National Syndicalism

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National Syndicalism is an economically left, nationalist, authoritarian and culturally right ideology. It emerged from the tendency of revolutionary syndicalists to ally with integral nationalists. It opposes Capitalism, liberal democracy and, usually, Secularism. The ideology is usually associated with either Integralism or Fascism.

Variants

Fascist Syndicalism

Fascist Syndicalism, also known as Left-Fascism, was created by group of syndicalist leaders, including: Edmondo Rossoni, Angelo Oliviero Olivetti, Alceste De Ambris and Guido Pighetti. It was heavily influenced by ideas of Georges Sorel. While Mussolini's fascism shifted towards class collaboration, fascist syndicalists supported the class struggle, workers' ownship of the means of productions and were hostile towards industrialists.

Seem as radical and leftists among fascists, Rossoni argued that syndicates (workers' unions) should have key role in fascist revolution. In this philosophy, the important part was played by "Proletarian nation" concept. Created by Enrico Corradini. The idea described Italy as being productive, morally vigorous, and inclined to bold action, traits which Corrardini considered to be characteristics associated with the proletariat.

Nazi Syndicalism

Flag of National Syndicalism Flag of German Labour Front

The first Nazi workers' union was National Socialist Factory Cell Organization, or NSBZO, led by Walter Schuhmann. It was founded as an alternative to social democratic and Christian unions, but was far less successful. Slogan of the organisation was "Hinein in die Betriebe!" meaning "Into the Factories!" and shortened to "Hib'. While generally not successful, NSBZO had significant support in some regions and there it organized strikes, for example 1932 Berlin transport strike. Another example of region where organisation was successful could be Nordhorn - a textile industrial city in Lower Saxony. NSBZO's section there was one of branches displaying ideology similar to National Bolshevism, hoping that after national revolution there will be a social one, overthrowing old elites.

After Nazis took power, all independent labour union were banned. Soon, the process of Gleichschaltung (or cooperation) began - it was meant to bring these unions into line with policy of new government. Soon, NSBZO was merged into new organisation meant to be sole workers' union - German Labour Front (DAF), led by Robert Ley. Though Ley himself had no experience in labour relations and Hitler signed decree outlawing strikes, DAF enabled many policies aiming to improve life of a worker. Examples are: providing workers' with cheaper tickets for trips to foreign countries or constructing summer resort complexes and spa. Even though number of people taking holiday cruises increased, the employers were allowed to refuse worker's request for his workbook - if such situation occurred, it made it impossible for the worker to quit his job.

DAF had many sub-organisations, with two being most significant ones. These were:

- Strength through Joy, which was giving workers cheap or free holidays. Additionally, it subsided sporting and leisure facilities.

- Beauty of Labour, which renovated outdated factories, created smoking-free rooms and new canteens for workers, as well as kept workplaces clean.

Robert Ley began his career as follower of Strasserism, but changed his views. As a head of DAF, he gave even more power to employers and closely cooperated with Hitler in fight against syndicalist tendencies within NSBZO.

Totalism

Main Article: Totalism

Totalism is fictional socialist ideology, appearing in alternative history mods for Hearts of Iron IV - namely Kaiserreich and Kaiserredux. It beliefs that transition to true syndicalist society can be achieved only with proletariat being the driving force of such change. However, it differs from "mainstream" Syndicalism because of Totalism's emphasis on centralisation of power, militarization of economy and support for totalitarian state.

History

Cercle Proudhon

Founded in 1911 Cercle Proudhon was inspired by ideas of Georges Sorel, Charles Maurras and a selective reading of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. Its leaders, Georges Valois and Édouard Berth, mixed syndicalism with nationalism - thus Cercle was one of first national syndicalist groups. The group published bulletin entitled Cahiers du cercle Proudhon (Notebooks of the Proudhon Circle). Among members of group were militant monarchist Henri Lagrange, nationalist philosopher Gilbert Mayor and other associates of Action Française movement. Cercle was dissolved in 1925.

Ideology of Cercle Proudhon was strongly anti-democratic and syndicalist. It was influenced by both Sorelianism and Integral Nationalism. Cercle is sometimes described as proto-Fascist.

Italian National Syndicalism

In the early 20th century, nationalists and syndicalists were increasingly influencing each other in Italy. From 1902 to 1910, a number of Italian revolutionary syndicalists including Arturo Labriola, Agostino Lanzillo, Angelo Oliviero Olivetti, Alceste De Ambris, Filippo Corridoni and Sergio Panunzio sought to unify the Italian nationalist cause with the syndicalist cause and had entered into contact with Italian nationalist figures such as Enrico Corradini. These Italian national syndicalists held a common set of principles: the rejection of bourgeois values, democracy, liberalism, Marxism, internationalism, and pacifism while promoting heroism, vitalism, and violence. Not all Italian revolutionary syndicalists joined the Fascist cause, but most syndicalist leaders eventually embraced nationalism and "were among the founders of the Fascist movement," where "many even held key posts" in Mussolini's regime. Benito Mussolini declared in 1909 that he had converted over to revolutionary syndicalism by 1904 during a general strike.

Enrico Corradini promoted a form of national syndicalism that utilized Maurassian nationalism alongside the syndicalism of Georges Sorel. Corradini spoke of the need for a national syndicalist movement that would be able to solve Italy's problems, led by elitist aristocrats and anti-democrats who shared a revolutionary syndicalist commitment to direct action through a willingness to fight. Corradini spoke of Italy as being a "proletarian nation" that needed to pursue imperialism in order to challenge the "plutocratic" nations of France and the United Kingdom. Corradini's views were part of a wider set of perceptions within the right-wing Italian Nationalist Association (ANI) that claimed that Italy's economic backwardness was caused by corruption within its political class, liberalism, and division caused by "ignoble socialism". The ANI held ties and influence amongst conservatives, Catholics, and the business community.

A number of Italian fascist leaders began to relabel national syndicalism as Fascist syndicalism. Mussolini was one of the first to disseminate this term, explaining that "Fascist syndicalism is national and productivistic… in a national society in which labor becomes a joy, an object of pride and a title to nobility." By the time Edmondo Rossoni became secretary-general of the General Confederation of Fascist Syndical Corporations in December 1922, other Italian national syndicalists were adopting the "Fascist syndicalism" phrase in their aim at "building and reorganizing political structures… through a synthesis of State and labor". An early leader in Italian trade unionism, Rossoni and other fascist syndicalists not only took the position of radical nationalism, but favored "class struggle". Seen at the time as "radical or leftist elements," Rossoni and his syndicalist cadre had "served to some extent to protect the immediate economic interests of the workers and to preserve their class consciousness". Rossoni was dismissed from his post in 1928, which could have been due to his powerful leadership position in the Fascist unions, and his hostilities to the business community, occasionally referring to industrialists as "vampires" and "profiteers".

With the outbreak of World War I, Sergio Panunzio noted the national solidarity within France and Germany that suddenly arose in response to the war and claimed that should Italy enter the war, the Italian nation would become united and would emerge from the war as a new nation in a "Fascio nazionale" (national union) that would be led by an aristocracy of warrior-producers that would unite Italians of all classes, factions, and regions into a disciplined socialism.

In November 1918, Mussolini defined national syndicalism as a doctrine that would unite economic classes into a program of national development and growth.

Movimiento Revolucionario Nacional Sindicalista

National Syndicalist Revolutionary Movement (MRNS) was Chilean party founded in 1952 by Ramón Callís and Osvaldo Lira. Party was persecuted under Popular Unity Coalition. MRNS party supported 1973 coup and Pinochet's dictatorship. The party was dissolved in 1983.

Party was corporatist, strongly anti-communist and Chilean nationalist. Additionally, the party was inspired by ideas of José Antonio Primo de Rivera, Onésimo Redondo and Ramiro Ledesma Ramos. MRNS was also traditionalist and Catholic nationalist.

Partido Auténtico

Cuban Revolutionary Party – Authentic (PRC-A), also known as Partido Auténtico, was led by Ramón Grau. The party emerged after nationalist Revolution of 1933. PRC-A became part of political mainstream, winning 1939 Constitutional Assembly election as part of Opposition Front coalition. Thus, it became the largest party in Assembly. Cuban Constitution of 1940 was influenced by nationalistic ideas of Partido Auténtico. After general election in the same year, party won most seats in Chamber of Representatives. However, Grau didn't win presidential election in the same year. Two year later, party finished third in parliamentary election, winning only 10 seats. In 1944, party won most seats in parliament with Gru winning the presidency. Two years later, PRC-A won the mid-term election.

Party slowly started to loose support after 1948 election, when it had to align with Republican Party to win the presidency. In 1950 mid-terms, PRC-A formed difficult alliance with Democratic Party and Liberal Party. This election was the last to be won by Partido Auténtico - the next election, one in 1954, was won by National Progressive Coalition.

The party was social democratic, left-wing populist and Cuban nationalist. Its slogan was "Cuba para los cubanos" (meaning: "Cuban for Cubans"). Economically it was syndicalist and had elements of corporatism.

Polish National Syndicalism

National Syndicalism in Poland can be found among national-radical parties and organisations. One such example can be interwar RNR-Falanga led by Bolesław Piasecki. In contemporary Poland, national syndicalism is present in ideas of National Rebirth of Poland.

Another group influenced by national syndicalism, but unconnected to national-radicalism, are Polish autonomous nationalists.

Party of National Socialists

Party of National Socialists (PNS) was founded in 1933 in interwar Poland. At first party was led by Fryderyk Fiałkiewicz. It was founded as a merger of splinter group from National Workers' Party, Bielsk's members of National Socialist Party and Kraków faction of National Socialist Workers' Party. PNS' newspaper was "National Socialist", party's members wore grey shirts. Symbol of party was sickle, hammer and sword. During World War II, members of PNS were murdered by Germans for resisting the occupation.

Although the party referred to itself as "national socialist", its ideology was not inspired by Nazism. PNS was nationalist, opposed to Germany, anti-Semitic and democratic. Its goal was to give power to Polish working class by agrarian reform, nationalization of large industry and parliamentarian democracy. PNS supported tolerance of Slavic minorities, creating international bloc of Slavic countries and then federation of national-socialist republics.

Polish National Syndicalist Camp

Founded in Warsaw in the end of 1939, Polish National Syndicalist Camp (PONS) was nationalist resistance organisation active mainly in North Mazovia. Organisation was political-military one, and was led by Sławomir Kublicki. In 1942, he was arrested by Germans and its branch in Warsaw was destroyed. Kublicki was replaced by Colonel Ryszard Borowy. Since destruction of its part in Warsaw, branch in North Mazovia developed independently until Stanisław Borodzicz (important member of PONS) contacted with Stanisław Nakoniecznikoff-Klukowski, representative of National Armed Forces. In December the same year, PONS was merged into National Armed Forces.

Portuguese National Syndicalism

The Order of Christ Cross, used as the symbol of the National Syndicalist Movement

National Syndicalism in Portugal was characterized by the condemnation of the totalitarianism present in German and Italian societies during the 1930s, its leader, Francisco Rolão Preto, declared during a banquet that the National Syndicalist Movement was "beyond democracy, fascism and communism". The National Syndicalist Movement had a strong Catholic inspiration, with the Order of Christ Cross being their symbol, they were very popular among university students and young soldiers. It endorsed Catholic social teaching, Christian personalism, integralism, municipalism and a restoration of the traditional monarchy and were opposed to communism and capitalism. Its members were also known as the Blueshirts, as they used blue shirts as uniforms.

Its leader, Francisco Rolão Preto declared on an interview to the United Press that:

"Fascism and Hitlerism are totalitarian, divinizers of the state and caesarists: we pretend to find in the Christian tradition of the Portuguese people the formula that allows the harmonization of the sovereignty of the national interest with the moral dignity of free men."

He criticized the Estado Novo for adopting a single-party system typical of fascism, which he hated, due to this criticism, the national syndicalist journal 'Revolução!' was suspended on 24 July. On November of the same year, the national syndicalists split, the majority decided to support Salazar and integrate the party with the União Nacional, abandoning the principles of partisan independence defended by Rolão Preto and Alberto Monsaraz.

On 10 July 1934, Rolão Preto was arrested and subsequently exiled and on 29 July of the same year, national syndicalism was forbidden by the Salazarists.

Spanish National Syndicalism

Main Article: Falangism

In Spain the National Syndicalist thought was inspired by Integralism and ideas of Action Française. Its main theorist was Ramiro Ledesma Ramos, founder of Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista (Councils of National-Syndicalist Offensive}. Both Ramos and his fellow party leader Onésimo Redondo were fascists.

His party, also known as JONS, began slow expansion by forming multiple labour unions. The largest one was Agrarian Trade Union Federation. JONS' main newspaper, Libertad, was pro-Nazi (reproduced writings of Hitler) and strongly anti-Semitic (published Protocols of the Elders of Zion).

In 1934, JONS party merged with Falange Española, creating Falange de las JONS.

Beliefs

WIP

How to Draw

Cercle Proudhon Eagle design

Flag of National Syndicalism
  1. Draw a ball.
  2. Fill the ball with black.
  3. Draw the Cercle Proudhon eagle in red.
  4. Draw the eyes and you're done!
Color Name HEX RGB
Black #141414 20, 20, 20
Red #FF0000 255, 0, 0

Portuguese design

Flag of National Syndicalism (Portuguese version)
  1. Draw a ball
  2. Color it blue
  3. In the center, draw a white circle
  4. In the circle, draw a red outline of a cross
  5. Add the eyes and you're done
Color Name HEX RGB
Blue #00309A 0, 48, 154
White #FFFFFF 255, 255, 255
Red #D72821 215, 40, 33

JONS design

Flag of National Syndicalism (JONS version)
  1. Draw a ball
  2. Fill it black
  3. Draw 8 red spokes
  4. Draw a black circle in the middle
  5. Draw a white claw
  6. Add the eyes
Color Name HEX RGB
Black #141414 20, 20, 20
Red #DB0A13 219, 10, 19
White #FFFFFF 255, 255, 255


Relations

Friends

Frenemies

  • Mutualism - I owe most of my inspiration to you! Wait, why are you looking at me weird?
  • Welfare Chauvinism - Good direction by far, you are slowly getting there. But you have to reject completely the Free Market.
  • Francoism - You abandoned national syndicalism for him!?
  • Anarcho-Syndicalism - Degenerate anarchist progressive, but somewhat based economics.
  • French Fascism - I thought he would follow my ideology but he betrayed France.
  • Marxism–Leninism - You have some good ideas but I am not Nazi.
  • National Conservatism - Ayy, you get me pretty much! But be more pro-unionist.
  • National Bolshevism - Too much left-wing economically, syndicates should still have an important role in the national economy, but still overall decent. Can I join the GANG?
  • Strasserism - A bit too Racialist socially, plus you're associated with Nazis, but you are still better than them.
  • Marxism - I like the idea of class struggle but why so materialistic? Also a h*gelian.
  • Socialism - You taught me how to strike and I respect you for that, but please embrace nationalism.
  • Yellow Socialism - Syndicalist and Nationalist? Based! But capitalism is cringe.
  • Fascism - You did a good job spreading my ideas but why the Hegelianism and Totalitarianism?
  • Nazism - Even worse when you put racialism over syndicalist ideals. But you and Mussolini were a good help for the Spanish National Syndicalists.

Enemies

Further Information

Literature

Wikipedia

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