Writings Collection by
Mary Wollstonecraft (1797)
- Condorcet: Political Writings by Nicolas de Condorcet (1788-1794)
- Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment? by
Immanuel Kant (1784)
- Logic by Immanuel Kant and Gottlob Benjamin Jäsche (1800)
- Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime and Other Writings by
Immanuel Kant (1764)
- Critique of Pure Reason by
Immanuel Kant (1781)
- The Metaphysics of Morals by
Immanuel Kant (1785)
- Critique of Practical Reason by
Immanuel Kant (1788)
- Critique of Judgment by
Immanuel Kant (1790)
- Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals by
Immanuel Kant (1797)
- Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View by
Immanuel Kant (1798)
- Lectures and Drafts on Political Philosophy by
Immanuel Kant (1799)
- Opus Postumum by
Immanuel Kant (1804)
- Kant’s Critical Philosophy: The Doctrine of the Faculties by Gilles Deleuze (1967)
- Kant and Political Philosophy: The Contemporary Legacy by Ronald Beiner and William James Booth (1993)
- Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment by Alan Charles Kors (1815)
Gallery
-
u/K-Tech2 Source
- ↑ Around the time Sade left prison, all titles of nobility were abolished.