Tridemism
"It is only after mature deliberation and thorough preparation that I have decided upon the Program of Revolution and defined the procedure of the revolution in three stages. The first is the period of military government; the second, the period of political tutelage; and the third, the period of constitutional government. "
Tridemism[8], more commonly referred to by its full name The Three Principles of the People, is a civically neutral (later moderately authoritarian but civically variable in modern day), economically variable (depending on time period and faction) ideology inhabiting a moderate position in between the 2 authoritarian quadrants (in its later stage). It is a Chinese ideology which was developed by Sun Yat-sen, meant to bring power and prosperity to China. It is based on three principles, those being Minzu, Minquan and Minsheng, also being the constitutional ideology of the
Republic of China (Taiwan).[9].
History and Variants
Tridemism, or the Three Principles of The People, is a nationalist and republican ideology developed by Chinese revolutionary Sun Zhongshan (Sun Yat-sen) during the Xinhai (Tsinghai) Revolution, and was the theory on which the Guomindang (Kuomintang - Chinese Nationalist Party) was based. Under these principles, Sun, the temporary president of the new revolutionary state, ruled the Republic of China, the successor of the last imperial Chinese dynasty of
Qing. It was designed to make China a free, happy, and prosperous nation.
The Tongmenghui was established in the US as a secret revolutionary society to overthrow Qing’s rule, expel the Manchus, restore China, establish a democratic republic, and give everyone the land they deserved. The Xinhai Revolution successfully overthrew the Qing Dynasty and established China’s first-ever democratic constitution with full civil rights and democracy. The revolution was, however, short-lived due to the failure of the successor of the Tongmenghui-the Chinese Revolutionary Party to advance north and factionalism. Sun had to resign as the President of the newly established Republic of China and go into exile, which paved the way for the rise of the opportunist Yuan Shikai and his reactionary Beiyang Clique. Yuan Shikai established a de facto absolute monarchy with Chinese theocracy and reactionary social and cultural policies.
Sun suffered several defeats after the Xinhai Revolution as reactionary warlords such as
Yuan Shikai and Zhang Zuolin obstructed the democratic and progressive reforms of Sun by all possible means in the aftermath of the revolution. Sun was powerless and upset with the development. With the financial support of the USSR, Sun was again able to rise in Canton with his new political party-the Kuomintang (KMT). During the military conquest of the north by the KMT and the development of the Huangpu Military Academy, Sun developed the idea of a *
political tutelage of the KMT to transform China into a
modern democratic constitutional country without giving a specific timeframe to end the one-party state tutelage eventually.
But Sun also proposed a democratic constitution of five separations of powers, the first-ever in Chinese history. The constitution is based on a hybrid system with a mixture of Montesquieu’s three separation of powers of the executive, legislative, and judiciary, and two enlightened traditional Chinese institutions. The Examination Yuan is based on the Chinese traditional examination system and the Control Yuan supervisory body of the ‘Board of Public Censors' in Chinese dynasties of advisors giving Chinese emperors counsel.
Right-Wing Kuomintang ![](//static.miraheze.org/polcompballwiki/e/e7/ChiangKaiShek.png)
![](//static.miraheze.org/polcompballwiki/a/a5/Huhanmin.png)
![](//static.miraheze.org/polcompballwiki/f/f7/Chiang-Ching-kuo.png)
The right KMT was officially formed after the cleansing against communists and communist sympathizers in the KMT in 1927 known as the ‘Shanghai Massacre’, the start of the so-called ‘white terror’. In addition, the white terror's primary targets were those who advocated the Soviet model of government, such as
Wang Ming and
Mao Tse-tung in the CCP, as well as
left-wing Kuomintang party members. Shanghai Massacre and subsequent anti-communist massacres across China killed 40k to 300k communist affiliated political dissidents, and marked the start of the Chinese Civil War.
The most prominent figures of Right KMT were Chiang Kai-shek,
Hu Hanmin and his Western Hills Group (before his imprisonment), and
Chiang Ching-kuo. The right KMT took a more
anti-communist,
socially conservative and authoritarian party line than the original KMT, but it continued Sun’s Georgist economic policies in Taiwan after it was defeated by the
communists in Mainland China. It is also very anti-Japanese and Chinese nationalist in general.
Chiang’s government continued Northern Expedition after splitting with the communists in 1925 and unified China under the Nationalist Government in 1928 (Only nominally). A period of prosperity and modernization was experienced in China during the Nanking decade with the modernization of infrastructure and a focus on light industries such as the cotton industry, airlines, highways, and factories. China also had increased education, with schools built nationwide under nationalist rule. However, the achievements were somewhat limited as the nationalists only had limited control over the country, with warlords having de facto control over most parts of China and a raging communist rebellion. Periodical famines continued throughout China. The political tutelage stage was scheduled to end in 1937 with Sun’s ideal of constitutional democracy to be implemented. Still, the process was delayed till the 1940s due to the Sino-Japanese War.
Reactionary practices such as foot-binding, polygamy, and child marriage were strictly prohibited and enforced by the Nationalist government for social progress. But the nationalists under Chiang were worried that westernization could impede and diminish the positive aspects of Chinese traditions, such as gender roles, family values, morals, and ethics. Therefore, the nationalist regime started a New Life Movement that promotes Confucianism and traditional Chinese values. Many scholars have described this movement as
Neo-Confucianist. Chiang also turned further nationalistic and grew interested in the government systems of
Nazi Germany,
Fascist Italy, and
Kemalist Turkey. The
Chinese Blue Shirt Society was founded in 1932 by Dai Li as an experiment that modeled the Black Shirts paramilitary wing of the Italian Fascist Party with a slogan of "One Doctrine, One Party, and One Leader" with strong anti-Japanese and anti-western/American sentiments. The organization was disbanded in 1938 as Chiang moved away from fascist influence due to the deterioration of the relationship between China and the Axis due to Japanese invasion of China.
The Japanese invasion was reliving for the communists strategically as the second United Front was formed between the nationalists and the communists. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, major battles were fought between the nationalists and the Japanese, with 3.8 million-10 million Chinese soldiers perishing or injured to defend China from
Japan’s genocidal fascist regime. The Japanese side also suffered heavy losses, with 2.2 million casualties from the Japanese invasion forces and 1 million from the collaborators. The international community only diplomatically condemned Japan and gave China minimum financial support until the US entered the war in 1941; the nationalists caused the Yellow River Flooding to stop the Japanese military advance. This flooding caused the deaths of 400k to 900k civilians. Combined with food shortages, the Yellow River Flood caused the Henan Famine.
China’s post-war partial transition towards democracy in 1947 followed the global wave of democratic changes in previously non-aligned authoritarian countries such as Turkey, Brazil, and Greece, further shifting the KMT’s ideology from fascist-alike fervent nationalism back to Sun’s democratic socialism (at least economically) with the crackdown of capitalists in Shanghai, price controls, monetary reforms, and an expansion of workers rights. However, the nationalists failed to control hyperinflation due to war shortages, corruption and the lack of foreign economic support, which caused the economic collapse of the nationalist-ruled regions.
After the KMT retreated to Taiwan, its ideology shifted to Pro-American authoritarian capitalism, along with many dictatorial regimes such as
Francoist Spain,
Ilminist Korea, and
Kenan Evren’s Turkey. However, Sun’s principle of
Georgism was still preserved by the nationalists. Land reform was successfully implemented in Taiwan. Along with state planning policies of
technocrats such as Yen Chia-kan, and
Chiang Ching-Kuo's Soviet-inspired planning policies, the Gini index of Taiwan was brought down from 0.52 in the Japanese colonial era to just 0.28 during the nationalist rule, and the lower 40% income group doubled their income share to 22% of total income with the income share of the upper 20% shrunk from 61% to 39%. Taiwan also experienced a period of prosperity and rapid growth that topped in Asian four tigers, albeit with the most egalitarian developmental model due to
the socialist ideology of Kuomintang.
After retreating to Taiwan, Chiang learned from his mistakes and failures in the mainland and blamed them for failing to pursue Sun Yat-sen’s ideals of Tridemism and welfarism. Chiang’s land reform more than doubled the land ownership of Taiwanese farmers. It removed the rent burdens on them, with former land owners using the government compensation to become the new capitalist class. He promoted a mixed economy of state and private ownership with economic planning. Chiang also promoted a 9-years free education and the importance of science in Taiwanese education and values. These measures generated great success with consistent and strong growth and the stabilization of inflation.[10]
Before the fall of Mainland China into communist hands, the nationalists drafted a new constitution with independent democrats and opposition parties such as CDSP (China Democratic Socialist Party) and
Youth China Party. A comprehensive constitutional draft of civil rights, minority rights, and women’s rights based on Sun’s Five-Power separation proposal was established.
Most of the provisions were, however, suspended in Taiwan with martial law declared as the nationalists saw Taiwan as a temporary base to retake Mainland China. The nationalists became more brutal and dictatorial in Taiwan than in Mainland China. The nationalist regime increased press censorship and control over civil activities to counter communist infiltration,
and the police state was also expanded. A notorious incident was the 228 Incident with atrocities committed by the nationalist government, the
Fujian Governor Chen Yi responsible for this incident, and he was later executed for committing the atrocities after the nationalists retreated to Taiwan.The incident resulted in the deaths of 18k-28k civilians and militants, massacred or executed by the KMT regime. However, some provisions of the constitution, such as local elections, women’s rights, and parliamentary quotas, were upheld by the nationalist regime despite the martial law in place. Throughout the history of the white terror, 30k-40k were executed for their alleged ties to the
Chinese communists or separatism, at least 140k were imprisoned, with many brutally tortured by the Chiangist regime.
After the death of Chiang Kai-shek in Taiwan, the Chinese nationalist KMT regime began to relax its political restrictions and to improve its civil rights and freedoms under the reforms of Chiang Ching-kuo. In 1986, the
Democratic Progressive Party was formed as a real opposition party, which Chiang Ching-kuo did not try to shut down.
After the democratization of Taiwan, it began to slowly drift away from the Chiangist economic policy to embrace a more free market system, as part of the economic globalization process under the context of
Neoliberalism.[11]
Revisionist Right-Wing KMT
Since the 1992 Consensus, KMT in Taiwan no longer adheres to many original principles of Tridemism due to the structural reforms of the party implemented by Lee Teng-hui, as they no longer believe in Georgism. This might be the reason why the rent in Taiwan is very high.
There are claims (usually by the Pan-Green) that modern KMT supports the
CCP, with the former claiming to support
Hong Kong democracy protests and Taiwan's friendly relationship with the
USA, but in actuality, they do nothing except Chiang Wan-an (search his Chinese Wikipedia).
When it comes to economics, they're more aligned with the DPP, as both lean neoliberal and laissez-faire capitalist economics, although the KMT tends to be more statist and socially oriented. Revisionaries are now more focused on economic growth rather than equality.
Overall, their policies are inconsistent and constantly changing.
![](//static.miraheze.org/polcompballwiki/1/1f/LeftKMT.png)
Left-Wing Kuomintang ![](//static.miraheze.org/polcompballwiki/f/f5/ChenDuxiu.png)
![](//static.miraheze.org/polcompballwiki/8/81/Mao.png)
![](//static.miraheze.org/polcompballwiki/b/bd/RCCK.png)
After the end of World War II, the relationship between the Chinese Kuomintang and the CPC, who had allied to fight the
Japanese, became increasingly tense; ultimately, both sides restarted the civil war, which World War II had interrupted.
In 1945 and 1946, members of the Kuomintang's left-wing formed the Three People's Confederation of Comrades and the China Nationalist Democratic Promotion Association in Chongqing and Guangzhou, respectively.
In November 1947, the first joint representative meeting of the Kuomintang left was held in Hong Kong; on 1 January 1948, the meeting announced the official establishment of the "Chinese Kuomintang Revolutionary Committee" (中國國民黨革命委員會), and nominated Soong Ching-ling, the widow of Sun Yat-sen, as the Honorary Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee (despite Soong Ching-ling never formally joining the commission).
To this day, it remains as one of PRC's eight "Democratic Parties" (民主黨派) and despite having seats in People's Assembly, it barely has any actual political power and often mocked as nothing but a decoration to maintain PRC's claim that they're a multi-party system and is running under a certain form of consociationalism.
Liberal Tridemism
Liberal Tridemism is an ideology that mixes Tridemism (Mainly Original Tridemism and Right-KMT) with Liberalism. It strongly opposes
Dengism and the PRC, and supports liberal democracy, human rights, and civil liberties. Examples are Xin Haonian, the banned Union of Chinese Nationalists in
Mainland China, and
Hong Kong Pro-KMT Camp.
However, this ideology has drawn some controversies within the pan-Chinese liberal circles due to its support and defense of Chiang Kai-shek and his authoritarian Nationalist government on many occasions.
Chinese Blueshirtism
Although in its early stage, the society's most important members came from the Whampoa Military Academy and constituted elements of the KMT's Whampoa Clique, by the 1930s, its influence extended into the military and political spheres. It has influenced China's economy and society. The rise and fall of the Blue Shirt Society were rapid but obscure. They were seldom mentioned again by either the KMT or the Communist Party of China after the establishment of the People's Republic of China and the following KMT's retreat to Taiwan.
After Dai Li’s death and the defeat of the nationalists in the Chinese civil war, a few surviving members of the Blue Shirts Society fled to Taiwan. The remanent of the Blue Shirts Society became the hardliners of the KMT and were the most vocal opponents of Chiang Ching-kuo’s democratization reforms.
In recent years, Xi-era China and its pinkie fans have been accused of being fascist, implying followers of Blueshirtism persisted on the mainland and infiltrated the CCP.
Beliefs
民族 Mínzú (Nationalism)
Roughly translates to Civic Nationalism, this principle states that China must be independent from all
Imperialist influence and oppression, which can be achieved by developing "China-nationalism" as opposed to
ethnic nationalism, uniting Han, Manchus, Mongols and Tibetans, as well as Muslims in China (although this part is arguable since in practice its usually Han hegemony because Sun Yat-sen promoted the
idea of Chinese minorities gradually assimilating into the Han culture within the Chinese national framework)
民權 Mínquán (Democracy)
Roughly translates to Civil Rights, this principle stated that instead of having an Emperor to rule China, all Chinese people should be his own Emperor under a democratic system, which citizens have the right to vote and influence politic via democratic means. It also added two more branches--Control Yuan and Examination Yuan -- to more commonly adapted tripartite of power separation due to China's political tradition.
民生 Mínshēng
(Welfare/Socialism)
Roughly translates to "Doctrine of Livelihood", or
Socialism more broadly. While Sun Yat-sen stated in a 1924 speech that "’Mínshēng’ is
Socialism." and even at times calls his proposed policies
Communist, he was opposed to the
Marxist definitions of "class struggle" and "surplus value" as well as
Russian style communism, saying "The Soviet system in Russia is not pure communism but Marxism — and Marxism is not communism; the real communism comes from Proudhon and Bakunin." Despite this, he still chose Lenin's style of party structure for the Kuomintang.
Sun Yat-sen instead defined Mínshēng as a doctrine of "people's livelihood, social existence, national economy, and group life." (ibid)
In practice it mostly focused on land distribution and monopoly issues, observing that:
We [the Chinese] are making Shanghai the industrial and commercial metropolis of Central China, and Canton the center of South China; and as a result, land values in Shanghai and Canton have multiplied tens of thousands of times within a few decades. (...) We have condemned merchants and manufacturers for their unfair means of profit-making through monopoly, but the landowners, unlike the merchants and manufacturers who have to work hard, receive tremendous profit by doing nothing. Only through the hard labor and constant effort of the mass of people can an area be developed and improved. A general rise in prices always follows a rise of land values, and in this way, the landowners sit down to enjoy the fruits of others' labor. In other words, the earnings of the mass of the people from their improvement of an area are indirectly stolen by the landowners.
(ibid)
Sun Yat-sen proposed to solve this with a land value tax, inspired by Henry George:
In as much as the economic progress is the labor of the people in general, it is only just that any increment in land value from such progress be shared by all in the community.
(ibid)
How to Draw
Kuomintang design
[!] Social media platforms in China banned the usage of the Flag of Kuomintang. Be aware when using this design!
This flag of Tridemism is based on the "Blue Sky and White Sun flag" (青天白日旗), which is the official party flag of the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) and the naval jack of the Republic of China Navy.
- Draw a triangle,
- Fill it with blue,
- Draw a white circle in the middle,
- Draw 12 sunrays in white along the outside of it,
- Add the eyes
You are done!
Color Name | HEX | RGB | |
---|---|---|---|
Blue | #000095 | 0, 0, 149 | |
White | #FFFFFF | 255, 255, 255 |
Five Races design
- Draw a triangle
- Add five equal horizontal stripes going across, colored red, yellow, blue, white, and black
- Draw two eyes on the triangle
You are finished!
Color Name | HEX | RGB | |
---|---|---|---|
Red | #DE2119 | 222, 33, 25 | |
Yellow | #FFC500 | 255, 197, 0 | |
Blue | #08639C | 8, 99, 156 | |
White | #FFFFFF | 255, 255, 255 | |
Black | #141414 | 20, 20, 20 |
Personality and Behavior
There are few types of Tridemism, every type of Tridemism has different personality.
Original Tridemism is a Lolicon.
Left-Wing Tridemism praises Chairman Mao and Chairman Xi (Only Revisionist Left-Wing).
Orthodox Right-Wing Tridemism denies the White Terror or think it was justified.
Revisionist Right-Wing Tridemism is friendly to Dengism, and even shares an ice cream with him.
Liberal Tridemism accuses Revisionist Tridemism of being a traitor.
P.S. This is not meant to be taken seriously.
Relationships
As Tridemism was separated with both left-wing factions (Especially the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang - RCCK) and right-wing factions, Tridemism's relationship between several ideologies was mixed due to factional differences.
朋友們 (Friends)
喬治主義 - Your idea of a land value tax is the backbone of my economic system.
基馬爾主義 - We both arose from similar conditions in our home countries, and we both believe in populism and a social economy, but differ on how it's funded. You were also my role model of revolution and national salvation to study from. [12]
基督教社會主義 - Dr. Sun Yat-sen was a devout Christian and a socialist.
But still, religion and the state should be separate.威權民主制 &
社會威權主義 - Only the political tutelage of the KMT can lead this nation towards the glorious path of modernization and constitutionalism.
女權主義 - If this is how our country can be modernized, I'm all for it I guess. Also rest in power, comrade Qiu Jin.
福利主義 - Welfare for my people!
休伊朗主義 - This American has some good ideas.
列寧主義 - Thanks for helping me reform my party and found Whampoa Military Academy.
毛澤東思想 (
Left-Wing KMT &
RCCK) - Good chap Mao! Wish
Chiang didn't ruin everything!
中國特色社會主義 (
Revisionist Left-Wing KMT) - Thanks for keeping me to make China looks like a democracy.
遺囑統治
- 恭讀《國父遺囑》!
保守社會主義 - The CDSP was epic and it helped to write my constitution. Yan Xishan is also kinda based.
猶太復國主義 - I support the Jewish cause![13] But why were you one of the first non-Communist countries to recognize the PRC over the ROC?
進步保守主義 - Learning west, but don't forget ourselves.
德先生 &
賽先生 - 德先生,賽先生,你好。
自由社會主義 - Basically me, though you should realize that even if you don’t agree with the communists we can still work with them.
半敵半友 (Frenemies)
光明會主義 - Uhhhhh... hi, fellow... triangle.
民族主義 - 中華民族團結起來—— 慢著,您説台灣、
蒙古、新疆及西藏非中華民族是什麽意思?(ALL CHINESE UNITE!!!! ---- wait, what do you mean Taiwanese,Mongols, Uyghurs and Tibetan are not Chinese?)聯邦主義 - Thanks for the support in overthrowing
Qing, but sorry, your ideal was just encouraging those warlords. What China needs is unity under my- erm, I mean, one banner!
資本主義 - FILTHY MERCHANTS! YOU EXPLOIT THE PEOPLE! .....then again, it wouldn't be possible for the revolution to succeed without all the investments from Chinese merchants that support my ideal. I initially cracked down the capitalists in Shanghai and China but then let them flourish during the 1930s Nanjing Decade, only to nationalize and attack them again in the 1940s. I became fully supportive of him after I retreat to Taiwan, though,
中國特色社會主義 (
Revisionist Right KMT) - Stop saying I'm now his pet! I'm just pro-Chinese unity! 感謝您的支持,我們絕對不讓這些塔綠班勝選![14]
保守自由主義 - Just shut up already and keep up with me Hu Shih!!
新保守主義 - Thanks for your aid and support but why do you always backstab me?
傳統主義 - The positive aspects of Chinese traditions shall be conserved, although the negative aspects such as monarchism and disrespect of women will be replaced with western progressive ideals. However, the Chinese nation and its culture would always be on top of foreign cultures and civilizations.
福利沙文主义 - You take it too far, but Dai Li likes you.
國際主義 - I agree the whole world is a family, but the Chinese nation must come first.
納粹主義 - You sided with that
bastard, but I appreciate how you helped me alot back then with my military and my infrastructure. John Rabe was a true hero.
敵人們 (Enemies)
中華神權統治 and
反動主義 - THE ENEMIES OF THE PEOPLE! YOU MUST BE SNUFFED OUT FOR CHINA TO SUCCEED!
But thanks for the ideas for the Examination Yuan and the Control Yuan袁世凱思想 - My mortal enemy, you are a reactionary warlord opportunist who ruined Xinhai Revolution and turned China into a kleptocratic autocracy. You are the reason why China descended the Warlord Era, and I had to launch several revolutions to retake it. I f*cking hate you!
分離主義 - Goddamn warlords. Don't you realize China is supposed to be united?! Also, stop encouraging those Taiwan independence movements! How are we going to retake the mainland if I lose my final base?!
Well I'll have Kinmen and Matsu then台獨份子 - Pan-green cucks! 1450水軍!塔綠班!綠色恐怖!Taiwanese are Chinese!
None of you will be able to escape after China is unified!日本帝國主義 - RAPIST MURDERING C*NT. YOU WANT A
THIRDFOURTH NUCLEAR EXPLOSION ON YOUR CLAY? #NeverForgetNanjing溥儀 - The Qing dynasty has shown itself to be full of traitors and weebs. I should have killed you back in 1912.
毛澤東思想 (Except for
Left-Wing KMT &
RCCK that supports Mao) - YOU KILLED AT LEAST 40 MILLION PEOPLE! MY PEOPLE! PREPARE TO BE ELIMINATED. Also, Without the Nationalist Party, there would be no New China.
中國特色社會主義 (
Right-Wing KMT) - Haha Three Noes campaign go brrrrrr.
中國特色社會主義 &
習近平思想 (
Liberal Tridemism) - DEATH TO CHINAZIS WHO STOLE OUR FATHERLAND!!!
族裔民族主義 - I enacted a quota system for ethnic minorities such as Tibetans and Uyghurs and later Indigenous Taiwanese as part of my educational policy.[15]
霍查主義 (Except for
Left-Wing KMT &
RCCK) - You kicked me out from the UN!
哈裡·S·杜魯門 - I hate you because your illusions about the
CCP caused us to lose all of China!
It is definitely not caused by us losing the support of the people because we are too corrupt!
Gallery
Portraits
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5 Races
Alternative designs
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Chiangism
-
Blue Shirts Society
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Chinese Blueshirtism
-
Chinese Blueshirtism flag
Artowrok and Comics
Further Information
Literature
- The Three Principles of the People (1924) by Sun Yat-Sen
- The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-Shek and the Struggle for Modern China by Jay Taylor
- The Generalissimo's Son: Chiang Ching-Kuo and the Revolutions in China and Taiwan by Jay Taylor
Wikipedia
Kuomintang
Three Principles of the People
Hu Hanmin Thought
Chiangism
Tongmenghui
Revive China Society
Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang (RCCK)
Taiwanese People's Party
Pro-KMT camp
Union of Chinese Nationalists
Socialist ideology of the KMT
Malaysian Chinese Association
People's Power Party
Chinese People's Party
Videos
- Sun Yat-Sen's Three Principles of the People by EmperorTigerstar
- Extra History: Sun Yat-sen by Extra Credits
The Rise and Fall of the Vietnamese Nationalist Party by zwee
Notes
- ↑ There is a common joke among the Taiwanese ACG community suggesting that Sun Yat-Sen was a lolicon due to his previous marriages involving underage girls (Kaoru Otsuki, aged 13 when proposed; Haru Asada, aged 15 when being Dr. Sun's concubine; and Soong Ching-ling, via grooming).
- ↑ Sun rejected Individualism of the West in favor of Chinese communitarian-nationalism.
- ↑ Sun claimed to be a socialist and rejected Marxism, yet despite this he chose Lenin's style of party structure for the KMT.
- ↑ One of Sun's policy changes was a transition from theocracy to a modernized secular constitutional republic.
- ↑ Some people believe that the Chiangist KMT was a loose alliance of warlords, landlords, and capitalists that only used political ideologies as a facade of its rule. They believe political ideologies were only used by the regime to legitimize the monopolization of the resources and the wealth to the cronies of the big four families. This view is predominant among modern Chinese historians and scholars who are sympathetic to the CCP’s historiography. Other scholars, however, believe Chiang had genuine beliefs in the revolution and the idea of “Minsheng” or socialism of Sun Yat-sen.
- ↑ Chiang's ROC drafed a constitution in 1946 and established a dominant-party regime in Mainland China. After the ROC retreated to Taiwan, he allowed limited democracy within the state's system of local elections. But national elections remained suspended until after the lifting of the martial law in 4 decades.
- ↑ Initially, Chiang Kai-Shek was a Marxist who researched several works of Karl Marx and held left-leaning views until he began to be skeptical towards the KMT-CCP co-operation after the Canton Coup.
- ↑ *Aka "White Terror"
- ↑ Chiang Kai-shek attempted to implement Georgist principles as dictator, despite having to cooperate with the landlord class in response to the instability during his reign. In 1933 he attempted to gradually implement land reform through the Chinese Institute of Land Economics, which he argued was a continuation of Sun Yat-sen's Georgism. He attempted to collect land rents and also ensure the Chinese had "equal right" to the land.
- ↑ Chiang Ching-kuo was deeply influenced by economic ideas of the USSR due to his Soviet education despite being a staunch anti-communist.
- ↑ Chiang Wei-shui has sometimes been described as the "Taiwanese Sun Yat-sen" and is greatly respected by the Taiwanese across party lines.
- ↑ By virtue of being associated with the KMT, which was founded on Georgist principles.
- ↑ Several historians, including Paul Jackson, Roger Griffin, Stanley payne, Maria Chang, and Cyprian Balmires, have classified the Blue Shirt Society as a ‘fascistic’ ultra-nationalist group rather than a ‘fascist’ one, implying an orientation towards, but not complete integration into, fascism. Blamires, Cyprian; Jackson, Paul (2006). World Fascism: A-K. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781576079409.
- ↑ Lee Teng is a Taiwanese who grew up during the Japanese occupation period and was once frighted for IJA, he later joined KMT, became its Chairman and president of ROC after the death of Chiang Ching-kuo. Later in life he turned to support the Taiwan independence movement. After some failed attempts to change KMT from a Chinese nationalistic party to a Taiwanese one, he left the KMT in 2001.
- ↑ Hung Hsiu-chu supports the CCP, importantly denying the Xinjiang police files.
- ↑ He was a police before, not a real Police Statist.
- ↑ Xin was Born in 1947 and experienced the tyrannical era of Mao. He strongly opposes the CCP and supported Tiananmen Students.
- ↑ Chiang Wan-an has show support for Gay rights and the Hong Kong protesters.
- ↑ Wang Zhongquan created the Chinese People's Party after alleging the KMT in engaging political corruption.
References
- ↑ https://www.albertoforchielli.com/co-operatives-and-china/#:~:text=In%20the%20early%20decades%20of,hand%20in%20hand%20with%20socialism.
- ↑ [1], Wikipedia.
- ↑ [2], Journals.open.nl
- ↑ In 1972, Yi Laoyi, associate professor of history at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, wrote "Fascism in Kuomintang China: The Blue Shirts" ("Fascism in Kuomintang China: The Blue Shirts"), which was published in the spring issue of " China Quarterly " [17 ] ; Deng Wenyi and Qian Guoxun , one of the founders of Lixingshe, were "very angry" after reading it. They believed that Yi Laoyi had "insulted" the national revolutionary movement and described Lixingshe as a fascist organization as an "unwarranted fallacy" [2] . Deng Yuanzhong (son of Deng Wenyi, who was teaching at Marist College in New York , USA) was persuaded by Deng Wenyi to write a book about Lixingshe, interviewing fifty-six members of Lixingshe, Fuxingshe and insiders and the Party History Committee of the Central Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang According to archival information, in the political atmosphere of Taiwan in the 1970s, Chiang Kai-shek's acquiescence was required to proceed smoothly. In 1984, Deng Yuanzhong returned to Taiwan from the United States as a professor and published "History of the Three People's Principles Lixing Society"; in 2000, he published a 582-page revised version of "The Truth about the Core Organizations of the Kuomintang - Lixing Society, Fuxing Society and the so-called "Blue Clothes Society" Evolution and Growth" [2] . Deng Yuanzhong advocated that Lixingshe had three significances in the history of the Republic of China [2] : Lixingshe and Chiang Kai-shek: The formation of Lixingshe was in line with the needs of Chiang Kai-shek and Zhongzheng to unify the country at that time. With the strategy of "all strategies should be carried out with the cooperation of openness and secrets", it emphasized the support of Chiang Zhongzheng to become "the supreme authority and center of belief in the minds of the whole country." ”; it was disbanded in 1938 when “it grew too large and lost its function of matching darkness with light.” Lixingshe and the Kuomintang: In the 1930s, the Chinese Kuomintang's "organization was lax and its revolutionary spirit was scattered." Lixingshe "stimulated the original organization of the Kuomintang, causing them to actively rectify and compete with each other." Therefore, under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek, Lixingshe "completed Work with ideals and strength to protect the party and save the country." Lixingshe and the process of China's modernization: Lixingshe was responsible for and participated in important movements in the 1930s, such as the Internal Peace Movement, the National Economic Construction Movement, the National Military Training Movement, and the New Life Movement, etc., which helped to enhance the national consciousness of the youth at that time and their understanding of the country. Gain an understanding of the situation. Yi Laoyi wrote a special article introducing Deng Yuanzhong's research and publication as "one of the most objective research results on the history of the Kuomintang rule that has been published in Taiwan", and it is actually "an extraordinary perspective on Chinese politics in the 1930s"; and Taiwan's academic circles also It is considered that this book is "the only "History of Lixing Society" written systematically and based on facts in the past fifty years" [2] . Lin Yutang also defended the Nationalist government. He believed that the government's censorship of foreign journalists in Chongqing was no more serious than the censorship of foreign journalists by the U.S. government. Because we are in the middle of a war, and for fear that such reports criticizing the United States will be intercepted by enemy countries and used for propaganda purposes, some things cannot be helped. Lin Yutang also pointed out that the Nationalist government was paternalistic, not fascist. The Nationalist Government was eager to guide the people's thoughts and actions, but it did not strictly control thoughts, nor did it impose a rule of force or terror. The reaction of the people under a paternalistic regime is anger or a knowing smile; while the reaction of the people under a totalitarian rule is a whisper, secret fear, frightened submission, and the whole nation sings praises of the government. Patriarchal regimes can be saved, but totalitarian regimes are incurable. If you want to see real totalitarianism, you must go to Yan'an. Lin Yutang said that if there had not been a strong national government during the War of Resistance, but a more democratic and loose government like France, China's combat capabilities might have collapsed due to domestic divisions. [18] [19]
- ↑ https://www.jstor.org/stable/652907?searchText=&searchUri=&ab_segments=&searchKey=&refreqid=fastly-default%3A6516d84be59f67769fa7a987f5d0453f&seq=2
- ↑ "Spymaster Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service" by Frederic Wakeman Jr., Amazon.com.
- ↑ [3], Wikipedia (Chinese).
- ↑ [4], Google Books.
- ↑ Law - All, MOJ.gov.tv.
- ↑ [5], CUHK.hk.
- ↑ [6], GHK.tv.
- ↑ "Interactions between two republics: The Republic of Turkey and the Republic of China (1923-1949)", Briq Journal.
- ↑ "China's century old support for Zionism surfaces in a latter, TimesOfIsrael.
- ↑ "Xi congratulates new KMT leader, but calls Taiwan situation grim.", Nikkei.
- ↑ 特種身分學生成績優待, Wikipedia (Chinese)