Peronism: Difference between revisions
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{{Ideology |
{{Ideology |
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|title = [[File:Pron.png]] Peronism [[File:JuanPeron.png]] |
|title = [[File:Pron.png]] '''Peronism''' [[File:JuanPeron.png]] |
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|image = |
|image = PeronismbyExotic2.png |
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|aliases={{ScrollBox| |
|aliases={{ScrollBox| |
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Perónismo<br> |
Perónismo<br> |
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|alignments= |
|alignments= |
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{{Info|Authoritarian Unity|AuthUnity}}<br> |
{{Info|Authoritarian Unity|AuthUnity}}<br> |
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[[File: |
[[File:CulCentrism.png]] [[:Category:Cultural Center|{{Color|#C0C0C0|'''Culturally Centrist'''}}]]<br> |
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[[File:CulCentrism.png]] [[:Category:Cultural Center|{{Color|#C0C0C0|'''Culturally Centrist'''}}]] (originally)<br> |
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{{Info|Feminists}}<br> |
{{Info|Feminists}}<br> |
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{{Info|Nationalists}}<br> |
{{Info|Nationalists}}<br> |
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[[File:KlepSyndie.png]] [[Syndicalism|Labour Cronyism]]<br> |
[[File:KlepSyndie.png]] [[Syndicalism|Labour Cronyism]]<br> |
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[[File:Labour-icon.png]] [[Social_Democracy#United_Kingdom|Labourism]]<br> |
[[File:Labour-icon.png]] [[Social_Democracy#United_Kingdom|Labourism]]<br> |
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[[File: |
[[File:Socauth.png]] [[Social Authoritarianism]]<br> |
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[[File:Nazfem.png]] [[National Feminism]] ([[File:Evita.png]] Evita)<br> |
[[File:Nazfem.png]] [[National Feminism]] ([[File:Evita.png]] Evita)<br> |
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[[File:Sorelia.png]] [[National Syndicalism]]<br> |
[[File:Sorelia.png]] [[National Syndicalism]]<br> |
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</div> |
</div> |
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|sub = |
|sub = |
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|school = |
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[[File:OrthPeron.png]] '''Orthodox Peronism''' {{Collapse| |
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*[[File:Anticap.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Capitalism}} |
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*[[File:Anticommunism.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism}} |
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*[[File:Anti-LGBT.png]] {{PCBA|Homophobia|Anti-LGBT}} |
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*[[File:Anti-Marx.png]] Anti-Marxism |
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*[[File:Anti-Semitic.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Semitism}} |
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*[[File:Cfash.png]] [[Clerical Fascism]] |
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*[[File:Corptism.png]] [[Corporatism]] |
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*[[File:Econfash.png]] [[Corporatism#Corporate_Statism|Corporativismo]] |
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*[[File:Fash.png]] [[Fascism]] |
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*[[File:AuthFiscon.png]] [[Authoritarian Capitalism|Fiscal Conservatism]] (Rodrigazo)<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigazo</ref> |
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*[[File:AntiLibNeoLib.png]] [[Authoritarian Capitalism|Illiberal Neoliberalism]] |
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*[[File:Natsynd.png]] [[National Syndicalism]] |
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*[[File:RightPeronism.png]] [[Peronism|Right-Wing Peronism]] |
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*[[File:Rpop-tinfoilhat.png]] [[Right-Wing Populism]] |
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*[[File:Sorelia.png]] [[National Syndicalism]] |
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*[[File:3P.png]] Third Positionism |
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*[[File:Ultracon.png]] [[Reactionaryism|Ultraconservatism]] |
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*[[File:Ultranat.png]] [[Ultranationalism]] |
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*[[File:WelfChauvin.png]] [[Welfare Chauvinism]] |
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*<s>[[File:DeficitHawk.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Deficit Hawk]]</s> |
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**'''Factions:''' |
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*[[File:Falange2.png]] [[Falangism]] |
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*[[File:Nazi.png]] [[Nazism]] |
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*[[File:Manuel de Rosas.png]] [[Federalism|Rosismo]] |
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}} |
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[[File:FedPron.png]] '''Federal Peronism''' [[File:FedPeron-Alt.png]] {{Collapse| |
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*[[File:Anti-Kirch.png]] Anti-Kirchnerism |
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*[[File:Fed.png]] [[Federalism]] |
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*[[File:Progconf.png]] [[Progressive Conservatism]] |
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*[[File:3P.png]] {{PCBA|Third Positionism}} |
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**'''Factions:''' |
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*[[File:AlbertoFernandez.png]] Albertism (Formerly) |
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*[[File:Cdem.png]] [[Christian Democracy]] |
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*[[File:Conservative.png]] [[Conservatism]] |
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*[[File:Industrial.png]] [[Protectionism|Developmentalism]] |
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*[[File:EduardoDuhalde.png]] Duhaldism |
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*[[File:EconNat.png]] [[Protectionism|Economic Nationalism]] |
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*[[File:Fiscon.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism]] |
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*[[File:Macri.png]] [[Liberal Conservatism|Macrism]] (Sympathetic) |
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*[[File:Menem.png]] Menemism |
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*[[File:MoyanoCamioneros.png]] Moyanism |
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*[[File:Nation.png]] [[Nationalism]] |
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*[[File:OrthPeron.png]] Orthodox Peronism |
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*[[File:Modnat.png]] [[Patriotism]] |
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*[[File:Schiaretti.png]] Peronism of Córdoba |
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*[[File:Socdem.png]] [[Social Democracy]] |
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*[[File:Synd.png]] [[Syndicalism]] |
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*[[File:3way.png]] [[Third Way]] |
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}} |
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[[File:FemPron.png]] '''Feminist Peronism''' {{Collapse| |
[[File:FemPron.png]] '''Feminist Peronism''' {{Collapse| |
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*[[File:ArgNatLab.png]] [[Social Democracy|Argentine Labourism]] |
*[[File:ArgNatLab.png]] [[Social Democracy|Argentine Labourism]] |
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*[[File:Pop.png]] [[Populism]] |
*[[File:Pop.png]] [[Populism]] |
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*[[File:Nazfem.png]] [[National Feminism]] |
*[[File:Nazfem.png]] [[National Feminism]] |
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*'''Factions:''' |
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*[[File:Antiabort.png]] [[Feminism#Anti-Abortion_Feminism|Anti-Abortion Feminism]] ([[File:Evita.png]] Evita) |
**[[File:Antiabort.png]] [[Feminism#Anti-Abortion_Feminism|Anti-Abortion Feminism]] ([[File:Evita.png]] Evita) |
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*[[File:4WF.png]] [[Feminism#Fourth_Wave_Feminism|Fourth Wave Feminism]] |
**[[File:4WF.png]] [[Feminism#Fourth_Wave_Feminism|Fourth Wave Feminism]] |
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*[[File:Kirch.png]] Kirchnerism |
**[[File:Kirch.png]] Kirchnerism |
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*[[File:AntiAntiAbortion.png]] |
**[[File:AntiAntiAbortion.png]] {{PCBA|Abortionism}} ([[File:CFK.png]] CFK) |
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*[[File:Progfem.png]] [[Progressivism|Progressive Feminism]] |
**[[File:Progfem.png]] [[Progressivism|Progressive Feminism]] |
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}} |
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[[File:SyndPron.png]] '''Syndicalist Peronism''' {{Collapse| |
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*[[File:Antiimp.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Imperialism}} |
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*[[File:ArgNatLab.png]] [[Social Democracy|Argentine Labourism]] |
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*[[File:SyndieSamChrist.png]] [[Syndicalism|Christian Laborism]] (Mostly) |
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*[[File:Indust.png]] [[Industrialism]] |
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*[[File:Natsynd.png]] [[National Syndicalism]] |
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*[[File:Progconf.png]] [[Progressive Conservatism]] |
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*[[File:Synd.png]] [[Syndicalism]] |
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*[[File:3P.png]] Third Positionism |
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*'''Factions:''' |
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**[[File:AnSynd.png]] [[Anarcho-Syndicalism]] |
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**[[File:AntiMil.png]] {{PCBA|Pacifism|Anti-Dictatorship}} ([[File:AntiMil.png]] [[Syndicalism|CGT-Brasil]]) |
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**[[File:SyndieSamCon.png]] [[Syndicalism|Conservative Syndicalism]] |
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**[[File:Fashsynd.png]] [[National Syndicalism|Fascist Syndicalism]] |
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**[[File:Kirch.png]] Kirchnerism ([[File:Yasky.png]] [[Syndicalism|Yaskyism]]) |
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**[[File:KlepSyndie.png]] [[Syndicalism|Labour Cronyism]] |
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**[[File:Leftnat.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism]] |
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**[[File:Menem.png]] Menemism ([[File:SyndMenem.png]] [[Syndicalism|Syndicalist Menemism]]) |
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**[[File:Modsorelia.png]] [[National Syndicalism|Moderate National Syndicalism]] |
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**[[File:Moder.png]] [[Moderatism]] |
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**[[File:MoyanoCamioneros.png]] Moyanism |
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**[[File:PlannedEconomy.png]] [[Regulationism|Planned Economy]] |
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**[[File:Pragmat.png]] [[Machiavellianism|Pragmatism]] |
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**[[File:Mil.png]] [[Stratocracy|Pro-Dictatorship]] ([[File:Azopardo.png]] CGT-Azopardo) |
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**[[File:RevNat.png]] [[Revolutionary Nationalism]] |
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**[[File:RevSynd.png]] [[Syndicalism|Revolutionary Syndicalism]] |
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**[[File:Soc-h.png]] [[Socialism]] |
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**[[File:Trad.png]] [[Traditionalism]] |
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**[[File:UltranatSynd.png]] [[National Syndicalism|Ultranational Syndicalism]] ([[File:OrthSyndPron.png]] [[Syndicalism|Orthodox]]) |
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**[[File:WPD.png]] [[Democracy|Workplace Democracy]] ([[File:LegalSyndPron.png]] [[Syndicalism|Legalists]]) |
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}} |
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|school = |
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[[File:FedPron.png]] '''Federal Peronism''' [[File:FedPeron-Alt.png]] {{Collapse| |
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*[[File:Anti-Kirch.png]] Anti-Kirchnerism |
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*[[File:Fed.png]] [[Federalism]] |
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*[[File:Progconf.png]] [[Progressive Conservatism]] |
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*[[File:3P.png]] {{PCBA|Third Positionism}} |
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*'''Factions:''' |
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**[[File:AlbertoFernandez.png]] Albertism (Formerly) |
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**[[File:Cdem.png]] [[Christian Democracy]] |
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**[[File:Conservative.png]] [[Conservatism]] |
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**[[File:Industrial.png]] [[Protectionism|Developmentalism]] |
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**[[File:EduardoDuhalde.png]] Duhaldism |
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**[[File:EconNat.png]] [[Protectionism|Economic Nationalism]] |
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**[[File:Fiscon.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism]] |
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**[[File:Macri.png]] [[Liberal Conservatism|Macrism]] (Sympathetic) |
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**[[File:Menem.png]] Menemism |
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**[[File:MoyanoCamioneros.png]] Moyanism |
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**[[File:Nation.png]] [[Nationalism]] |
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**[[File:OrthPeron.png]] Orthodox Peronism |
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**[[File:Modnat.png]] [[Patriotism]] |
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**[[File:Schiaretti.png]] Peronism of Córdoba |
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**[[File:Socdem.png]] [[Social Democracy]] |
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**[[File:Synd.png]] [[Syndicalism]] |
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**[[File:3way.png]] [[Third Way]] |
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}} |
}} |
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[[File:LibertarianPeronism.png]] '''Libertarian Peronism'''<ref>https://youtu.be/KsLcCau2-Sg</ref>{{Collapse| |
[[File:LibertarianPeronism.png]] '''Libertarian Peronism'''<ref>https://youtu.be/KsLcCau2-Sg</ref>{{Collapse| |
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*[[File:Menem.png]] Menemism (Sympathetic) |
*[[File:Menem.png]] Menemism (Sympathetic) |
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*[[File:Rpop.png]] [[Right-Wing Populism]] |
*[[File:Rpop.png]] [[Right-Wing Populism]] |
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*'''Factions:''' |
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[[File:LeftBertPron.png]] Left-Libertarian Peronism |
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*[[File: |
**[[File:Andist.png]] [[Anarcho-Distributism]] |
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*[[File: |
**[[File:Anfashf.png]] [[Anarcho-Fascism]] |
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*[[File: |
**[[File:Anfem.png]] [[Anarcha-Feminism]] |
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*[[File: |
**[[File:Anarchristian.png]] [[Christian Anarchism]] |
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**[[File:Anconlib.png]] [[Anarcho-Conservatism|Radical Conservative Liberalism]] |
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*[[File:Libmarx.png]] [[Libertarian Socialism#Libertarian Marxism|Libertarian Marxism]] |
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*[[File: |
*[[File:LeftBertPron.png]] '''Left-Libertarian Peronism''' |
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*[[File: |
**[[File:Ancom.png]] [[Anarcho-Communism]] |
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[[File: |
**[[File:AnSynd.png]] [[Anarcho-Syndicalism]] |
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*[[File: |
**[[File:Insarch.png]] [[Insurrectionary Anarchism]] |
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*[[File: |
**[[File:Jingoism.png]] [[Jingoism]] |
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*[[File: |
**[[File:Libmarx.png]] [[Libertarian Socialism#Libertarian Marxism|Libertarian Marxism]] |
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*[[File: |
**[[File:Libsoc.png]] [[Libertarian Socialism]] |
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*[[File: |
**[[File:Ultraprogressivism.png]] [[Revolutionary Progressivism]] |
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*[[File: |
*[[File:AnPron.png]] '''Anarcho-Peronism''' |
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*[[File: |
**[[File:Awaj-Alt.png]] [[Anarchism]] |
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**[[File:Anstat.png]] [[Anarcho-Totalitarianism|Anarcho-Authoritarianism]] |
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**'''Factions:''' |
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*[[File: |
**[[File:AnProgcon.png]] [[Anarcho-Conservatism|Anarcho-Progressive Conservatism]] |
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*[[File: |
**[[File:AnSynd.png]] [[Anarcho-Syndicalism]] |
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*[[File: |
**[[File:Natan.png]] [[National Anarchism]] |
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*[[File: |
**[[File:Anrel.png]] [[Religious Anarchism]] (Mostly) |
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*[[File: |
**[[File:An3P.png]] Third-Position Anarchism |
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}} |
}} |
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[[File:Neo-Peron.png]] '''Neo-Peronism''' {{Collapse| |
[[File:Neo-Peron.png]] '''Neo-Peronism''' {{Collapse| |
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*[[File:Synd.png]] [[Syndicalism]] |
*[[File:Synd.png]] [[Syndicalism]] |
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*[[File:3P.png]] Third Positionism |
*[[File:3P.png]] Third Positionism |
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*'''Factions:''' |
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*[[File:CathSocial.png]] [[Catholic Theocracy|Catholic Social Teaching]] |
**[[File:CathSocial.png]] [[Catholic Theocracy|Catholic Social Teaching]] |
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*[[File:Conservative.png]] [[Conservatism]] |
**[[File:Conservative.png]] [[Conservatism]] |
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*[[File:Econlib.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism#Economic_Liberalism|Economic Liberalism]] |
**[[File:Econlib.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism#Economic_Liberalism|Economic Liberalism]] |
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*[[File:Fed.png]] [[Federalism]] |
**[[File:Fed.png]] [[Federalism]] |
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*[[File:Jingoism.png]] [[Jingoism]] |
**[[File:Jingoism.png]] [[Jingoism]] |
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*[[File:Region.png]] [[Localism|Regionalism]] |
**[[File:Region.png]] [[Localism|Regionalism]] |
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*[[File:3way.png]] [[Third Way]] |
**[[File:3way.png]] [[Third Way]] |
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}} |
}} |
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[[File:RenovationPron.png]] '''Renovation Peronism''' {{Collapse| |
[[File:RenovationPron.png]] '''Renovation Peronism''' {{Collapse| |
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*[[File:Repdemgen.png]] [[Democracy#Representative_Democracy|Representative Democracy]] |
*[[File:Repdemgen.png]] [[Democracy#Representative_Democracy|Representative Democracy]] |
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*[[File:Statist.png]] {{PCBA|Statism}} |
*[[File:Statist.png]] {{PCBA|Statism}} |
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*'''Factions:''' |
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*[[File:Cdem.png]] [[Christian Democracy]] |
**[[File:Cdem.png]] [[Christian Democracy]] |
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*[[File:ChristSocdem.png]] [[Christian_Democracy#Christian_Social_Democracy|Christian Social Democracy]] |
**[[File:ChristSocdem.png]] [[Christian_Democracy#Christian_Social_Democracy|Christian Social Democracy]] |
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*[[File: |
**<s>[[File:Klep.png]] [[Kleptocracy]]</s> |
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*[[File: |
**[[File:Menem.png]] Menemism |
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* |
**[[File:Prog-u.png]] [[Progressivism]] |
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}} |
}} |
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[[File: |
[[File:OrthPeron.png]] '''Orthodox Peronism''' {{Collapse| |
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*[[File: |
*[[File:Anticap.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Capitalism}} |
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*[[File: |
*[[File:Anticommunism.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism}} |
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*[[File: |
*[[File:Anti-LGBT.png]] {{PCBA|Homophobia|Anti-LGBT}} |
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*[[File: |
*[[File:Anti-Marx.png]] Anti-Marxism |
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*[[File:Anti-Semitic.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Semitism}} |
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*[[File:Cfash.png]] [[Clerical Fascism]] |
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*[[File:Corptism.png]] [[Corporatism]] |
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*[[File:Econfash.png]] [[Corporatism#Corporate_Statism|Corporativismo]] |
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*<s>[[File:DeficitHawk.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Deficit Hawk]]</s> |
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*[[File:Fash.png]] [[Fascism]] |
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*[[File:AuthFiscon.png]] [[Authoritarian Capitalism|Fiscal Conservatism]] (Rodrigazo)<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigazo</ref> |
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*[[File:AntiLibNeoLib.png]] [[Authoritarian Capitalism|Illiberal Neoliberalism]] |
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*[[File:Natsynd.png]] [[National Syndicalism]] |
*[[File:Natsynd.png]] [[National Syndicalism]] |
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*[[File: |
*[[File:RightPeronism.png]] [[Peronism|Right-Wing Peronism]] |
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*[[File: |
*[[File:Rpop-tinfoilhat.png]] [[Right-Wing Populism]] |
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*[[File:Sorelia.png]] [[National Syndicalism]] |
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*[[File:3P.png]] Third Positionism |
*[[File:3P.png]] Third Positionism |
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*[[File:Ultracon.png]] [[Reactionaryism|Ultraconservatism]] |
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**'''Factions:''' |
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*[[File: |
*[[File:Ultranat.png]] [[Ultranationalism]] |
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*[[File:WelfChauvin.png]] [[Welfare Chauvinism]] |
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*[[File:AntiMil.png]] {{PCBA|Pacifism|Anti-Dictatorship}} ([[File:AntiMil.png]] [[Syndicalism|CGT-Brasil]]) |
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*'''Factions:''' |
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*[[File:SyndieSamCon.png]] [[Syndicalism|Conservative Syndicalism]] |
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*[[File: |
**[[File:Falange2.png]] [[Falangism]] |
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*[[File: |
**[[File:Nazi.png]] [[Nazism]] |
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*[[File: |
**[[File:Manuel de Rosas.png]] [[Federalism|Rosismo]] |
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*[[File:Leftnat.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism]] |
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*[[File:Menem.png]] [[Peronism|Menemism]] ([[File:SyndMenem.png]] [[Syndicalism|Syndicalist Menemism]]) |
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*[[File:Modsorelia.png]] [[National Syndicalism|Moderate National Syndicalism]] |
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*[[File:Moder.png]] [[Moderatism]] |
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*[[File:MoyanoCamioneros.png]] [[Peronism|Moyanism]] |
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*[[File:PlannedEconomy.png]] [[Regulationism|Planned Economy]] |
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*[[File:Pragmat.png]] [[Machiavellianism|Pragmatism]] |
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*[[File:Mil.png]] [[Stratocracy|Pro-Dictatorship]] ([[File:Azopardo.png]] CGT-Azopardo) |
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*[[File:RevNat.png]] [[Nationalism|Revolutionary Nationalism]] |
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*[[File:RevSynd.png]] [[Syndicalism|Revolutionary Syndicalism]] |
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*[[File:Soc-h.png]] [[Socialism]] |
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*[[File:Trad.png]] [[Traditionalism]] |
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*[[File:UltranatSynd.png]] [[National Syndicalism|Ultranational Syndicalism]] ([[File:OrthSyndPron.png]] [[Syndicalism|Orthodox]]) |
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*[[File:WPD.png]] [[Democracy|Workplace Democracy]] ([[File:LegalSyndPron.png]] [[Syndicalism|Legalists]]) |
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}} |
}} |
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|regional = |
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[[File:RepubPron.png]] '''Republican Peronism''' {{Collapse| |
[[File:RepubPron.png]] '''Republican Peronism''' {{Collapse| |
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*[[File:Antimultcult.png]] Anti-Immigration |
*[[File:Antimultcult.png]] Anti-Immigration |
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*[[File:Conservative.png]] [[Conservatism]] |
*[[File:Conservative.png]] [[Conservatism]] |
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*[[File:Econlib.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Economic Liberalism]] |
*[[File:Econlib.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Economic Liberalism]] |
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*[[File:FedPron.png]] |
*[[File:FedPron.png]] Federal Peronism |
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*[[File:OrthPeron.png]] |
*[[File:OrthPeron.png]] Orthodox Peronism |
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*[[File:Macri.png]] [[Liberal Conservatism|Macrism]] (Sympathetic) |
*[[File:Macri.png]] [[Liberal Conservatism|Macrism]] (Sympathetic) |
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*[[File:Menem.png]] |
*[[File:Menem.png]] Menemism |
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*[[File:Nationalconservativeliberalism-icon.png]] [[National Liberalism|National Conservative Liberalism]] |
*[[File:Nationalconservativeliberalism-icon.png]] [[National Liberalism|National Conservative Liberalism]] |
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*[[File:Natcon.png]] [[National Conservatism]] |
*[[File:Natcon.png]] [[National Conservatism]] |
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*[[File:Natcom.png]] [[National Communism]] |
*[[File:Natcom.png]] [[National Communism]] |
||
*[[File:NatTerrorist.png]] {{PCBA|Terrorism|National Terrorism}} |
*[[File:NatTerrorist.png]] {{PCBA|Terrorism|National Terrorism}} |
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*'''Factions:''' |
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*[[File:Guevara.png]] [[Guevarism]] |
**[[File:Guevara.png]] [[Guevarism]] |
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*[[File:Libmarx.png]] [[Libertarian Socialism#Libertarian Marxism|Libertarian Marxism]] |
**[[File:Libmarx.png]] [[Libertarian Socialism#Libertarian Marxism|Libertarian Marxism]] |
||
*[[File:Libsoc.png]] [[Libertarian Socialism]] |
**[[File:Libsoc.png]] [[Libertarian Socialism]] |
||
*[[File:ML.png]] [[Marxism-Leninism]] |
**[[File:ML.png]] [[Marxism-Leninism]] |
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*[[File:Synd.png]] [[Syndicalism]] |
**[[File:Synd.png]] [[Syndicalism]] |
||
*'''Sympathetic:''' |
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*[[File:Allende.png]] [[Democratic Socialism|Allendism]] |
**[[File:Allende.png]] [[Democratic Socialism|Allendism]] |
||
*[[File:TioCampora.png]] |
**[[File:TioCampora.png]] Camporismo |
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}} |
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[[File:Tacuara.png]] '''Tacuara Nationalist Movement''' {{Collapse| |
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*[[File:Anticap.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Capitalism}} |
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*[[File:Anticommunism.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism}} |
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*[[File:Antiimp.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Imperialism}} |
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*[[File:Anti-Elitism.png]] Anti-Oligarchy |
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*[[File:Anti-Semitic.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Semitism}} |
|||
*[[File:Antizion.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Zionism}} |
|||
*[[File:CNat.png]] [[Religious Nationalism#Christian_Nationalism|Catholic Nationalism]] |
|||
*[[File:Catheo.png]] [[Catholic Theocracy]] |
|||
*[[File:Cfash.png]] [[Clerical Fascism]] |
|||
*[[File:Corptism.png]] [[Corporatism]] |
|||
*[[File:Flang.png]] [[Falangism]] |
|||
*[[File:Fash.png]] [[Fascism]] |
|||
*[[File:Mil.png]] [[Stratocracy|Militarism]] |
|||
*[[File:Nacionalismo.png]] [[Nacionalismo]] |
|||
*[[File:Natsynd.png]] [[National Syndicalism]] |
|||
*[[File:Neonazi ball.png]] [[Nazism|Neo-Nazism]] |
|||
*[[File:OrthPeron.png]] Orthodox Peronism |
|||
*[[File:Positive Christianity.png]] [[Positive Christianity]] |
|||
*[[File:3P.png]] Third Positionism |
|||
*[[File:Ultranat.png]] [[Ultranationalism]] |
|||
*'''Factions:''' |
|||
**[[File:AnSynd.png]] [[Anarcho-Syndicalism]] |
|||
**[[File:Anti-Catholic.png]] Anti-Catholicism |
|||
**[[File:Anti-Peronism.png]] Anti-Peronism |
|||
**[[File:Insarch.png]] [[Insurrectionary Anarchism]] |
|||
**[[File:Leftnat.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism]] |
|||
**[[File:LeftTerrorist.png]] {{PCBA|Terrorism|Left-Wing Terrorism}} |
|||
**[[File:Ormarxf.png]] [[Marxism]] |
|||
**[[File:Nazbol.png]] [[National Bolshevism]] (Baxter) |
|||
**[[File:NationalReorganizationProcess.png]] [[National Capitalism|National Reorganization Process]] (Sympathetic) |
|||
**[[File:Ultranatcon.png]] [[National Conservatism|Ultranational Conservatism]] |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
[[File:ArgentineAnticommunistAlliance.png]] '''Triple A''' {{Collapse| |
[[File:ArgentineAnticommunistAlliance.png]] '''Triple A''' {{Collapse| |
||
Line 280: | Line 311: | ||
*[[File:OrthPeron.png]] Orthodox Peronism |
*[[File:OrthPeron.png]] Orthodox Peronism |
||
*[[File:PolState.png]] [[Police Statism]] |
*[[File:PolState.png]] [[Police Statism]] |
||
*'''Factions:''' |
|||
*[[File:Anti-Peronism.png]] Anti-Peronism |
**[[File:Anti-Peronism.png]] Anti-Peronism |
||
}} |
}} |
||
|personal = |
|personal = |
||
[[File:Biondini.png]] '''Biondinism''' {{Collapse| |
[[File:Biondini.png]] '''Biondinism''' {{Collapse| |
||
*[[File:Altr.png]] [[Alt-Right]] |
|||
*[[File:Antianglo.png]] {{PCBA|Anglophobia}} |
*[[File:Antianglo.png]] {{PCBA|Anglophobia}} |
||
*[[File:Anticommunism.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism}} |
*[[File:Anticommunism.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism}} |
||
Line 293: | Line 325: | ||
*[[File:Anti-LGBT.png]] {{PCBA|Homophobia|Anti-LGBT}} |
*[[File:Anti-LGBT.png]] {{PCBA|Homophobia|Anti-LGBT}} |
||
*[[File:Anti-Marx.png]] Anti-Marxism |
*[[File:Anti-Marx.png]] Anti-Marxism |
||
*[[File:Altr.png]] [[Alt-Right]] |
|||
*[[File:Anti-Semitic.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Semitism}} |
*[[File:Anti-Semitic.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Semitism}} |
||
*[[File:Antizion.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Zionism}} |
*[[File:Antizion.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Zionism}} |
||
Line 314: | Line 345: | ||
*[[File:WelfChauvin.png]] [[Welfare Chauvinism]] |
*[[File:WelfChauvin.png]] [[Welfare Chauvinism]] |
||
*[[File:Whitesupmega.png]] [[White Nationalism|White Supremacism]] |
*[[File:Whitesupmega.png]] [[White Nationalism|White Supremacism]] |
||
*'''Sympathetic:''' |
|||
*[[File:ArgentinaFederalist.png]] [[Federalism|Argentine Federalism]] |
**[[File:ArgentinaFederalist.png]] [[Federalism|Argentine Federalism]] |
||
*[[File:Hitler.png]] [[Nazism|Hitlerism]] |
**[[File:Hitler.png]] [[Nazism|Hitlerism]] |
||
*[[File:Manuel_de_Rosas.png]] [[Federalism|Rosismo]] |
**[[File:Manuel_de_Rosas.png]] [[Federalism|Rosismo]] |
||
}} |
}} |
||
[[File:Kirch.png]] '''Kirchnerism''' {{Collapse| |
[[File:Kirch.png]] '''Kirchnerism''' {{Collapse| |
||
Line 329: | Line 360: | ||
*[[File:Socdem.png]] [[Social Democracy]] |
*[[File:Socdem.png]] [[Social Democracy]] |
||
*[[File:Socnat.png]] [[Social_Democracy#Social_Nationalism|Social Nationalism]] |
*[[File:Socnat.png]] [[Social_Democracy#Social_Nationalism|Social Nationalism]] |
||
*'''Factions:''' |
|||
*[[File:AlbertoFernandez.png]] [[Social Liberalism|Albertism]] |
**[[File:AlbertoFernandez.png]] [[Social Liberalism|Albertism]] |
||
*[[File:Antiabort.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Abortionism}} ([[File:Kirch.png]] Néstor) |
**[[File:Antiabort.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Abortionism}} ([[File:Kirch.png]] Néstor) |
||
*[[File:Bolivarism.png]] [[Bolivarianism]] |
**[[File:Bolivarism.png]] [[Bolivarianism]] |
||
*[[File:Envi.png]] [[Environmentalism]] |
**[[File:Envi.png]] [[Environmentalism]] |
||
*[[File:Fem.png]] [[Feminism]] |
**[[File:Fem.png]] [[Feminism]] |
||
*[[File:Gsocdem.png]] [[Social_Democracy#Green_Social_Democracy|Green Social Democracy]] |
**[[File:Gsocdem.png]] [[Social_Democracy#Green_Social_Democracy|Green Social Democracy]] |
||
*[[File:Keynes.png]] [[Keynesian School]] |
**[[File:Keynes.png]] [[Keynesian School]] |
||
*[[File:RadicalK.png]] [[Radicalism|K Radicalism]] |
**[[File:RadicalK.png]] [[Radicalism|K Radicalism]] |
||
*[[File:Ormarxf.png]] [[Marxism]] |
**[[File:Ormarxf.png]] [[Marxism]] |
||
*[[File:ModFiscon.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Moderate Fiscal Conservatism]] |
**[[File:ModFiscon.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Moderate Fiscal Conservatism]] |
||
*[[File:MSocdem.png]] [[Social Democracy|Moderate Social Democracy]] |
**[[File:MSocdem.png]] [[Social Democracy|Moderate Social Democracy]] |
||
*[[File: |
**[[File:Abort.png]] {{PCBA|Abortionism}} ([[File:CFK.png]] CFK and [[File:AlbertoFernandez.png]] Alberto) |
||
*[[File:Soc-h.png]] [[Socialism]] |
**[[File:Soc-h.png]] [[Socialism]] |
||
*[[File:Soclib.png]] [[Social Liberalism]] |
**[[File:Soclib.png]] [[Social Liberalism]] |
||
*[[File:Soc21.png]] [[Socialism of the 21st Century]] |
**[[File:Soc21.png]] [[Socialism of the 21st Century]] |
||
}} |
}} |
||
[[File:Menem.png]] '''Menemism''' {{Collapse| |
[[File:Menem.png]] '''Menemism''' {{Collapse| |
||
*[[File:Conservative.png]] [[Conservatism]] |
*[[File:Conservative.png]] [[Conservatism]] |
||
*[[File:Conlib.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism]] |
*[[File:Conlib.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism]] |
||
*<s>[[File:DeficitHawk.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Deficit Hawk]]</s> |
|||
*[[File:Econlib.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Economic Liberalism]] |
*[[File:Econlib.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Economic Liberalism]] |
||
*[[File:FedPron.png]] Federal Peronism |
*[[File:FedPron.png]] Federal Peronism |
||
*[[File:ModSoccap.png]] [[Social Capitalism| |
*[[File:ModSoccap.png]] [[Social Capitalism|Social Capitalism]] |
||
*[[File:Nalib.png]] [[National Liberalism]] |
*[[File:Nalib.png]] [[National Liberalism]] |
||
*[[File:New-Neoclassical.png]] [[Keynesian School#New Keynesian Economic Theory|Neoliberal Keynesianism]] |
*[[File:New-Neoclassical.png]] [[Keynesian School#New Keynesian Economic Theory|Neoliberal Keynesianism]] |
||
*[[File:Rpop.png]] [[Right-Wing Populism]] |
*[[File:Rpop.png]] [[Right-Wing Populism]] |
||
*<s>[[File:DeficitHawk.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Deficit Hawk]]</s> |
|||
}} |
|||
[[File:Tacuara.png]] '''Tacuara Nationalist Movement''' {{Collapse| |
|||
*[[File:Anticap.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Capitalism}} |
|||
*[[File:Anticommunism.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism}} |
|||
*[[File:Antiimp.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Imperialism}} |
|||
*[[File:Anti-Elitism.png]] Anti-Oligarchy |
|||
*[[File:Anti-Semitic.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Semitism}} |
|||
*[[File:Antizion.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Zionism}} |
|||
*[[File:CNat.png]] [[Religious Nationalism#Christian_Nationalism|Catholic Nationalism]] |
|||
*[[File:Catheo.png]] [[Catholic Theocracy]] |
|||
*[[File:Cfash.png]] [[Clerical Fascism]] |
|||
*[[File:Corptism.png]] [[Corporatism]] |
|||
*[[File:Flang.png]] [[Falangism]] |
|||
*[[File:Fash.png]] [[Fascism]] |
|||
*[[File:Mil.png]] [[Stratocracy|Militarism]] |
|||
*[[File:Nacionalismo.png]] [[Nacionalismo]] |
|||
*[[File:Natsynd.png]] [[National Syndicalism]] |
|||
*[[File:Neonazi ball.png]] [[Nazism|Neo-Nazism]] |
|||
*[[File:OrthPeron.png]] [[Peronism|Orthodox Peronism]] |
|||
*[[File:Positive Christianity.png]] [[Positive Christianity]] |
|||
*[[File:3P.png]] Third Positionism |
|||
*[[File:Ultranat.png]] [[Ultranationalism]] |
|||
**'''Factions:''' |
|||
*[[File:AnSynd.png]] [[Anarcho-Syndicalism]] |
|||
*[[File:Anti-Catholic.png]] Anti-Catholicism |
|||
*[[File:Anti-Peronism.png]] Anti-Peronism |
|||
*[[File:Insarch.png]] [[Insurrectionary Anarchism]] |
|||
*[[File:Leftnat.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism]] |
|||
*[[File:LeftTerrorist.png]] {{PCBA|Terrorism|Left-Wing Terrorism}} |
|||
*[[File:Ormarxf.png]] [[Marxism]] |
|||
*[[File:Nazbol.png]] [[National Bolshevism]] |
|||
*[[File:NationalReorganizationProcess.png]] [[National Capitalism|National Reorganization Process]] (Sympathetic) |
|||
*[[File:Ultranatcon.png]] [[National Conservatism|Ultranational Conservatism]] |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
|influenced= |
|influenced= |
||
Line 404: | Line 402: | ||
[[File:Music.png]] Propaganda music<br> |
[[File:Music.png]] Propaganda music<br> |
||
Harboring Nazis and Ustase<br> |
Harboring Nazis and Ustase<br> |
||
<s>Ruining the Argentine economy</s><br> |
|||
<s>[[File:Map.png]] Pedophilia</s><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelly_Rivas</ref><br> |
<s>[[File:Map.png]] Pedophilia</s><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelly_Rivas</ref><br> |
||
|dislikes= |
|dislikes= |
||
Line 411: | Line 410: | ||
[[File:LeftTerrorist.png]] {{PCBA|Terrorism#Left-Terrorism|Left-wing guerrilla}} (when they get too revolutionary)<br> |
[[File:LeftTerrorist.png]] {{PCBA|Terrorism#Left-Terrorism|Left-wing guerrilla}} (when they get too revolutionary)<br> |
||
[[File:Oligarchy.png]] [[Oligarchy]]<br> |
[[File:Oligarchy.png]] [[Oligarchy]]<br> |
||
<s>Ruining the Argentine economy</s><br> |
|||
<s>Having his hands stolen</s><br> |
<s>Having his hands stolen</s><br> |
||
|theorists= |
|theorists= |
||
Line 641: | Line 639: | ||
|speaker=[[File:JuanPeron.png]] [[Welfare Chauvinism|Juan]] [[Populism|Pe]][[illiberal Democracy|rón]] |
|speaker=[[File:JuanPeron.png]] [[Welfare Chauvinism|Juan]] [[Populism|Pe]][[illiberal Democracy|rón]] |
||
}} |
}} |
||
Peronism is a [[File:4way.png]]transversal, [[File:Syncretic.png]] syncretic and [[File:3P.png]] [[Fascism|third-positionist]] political ideology sustained in the [[File:Nation.png]] [[Nationalism|nationalist]] and [[File:SyndieSam.png]] [[Syndicalism|union-based]] doctrine that was formed around the figure of [[File:JuanPeron.png]] [[Peronism|Juan Domingo Perón]] since the mid-1940s. Peronism defends variable ideals given its [[File:Pop.png]] [[Populism|populist]] and [[File:Pragmat.png]] [[Machiavellianism|pragmatic]] [[File:Econprag.png]] origin, and although it calls itself left-leaning and labourist, it has adopted multiple economic (such as [[File:Socdem.png]] [[Social Democracy|social democracy]] and [[File:Neoliberal-icon.png]] [[Neoliberalism|neoliberalism]]), civic (with actions ranging from [[File:Statist.png]] statist to [[File:Sec.png]] [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] that led it to be compared with [[File:Fash.png]] [[Fascism|fascism]], but at the same time having [[File:LeftBert.png]] [[Libertarian Socialism|left-libertarian]] and revolutionary supporters) and cultural (mostly [[File:Prog-u.png]] [[Progressivism|progressive]], but with [[File:Conservative.png]] [[Conservatism|conservative]] and [[File:Reactcross.png]] [[Reactionaryism|reactionary]] factions) frameworks since its creation to adapt to the changing and largely unstable political environment of [[File:Cball-Argentina.png]] Argentina. |
Peronism is a [[File:4way.png]] transversal, [[File:Syncretic.png]] syncretic and [[File:3P.png]] [[Fascism|third-positionist]] political ideology sustained in the [[File:Nation.png]] [[Nationalism|nationalist]] and [[File:SyndieSam.png]] [[Syndicalism|union-based]] doctrine that was formed around the figure of [[File:JuanPeron.png]] [[Peronism|Juan Domingo Perón]] since the mid-1940s. Peronism defends variable ideals given its [[File:Pop.png]] [[Populism|populist]] and [[File:Pragmat.png]] [[Machiavellianism|pragmatic]] [[File:Econprag.png]] origin, and although it calls itself left-leaning and labourist, it has adopted multiple economic (such as [[File:Socdem.png]] [[Social Democracy|social democracy]] and [[File:Neoliberal-icon.png]] [[Neoliberalism|neoliberalism]]), civic (with actions ranging from [[File:Statist.png]] statist to [[File:Sec.png]] [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] that led it to be compared with [[File:Fash.png]] [[Fascism|fascism]], but at the same time having [[File:LeftBert.png]] [[Libertarian Socialism|left-libertarian]] and revolutionary supporters) and cultural (mostly [[File:Prog-u.png]] [[Progressivism|progressive]], but with [[File:Conservative.png]] [[Conservatism|conservative]] and [[File:Reactcross.png]] [[Reactionaryism|reactionary]] factions) frameworks since its creation to adapt to the changing and largely unstable political environment of [[File:Cball-Argentina.png]] Argentina. |
||
The [[File:Pron.png]] "classical" or "historical" Peronism of Perón and Evita is synthesized in the 20 Peronist Truths (or Tenets) and in the principles of [[File:EconNat.png]] [[Protectionism|economic independence]], [[File:Socjust.png]] [[Progressivism#Social_Justice|social justice]] and [[File:Nation.png]] [[Nationalism|political sovereignty]], borrowing inspiration from [[File:Mussolini.png]] [[Fascism#Italian_Fascism|Mussolini's Fascism]] and [[File:Hitler.png]] [[Nazism|Hitler's Nazism]] and proposing a [[File:TripartiteCorporatism.png]] [[Corporatism#Class_Collaborationism|corporatist]], [[File:Welf.png]] [[Welfarism|welfarist]], [[File:Econat.png]] [[Eco-Nationalism|environmentalist]], [[File:Protect.png]] [[Protectionism|protectionist]], [[File:Indust.png]] [[Industrialism|industrialist]], [[File:SyndieSam.png]] [[Syndicalism|syndicalist and labourist]], [[File:Anticommunism.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism|anti-communist}} and anti-marxist [[File:Anticommunism2.png]], culturally [[File:Progconf.png]] [[Progressive Conservatism|pragmatic]] (but mostly progressive) and civically [[File:Sec.png]] [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] socioeconomic system of a [[File:ChristNat.png]][[Religious_Nationalism#Christian_Nationalism|Christian nationalist]] character (although later Perón would find himself confronted to the [[File:Catheo.png]] [[Catholic Theocracy|Catholic Church]] in his second term). |
The [[File:Pron.png]] "classical" or "historical" Peronism of Perón and Evita is synthesized in the 20 Peronist Truths (or Tenets) and in the principles of [[File:EconNat.png]] [[Protectionism|economic independence]], [[File:Socjust.png]] [[Progressivism#Social_Justice|social justice]] and [[File:Nation.png]] [[Nationalism|political sovereignty]], borrowing inspiration from [[File:Mussolini.png]] [[Fascism#Italian_Fascism|Mussolini's Fascism]] and [[File:Hitler.png]] [[Nazism|Hitler's Nazism]] and proposing a [[File:TripartiteCorporatism.png]] [[Corporatism#Class_Collaborationism|corporatist]], [[File:Welf.png]] [[Welfarism|welfarist]], [[File:Econat.png]] [[Eco-Nationalism|environmentalist]], [[File:Protect.png]] [[Protectionism|protectionist]], [[File:Indust.png]] [[Industrialism|industrialist]], [[File:SyndieSam.png]] [[Syndicalism|syndicalist and labourist]], [[File:Anticommunism.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism|anti-communist}} and anti-marxist [[File:Anticommunism2.png]], culturally [[File:Progconf.png]] [[Progressive Conservatism|pragmatic]] (but mostly progressive) and civically [[File:Sec.png]] [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] socioeconomic system of a [[File:ChristNat.png]][[Religious_Nationalism#Christian_Nationalism|Christian nationalist]] character (although later Perón would find himself confronted to the [[File:Catheo.png]] [[Catholic Theocracy|Catholic Church]] in his second term). |
||
Line 650: | Line 648: | ||
===The seizure of power by Perón and the origins of Peronism (Proto-Peronism)=== |
===The seizure of power by Perón and the origins of Peronism (Proto-Peronism)=== |
||
[[File:Peron.2.jpg|thumb|Supporters of Perón on 17 October 1945 on the Plaza de Mayo]] |
[[File:Peron.2.jpg|thumb|Supporters of Perón on 17 October 1945 on the Plaza de Mayo]] |
||
In the late 1930s, [[File:Nacionalismo.png]] [[Nacionalismo|"nacionalistas"]] groups gained strength, some of which were oriented towards the idea of the [[File:Econfash.png]] [[Corporatism#Corporate_Statism|corporative state]] model of European fascism, propagated [[File:Socjust.png]] [[Progressivism#Social_Justice|social justice]] ("''justicia social")'' and found strong approval among the members of the urban industrial proletariat. In the spirit of this political current, which advocated a [[File:3P.png]] [[Fascism|third way]] between [[File:Cap.png]] [[Capitalism|capitalism]] and [[File:Soc-h.png]] [[Socialism|socialism]], the nationalist military of the [[File:Nacionalismo.png]] [[Nacionalismo|Grupo de Oficiales Unidos (GOU)]] staged a coup named "Revolution of '43" against the ruling regime of [[File:Conservative.png]] [[Conservatism|Ramón Castillo]] |
In the late 1930s, [[File:Nacionalismo.png]] [[Nacionalismo|"nacionalistas"]] groups gained strength, some of which were oriented towards the idea of the [[File:Econfash.png]] [[Corporatism#Corporate_Statism|corporative state]] model of European fascism, propagated [[File:Socjust.png]] [[Progressivism#Social_Justice|social justice]] ("''justicia social")'' and found strong approval among the members of the urban industrial proletariat. In the spirit of this political current, which advocated a [[File:3P.png]] [[Fascism|third way]] between [[File:Cap.png]] [[Capitalism|capitalism]] and [[File:Soc-h.png]] [[Socialism|socialism]], the nationalist military of the [[File:Nacionalismo.png]] [[Nacionalismo|Grupo de Oficiales Unidos (GOU)]] staged a coup named "Revolution of '43" against the ruling regime of [[File:Conservative.png]] [[Conservatism|Ramón Castillo]]; the last of the de facto presidents of the [[File:Conservative.png]] "''[[w:Infamous Decade|Década Infame]]''" (Infamous Decade). [[File:JuanPeron.png]] [[Peronism|Juan Domingo Perón]], accompanying [[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|Arturo Rawson]], [[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|Pedro Ramírez]] and [[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|Edelmiro Farrell]], participated in this coup as a junior officer. |
||
With the alliance between the socialist and revolutionary union currents (represented by [[File:LeftPeronism.png]] [[Syndicalism|Juan Atilio Bramuglia]] [[File:Synd.png]], [[File:LeftPeronism.png]] [[Syndicalism|Ángel Borlenghi]] [[File:Synd.png]] and [[File:RevSynd.png]] [[Syndicalism|Luis Gay]]) and Perón |
With the alliance between the socialist and revolutionary union currents (represented by [[File:LeftPeronism.png]] [[Syndicalism|Juan Atilio Bramuglia]] [[File:Synd.png]], [[File:LeftPeronism.png]] [[Syndicalism|Ángel Borlenghi]] [[File:Synd.png]] and [[File:RevSynd.png]] [[Syndicalism|Luis Gay]]) and Perón (together with Colonel [[File:Pron.png]] [[Religious_Nationalism#Christian_Nationalism|Domingo Mercante]]), already established, a profound reform was developed in terms of labor rights, collective labor agreements and social security. Perón would lead the Department of Labor, which would soon be elevated to the Ministry of Labor and Welfare, repealing anti-union decrees and establishing policies to "dignify work". The Peronist welfare state was soon conceived and the unions were strengthened, causing immediate opposition from business sectors and the [[File:Conservative.png]] [[Conservatism|conservative]] wing of the military government that would later condense into [[File:Anti-Peronism.png]] anti-Peronism. |
||
The Argentine economy, deeply affected |
The Argentine economy, that was deeply affected since the Great Depression of 1929, recovered and underwent rapid industrialization through [[File:EconNat.png]] [[Protectionism|import-substitution]], enjoying large internal migrations from the rural interior to the urban periphery. The quality of life grew, and the working class expanded, giving birth to a [[File:ArgNatLab.png]] [[Social Democracy|nationalist-laborist]] current of [[File:Synd.png]] [[Syndicalism|syndicalism]] within the unified [[File:CGT.png]] [[Syndicalism|'Confederación General del Trabajo'"]] (CGT) (General Confederation of Labor) that rejected [[File:Cball-USSR.png]] [[Marxism-Leninism|Soviet communism]] and laid the foundations of [[File:Pron.png]] [[Peronism|Peronism]]. |
||
In this period prior to the 1946 elections, the conflict of [[File:Internation.png]] [[Internationalism|Spruille Braden]] [[File:Anti-Peronism.png]] with Perón and [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|Hortensio Quijano]] (candidate for vice president) would be unraveled. |
In this period, prior to the 1946 elections, the conflict of [[File:Internation.png]] [[Internationalism|Spruille Braden]] [[File:Anti-Peronism.png]] with Perón and [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|Hortensio Quijano]] (candidate for vice president) would be unraveled. |
||
Braden, as the [[File:Cball-US.png]] United States ambassador in Argentina, developed a great rivalry with Perón that would lead him to be used as the face of [[File:AmericanModel_1.png]] [[American Model|American imperialism]]. |
Braden, as the [[File:Cball-US.png]] United States ambassador in Argentina, developed a great rivalry with Perón that would lead him to be used as the face of [[File:AmericanModel_1.png]] [[American Model|American imperialism]]. |
||
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The popularity of Perón, who had risen to vice president, was soon perceived as a threat by the most conservative sectors of the military government. [[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|Edelmiro Farrell]] and [[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|Eduardo Ávalos]] forced him to resign and he and [[File:Evita.png]] [[National Feminism|Eva Perón]], his wife, were finally arrested in 1945 in the Martín García Island. On October 17 of the same year (a date considered the birth of Peronism and also know as the "''Día de la Lealtad''", or Day of Loyalty), he returned to office under massive pressure from his followers, whom initiated spontaneous strikes and mass rallies in his support. At this insistance, democratic elections were held in February 1946, in which Perón, as a candidate of the [[File:ArgNatLab.png]] [[National Syndicalism|"''Partido Laborista''"]] (Labourist Party, led by [[File:RevSynd.png]] [[Syndicalism|Luis Gay]]), was elected president by a large majority. After the elections, the Labourist Party would be dissolved and Peronism would be divided into the [[File:Pron.png]] [[Nationalism|Peronist Party]], the [[File:FemPron.png]] [[National Feminism|Female Peronist Party]] (led by Eva Perón) and the [[File:SyndPron.png]] [[Syndicalism|syndicalist Peronism]] concentrated in the CGT; thus beginning the first of Peron's terms. |
The popularity of Perón, who had risen to vice president, was soon perceived as a threat by the most conservative sectors of the military government. [[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|Edelmiro Farrell]] and [[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|Eduardo Ávalos]] forced him to resign and he and [[File:Evita.png]] [[National Feminism|Eva Perón]], his wife, were finally arrested in 1945 in the Martín García Island. On October 17 of the same year (a date considered the birth of Peronism and also know as the "''Día de la Lealtad''", or Day of Loyalty), he returned to office under massive pressure from his followers, whom initiated spontaneous strikes and mass rallies in his support. At this insistance, democratic elections were held in February 1946, in which Perón, as a candidate of the [[File:ArgNatLab.png]] [[National Syndicalism|"''Partido Laborista''"]] (Labourist Party, led by [[File:RevSynd.png]] [[Syndicalism|Luis Gay]]), was elected president by a large majority. After the elections, the Labourist Party would be dissolved and Peronism would be divided into the [[File:Pron.png]] [[Nationalism|Peronist Party]], the [[File:FemPron.png]] [[National Feminism|Female Peronist Party]] (led by Eva Perón) and the [[File:SyndPron.png]] [[Syndicalism|syndicalist Peronism]] concentrated in the CGT; thus beginning the first of Peron's terms. |
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Through the establishment of a comprehensive welfare state and social reforms that contributed to achieving high social and economic indicators – condensed in the [[File:Industrial.png]] [[Industrialism|''Primer Plan Quinquenal'']] (First Five-Year Plan), an industrialist [[File:Dirigisme.png]] [[State Capitalism|state-planning program]] that sought to guarantee the economic independence of Argentina –, Perón secured broad popular support, ensuring that the remuneration of labor exceeded that of capital and increasing the presence of union delegates in the workplace. This period would be headed by the "Wizard of Peronist finance" [[File:MiguelMiranda.png]] [[Industrialism|Miguel Miranda]], that implemented policies such as the nationalization of the [[File:Central_bank.png]] [[Financialism|Central Bank]] and the creation of public companies, [[File:Tariff.png]] [[Protectionism|import tariffs]], the founding of the [[File:EconStat.png]] [[State Capitalism|IAPI]] (Argentina Institute for Promotion of Exchange) as a state monopoly of foreign trade to strengthen the industry with resources from the agricultural sector, and a general increase in wages and public employment, to achieve full employment and promote domestic industry. |
Through the establishment of a comprehensive welfare state and social reforms that contributed to achieving high social and economic indicators – condensed in the [[File:Industrial.png]] [[Industrialism|''Primer Plan Quinquenal'']] (First Five-Year Plan), an industrialist [[File:Dirigisme.png]] [[State Capitalism|state-planning program]] that sought to guarantee the economic independence of Argentina –, Perón secured broad popular support, ensuring that the remuneration of labor exceeded that of capital and increasing the presence of union delegates in the workplace. This period would be headed by the "Wizard of Peronist finance" [[File:MiguelMiranda.png]] [[Industrialism|Miguel Miranda]], that implemented policies such as the nationalization of the [[File:Central_bank.png]] [[Financialism|Central Bank]] and the creation of public companies, [[File:Tariff.png]] [[Protectionism|import tariffs]], the founding of the [[File:EconStat.png]] [[State Capitalism|IAPI]] (Argentina Institute for Promotion of Exchange) as a state monopoly of foreign trade to strengthen the industry with resources from the agricultural sector, and a general increase in wages and public employment, to achieve full employment and promote domestic industry. This policy plan would result in a modest growth in industrial GDP. |
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Then, as a consequence of the growth of the Peronist movement and union demands, a [[File:Constitution.png]] [[Constitutionalism|Constitutional Reform]] would be carried out to modernize the Argentine Constitution and incorporate [[File:HumanRights.png]] second-generation human rights [[File:Synd.png]]), also describing the [[File:Soccap.png]] [[Social Capitalism|social function of private property]] (subject to the common good) and [[File:Regulationism.png]] [[Regulationism|economic interventionism]] as fundamental. |
Then, as a consequence of the growth of the Peronist movement and union demands, a [[File:Constitution.png]] [[Constitutionalism|Constitutional Reform]] would be carried out to modernize the Argentine Constitution and incorporate [[File:HumanRights.png]] second-generation human rights [[File:Synd.png]]), also describing the [[File:Soccap.png]] [[Social Capitalism|social function of private property]] (subject to the common good) and [[File:Regulationism.png]] [[Regulationism|economic interventionism]] as fundamental. |
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The economic and social prosperity experimented at the moment, however, began to wane in the wake of a phase of economic weakness initiated in 1949 and continued in the begginings of the 50's, with the ending of the postwar trade surplus. Faced with this productive slowdown, Perón attempted to |
The economic and social prosperity experimented at the moment, however, began to wane in the wake of a phase of economic weakness initiated in 1949 and continued in the begginings of the 50's, with the ending of the postwar trade surplus. Faced with this productive slowdown, Perón attempted to reapproach to the [[File:Cball-US.png]] [[American Model|United States]] and modified his economic plan to reverse the high fiscal deficit (largely as a result of growing public spending and monetary emission) and stagnation. At the end of 1951, with a drought and a drop in agricultural prices, a more orthodox economic team formed by [[File:ModFiscon.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Alfredo Gómez Morales]] and [[File:ChristDemHum.png]] [[Christian Democracy|Antonio Cafiero]] set out to rethink its strategies to face the inevitable crisis that was brewing to explode around 1952 – one that until that moment had hit the country with an enormous decline in real wages and record inflation –. Then, Perón brought forward the elections from 1952 to November 1951, achieving re-election by a landside with [[File:Evita.png]] [[National Feminism|Eva Perón]] as vice president (thanks to the support of [[File:SyndPron.png]] [[Syndicalism|syndicates]]) and beginning his second term on June 1952, with a high tension between [[File:Pron.png]] peronists and [[File:Anti-Peronism.png]] anti-peronists. Before taking office, Perón announces to the country the [[File:Fiscon.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|"''Plan de Emergencia Económica''"]] (Emergency Economic Plan), a mixed austerity plan that incorporated [[File:Neoclassical.png]] [[Chicago School|orthodox-liberal]] economic measures with [[File:SyndieSam.png]] [[Syndicalism|syndicalist]] ones. |
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===Perón's second term (1952-1955)=== |
===Perón's second term (1952-1955)=== |
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In 1952, the plan is put into action and there is a sharp narrowing in public spending, reducing mainly the public works sector. Attached to this, and consequently, the fiscal deficit is considerably decreased; state loans are limited and, as part of his strategy, Perón agrees to an increase in wages and freezes them for two years, promoting saving and production among workers and discouraging consumption. Private investment is also fomented and foreign capital is attracted, allowing the establishment of multinational companies. This would be the same year in which [[File:Evita.png]] [[National Feminism|Evita]] would die, on July 26. |
In 1952, the plan is put into action and there is a sharp narrowing in public spending, reducing mainly the public works sector. Attached to this, and consequently, the fiscal deficit is considerably decreased; state loans are limited and, as part of his strategy, Perón agrees to an increase in wages and freezes them for two years, promoting saving and production among workers and discouraging consumption. Private investment is also fomented and foreign capital is attracted, allowing the establishment of multinational companies. This would be the same year in which [[File:Evita.png]] [[National Feminism|Evita]] would die, on July 26. |
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In 1953, the measures of the "''Plan de Emergencia Económica''" were expanded and formalized with the [[File:Industrial.png]] [[Industrialism|"''Segundo Plan Quinquenal''"]] (Second Five-Year Plan), which maintained the orthodox measures but accompanied them with some [[File:RegCap.png]] [[Regulationism|interventionist]] ones, such as |
In 1953, the measures of the "''Plan de Emergencia Económica''" were expanded and formalized with the [[File:Industrial.png]] [[Industrialism|"''Segundo Plan Quinquenal''"]] (Second Five-Year Plan), which maintained the orthodox measures but accompanied them with some [[File:RegCap.png]] [[Regulationism|interventionist]] ones, such as a price agreement, a tenacious opposition to speculators and government incentives for the development of the agricultural sector. The stabilization plan began to bear fruit and objectives such as lowering inflation were quickly achieved. |
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Real wages, however, never increased, and multiple sectors of the economy were affected, earning Perón multiple labor strikes and an increasingly strained relationship with the [[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|militar opposition]], which responded violently to the disappearances of oppositors of the government and the devotion that began to take shape around the figure of Perón and his wife, which used to be manifestated through acts commonly denoted as [[File:Cultofpersonality.png]] [[Cultism#Cult_of_Personality|"social indoctrination techniques"]]. These signs of wanting to "Peronize" society (forcing public employees to join the PJ, establishing the reading of books such as La razón de mi vida as mandatory in schools and provincializing la Pampa and Chaco as "Provincia Eva Perón" and "Provincia Presidente Perón", etc) would lead to terrorist acts by [[File:Anti-Peronism.png]] anti-Peronists such as the Plaza de Mayo Attack on April 15, 1953 |
Real wages, however, never increased, and multiple sectors of the economy were affected, earning Perón multiple labor strikes and an increasingly strained relationship with the [[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|militar opposition]], which responded violently to the disappearances of oppositors of the government and the devotion that began to take shape around the figure of Perón and his wife, which used to be manifestated through acts commonly denoted as [[File:Cultofpersonality.png]] [[Cultism#Cult_of_Personality|"social indoctrination techniques"]]. These signs of wanting to "Peronize" society (forcing public employees to join the PJ, establishing the reading of books such as La razón de mi vida as mandatory in schools and provincializing la Pampa and Chaco as "Provincia Eva Perón" and "Provincia Presidente Perón", etc) would lead to terrorist acts by [[File:Anti-Peronism.png]] anti-Peronists such as the Plaza de Mayo Attack on April 15, 1953; to which Peronist civil groups would respond by burning the headquarters of opposition political parties. |
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One of the most notable events during this period would also be Perón's break with [[File:Catheo.png]] [[Catholic Theocracy|Catholicism]] and the separation of church and state, adopting the law of divorce and the [[File:Secular.png]] [[Secularism|secularization of schools]] in 1954. |
One of the most notable events during this period would also be Perón's break with [[File:Catheo.png]] [[Catholic Theocracy|Catholicism]] and the separation of church and state, adopting the law of divorce and the [[File:Secular.png]] [[Secularism|secularization of schools]] in 1954. |
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===Overthrow, Peronist Resistance |
===Overthrow, Peronist Resistance (1955-1973) and split in the movement=== |
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[[File:Peron.3.jpg|thumb|Violent protests by left-wing, Peronist students in Rosario in 1969 against the banning of the PJ.]] |
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Finally, in 1955, the civic-military dictatorship self-proclaimed [[File:StratoDictature-Antifurry.png]] [[Stratocracy|"''Revolución Libertadora''"]] (Liberating Revolution), headed by generals [[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|Eduardo Lonardi]] and [[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|Pedro Aramburu]], overthrew Perón on September 16, 1955; after a failed attempt on June 16, 1955, where a group of designated soldiers bombed the Casa Rosada and the Plaza de Mayo in hopes of killing Perón. This cicle is marked by a policy of [[File:Anti-Peronism.png]] "de-peronization" of society attached to events such as the kidnapping of Evita's corpse and the proscription of Peronism in Lonardi's government; in addition to the ''Levantamiento de Valle'' (Valle's uprising) (failed uprising of the [[File:Pron.png]] [[Nationalism|General Juan José Valle]] against Aramburu's dictatorship) that would lead to the ''Fusilamientos de José León Suárez'' (Executions of José León Suárez) – in which Valle himself and several civilians would be killed) – and the dictatorship to be called "''Revolución Fusiladora''" (Executing Revolution). |
Finally, in 1955, the civic-military dictatorship self-proclaimed [[File:StratoDictature-Antifurry.png]] [[Stratocracy|"''Revolución Libertadora''"]] (Liberating Revolution), headed by generals [[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|Eduardo Lonardi]] and [[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|Pedro Aramburu]], overthrew Perón on September 16, 1955; after a failed attempt on June 16, 1955, where a group of designated soldiers bombed the Casa Rosada and the Plaza de Mayo in hopes of killing Perón. This cicle is marked by a policy of [[File:Anti-Peronism.png]] "de-peronization" of society attached to events such as the kidnapping of Evita's corpse and the proscription of Peronism in Lonardi's government; in addition to the ''Levantamiento de Valle'' (Valle's uprising) (failed uprising of the [[File:Pron.png]] [[Nationalism|General Juan José Valle]] against Aramburu's dictatorship) that would lead to the ''Fusilamientos de José León Suárez'' (Executions of José León Suárez) – in which Valle himself and several civilians would be killed) – and the dictatorship to be called "''Revolución Fusiladora''" (Executing Revolution). |
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In the following years, after Perón fled into exile and the Revolución Libertadora ended in 1958 |
In the following years, after Perón fled into exile and the Revolución Libertadora ended in 1958; the presidency rotated between [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|radicals]] and [[File:StratoDictature.png]] [[Stratocracy|military dictators]]. [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|Arturo Frondizi]] was the first of them, and he had a broad confrontation with the Peronist sectors. Even so, he allowed the participation of the Neoperonist party [[File:Neo-Peron.png]] [[Christian Democracy|"''Unión Popular''"]] (Popular Union) in the 1962 elections to renew half of the deputies and elect provincial governors, in which Peronism emerged triumphant in several of the provinces. [[File:SyndPron.png]] [[Syndicalism|Andrés Framini]] would be the new governor of Buenos Aires, and although Frondizi annulled the election, this caused the military forces to carry out a coup on March 29 of the same year, putting the civilian [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|José María Guido]] in office under the "''ley de acefalía''" (law of succession). Guido, with military pressure, put the Congress in reccess and called for elections in 1963, in which [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|Arturo Umberto Illia]], for the [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|"''Unión Cívica Radical del Pueblo''"]] (Radical Civic Union of the People), was elected president. Illia removed the ban on the PJ, but he did not allow Perón to return to the country. |
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In this period of time, from 1955 to 1973 (Cámpora's presidency), the "Peronist Resistance" was initiated, a period in which autonomous unions, neighborhood and student organizations, among others, opposed and resisted dictatorships and civil governments that followed the departure of Perón. Attached to this uprising, [[File:Neo-Peron.png]] Neo-Peronism arose, as a tendency that defended Peronist ideas against the ban of the movement, with its highest fronts being the [[File:Neo-Peron.png]] [[Christian Democracy|"''Unión Popular Federal''"]] (Federal Popular Union) and the refounded [[File:Neo-Peron.png]] [[National Syndicalism|Partido Laborista]] (Labourist Party). In response to the acts of oppression of the civic-military dictatorships and from constitutional government (such as the one of Frondizi and Guido), the different branches of Peronism responded from clandestinity using various tactics from the boycott of public and private companies, attempts at political participation (the aforementioned Neo-Peronist parties, for example) |
In June 26, given the weakness of Illia's government, the military finally intervened in a process known as the [[File:StratoOligarchy.png]] [[Stratocracy#Military_Junta|"''Revolución Argentina''"]] (Argentine Revolution); protagonized by Generals [[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|Juan Onganía]], [[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|Roberto Levingston]] and [[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|Alejandro Lanusse]]. In this period of time, from 1955 to 1973 (Cámpora's presidency), the "Peronist Resistance" was initiated, a period in which autonomous unions, neighborhood and student organizations, among others, opposed and resisted dictatorships and civil governments that followed the departure of Perón. Attached to this uprising, [[File:Neo-Peron.png]] Neo-Peronism arose, as a tendency that defended Peronist ideas against the ban of the movement, with its highest fronts being the [[File:Neo-Peron.png]] [[Christian Democracy|"''Unión Popular Federal''"]] (Federal Popular Union) and the refounded [[File:Neo-Peron.png]] [[National Syndicalism|Partido Laborista]] (Labourist Party). In response to the acts of oppression of the civic-military dictatorships and from constitutional government (such as the one of Frondizi and Guido), the different branches of Peronism responded from clandestinity using various tactics, ranging from the boycott of public and private companies, attempts at political participation (the aforementioned Neo-Peronist parties, for example) to even acts of [[File:NatTerrorist.png]] {{PCBA|Terrorism|terrorism}}. |
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A new generation of syndicalist leaders would also emerge, the most prominent of them being [[File:Azopardo.png]] [[Syndicalism|Augusto Vandor]] (general secretary of the [[File:SyndieSamCon.png]] [[Syndicalism|Metallurgical Worker Union]]), who would carry out his own movement (Vandorism) within the Neoperonist current, defending a "Peronism without Perón" that would soon be perceived as a threat by the most [[File:OrthSyndPron.png]] [[National Syndicalism|orthodox]] sectors of Peronist syndicalism and by Perón himself. With Vandor killed in 1969, [[File:OrthSyndPron.png]] [[Syndicalism|José Ignacio Rucci]] and [[File:OrthSyndPron.png]] [[Syndicalism|Lorenzo Miguel]] (backed by Perón) would continue his legacy, but within the orthodoxy and seeking to unify the [[File:CGT.png]] [[Syndicalism|CGT]] before the arrival of Perón. |
A new generation of syndicalist leaders would also emerge, the most prominent of them being [[File:Azopardo.png]] [[Syndicalism|Augusto Vandor]] (general secretary of the [[File:SyndieSamCon.png]] [[Syndicalism|Metallurgical Worker Union]]), who would carry out his own movement (Vandorism) within the Neoperonist current, defending a "Peronism without Perón" that would soon be perceived as a threat by the most [[File:OrthSyndPron.png]] [[National Syndicalism|orthodox]] sectors of Peronist syndicalism and by Perón himself. With Vandor killed in 1969, [[File:OrthSyndPron.png]] [[Syndicalism|José Ignacio Rucci]] and [[File:OrthSyndPron.png]] [[Syndicalism|Lorenzo Miguel]] (backed by Perón) would continue his legacy, but within the orthodoxy and seeking to unify the [[File:CGT.png]] [[Syndicalism|CGT]] before the arrival of Perón. |
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===Perón's third term=== |
===Perón's third term=== |
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After the military regime of the "''Revolución Argentina''" failed to get control over the country's economic problems and faced the civil uprisings of the Cordobazo (1969) and the Viborazo (1971), democratic elections were held in 1973. The military was unable to keep the PJ away from the government and reluctantly allowed it to participate, but without Perón's presence. [[File:TioCampora.png]] [[Social Democracy#Left-Social_Democracy|Héctor José Cámpora]] ran as the presidential candidate of Peronism, in an electoral alliance called the [[File:Syncretic.png]] [[Nationalism|"''Frente Justicialista de Liberación''"]] (FREJULI), an {{PCBA|Anti-Imperialism|anti-imperialist}} gathering of [[File:Conservative.png]] [[Conservatism|conservative]], [[File:Cdem.png]] [[Christian Democracy|christian democrat]], [[File:Soc-h.png]] [[Socialism|socialist]], [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|radical]] and [[File:Pron.png]] Peronist parties, with the latter being the majority. He won the elections and began his short presidential term, known as the "''Primavera Camporista''" (Camporist Spring), distinguished for the policies of [[File:Soccorp.png]] [[Corporatism#Social_Corporatism|social agreements]] between the government, unions and employers (Social Pact), the adoption of a [[File:NAM.png]] non-alignment position in the Cold War and Cámpora's [[File:Prog-u.png]] [[Progressivism|progressive]] visions. Cámpora quickly removed the ban on Perón so that he would settle permanently in Argentina and participate in the elections on September of the same year, after Cámpora and his vice president, [[File:Patcon.png]] [[Paternalistic Conservatism|Vicente Solano Lima]] resigned from their charges. In this short period of time, [[File:RaulLastiri.png]] {{PCBA|Authoritarian Pacifism|Raúl Alberto Lastiri}} temporarily held the position of president as an interim before the elections and immediately outlawed the [[File:LeftTerrorist.png]] {{PCBA|Terrorism|ERP (''Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo'')}} (People's Revolutionary Army |
After the military regime of the "''Revolución Argentina''" failed to get control over the country's economic problems and faced the civil uprisings of the Cordobazo (1969) and the Viborazo (1971), democratic elections were held in 1973. The military was unable to keep the PJ away from the government and reluctantly allowed it to participate, but without Perón's presence. [[File:TioCampora.png]] [[Social Democracy#Left-Social_Democracy|Héctor José Cámpora]] ran as the presidential candidate of Peronism, in an electoral alliance called the [[File:Syncretic.png]] [[Nationalism|"''Frente Justicialista de Liberación''"]] (FREJULI), an {{PCBA|Anti-Imperialism|anti-imperialist}} gathering of [[File:Conservative.png]] [[Conservatism|conservative]], [[File:Cdem.png]] [[Christian Democracy|christian democrat]], [[File:Soc-h.png]] [[Socialism|socialist]], [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|radical]] and [[File:Pron.png]] Peronist parties, with the latter being the majority. He won the elections and began his short presidential term, known as the "''Primavera Camporista''" (Camporist Spring), distinguished for the policies of [[File:Soccorp.png]] [[Corporatism#Social_Corporatism|social agreements]] between the government, unions and employers (Social Pact), the adoption of a [[File:NAM.png]] non-alignment position in the Cold War and Cámpora's [[File:Prog-u.png]] [[Progressivism|progressive]] visions. Cámpora quickly removed the ban on Perón so that he would settle permanently in Argentina and participate in the elections on September of the same year, after Cámpora and his vice president, [[File:Patcon.png]] [[Paternalistic Conservatism|Vicente Solano Lima]] resigned from their charges. In this short period of time, [[File:RaulLastiri.png]] {{PCBA|Authoritarian Pacifism|Raúl Alberto Lastiri}} temporarily held the position of president as an interim before the elections and immediately outlawed the [[File:LeftTerrorist.png]] {{PCBA|Terrorism|ERP (''Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo'')}} (People's Revolutionary Army). |
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When Perón arrived to the country, the tense relations between the [[File:OrthPeron.png]] [[Fascism|orthodox Peronists]] and the [[File:Montoneros.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism|"''Tendencia Revolucionaria''"]] (Revolutionary Tendency) led to the "''Masacre de Ezeiza''" (Ezeiza Massacre), a mass murder occurred at the Ezeiza Airport, where both sectors of Peronism gathered to receive their leader. Supporters of [[File:LeftPeronism.png]] revolutionary Peronism were then shot by members of the [[File:Jingoism.png]] [[Jingoism|"''Comando de Organización de la Juventud Peronista''"]] (CdO) (Peronist Youth Organization Command) |
When Perón arrived to the country, the tense relations between the [[File:OrthPeron.png]] [[Fascism|orthodox Peronists]] and the [[File:Montoneros.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism|"''Tendencia Revolucionaria''"]] (Revolutionary Tendency) led to the "''Masacre de Ezeiza''" (Ezeiza Massacre), a mass murder occurred at the Ezeiza Airport, where both sectors of Peronism gathered to receive their leader. Supporters of [[File:LeftPeronism.png]] revolutionary Peronism were then shot by members of the [[File:Jingoism.png]] [[Jingoism|"''Comando de Organización de la Juventud Peronista''"]] (CdO) (Peronist Youth Organization Command); an insurrectionary Peronist organization that rejected both the center-left and center-right factions of Peronism. Perón then ran for president with his wife, [[File:Isabelita.png]] [[Kakistocracy|Isabel Perón]], under the FREJULI, and won by wide difference. With the unstable panorama of Peronism and the murder of Rucci, Perón decided to return to his [[File:Trad.png]] [[Traditionalism|traditionalist]] and orthodox roots, attacking [[File:Ormarxf.png]] [[Marxism|Marxism]] and seeking its total elimination from the movement. He proposed an [[File:Indust.png]] [[Industrialism|industrialist]] policy commanded by [[File:ModerateML.png]] [[Marxism-Leninism|José Gelbard]] [[File:Champagne_Socialism.png]] (who had already been Minister of Economy of Cámpora and Lastiri), kept the [[File:Soccorp.png]] [[Corporatism#Corporate_Statism|Social Pact]] and reaffirmed [[File:NAM.png]] a non-aligned international position in favor of Third World integration. He also approved the operations of the [[File:ArgentineAnticommunistAlliance.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism|"''Alianza Anticomunista Argentina''" (Triple A)}} (Argentine Anti-Communist Alliance), which was in charge of persecuting militants of [[File:LeftPeronism.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism|revolutionary Peronism]] and was led by [[File:ArgentineAnticommunistAlliance.png]] [[Esoteric Fascism|José López Rega]] and [[File:ArgentineAnticommunistAlliance.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism|Alberto Villar}}. |
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Gelbard |
Gelbard saw initial success within the framework of the Social Pact: he diversified the foreign market and achieved the largest trade surplus in Argentinian history, in addition to achieving (virtually) full employment. However, when international inflation unbalanced the fixed prices, a "great national joint meeting" was called to update prices and a [[File:AuthCorp.png]] [[Corporatocracy|corporate black market]] began to emerge due to the hoarding of goods from the business sector. Furthermore, the gigantic fiscal deficit and the artificially low exchange rate caused the loss of international reserves. |
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The Navarrazo, endorsed by Perón, would then occur in February 1974, with the province of Córdoba being intervened, and [[File:LeftPeronism.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism|Ricardo Obregón Cano]] (moderately affiliated with the left-wing of Peronism that threatened the idea of a centralized syndicalism) and [[File:SyndPron.png]] [[Syndicalism|Atilio López]] removed from power in a police coup led by [[File:PolState.png]] [[Police Statism|Antonio Domingo Navarro]] (chief of the Córdoba police |
The Navarrazo, endorsed by Perón, would then occur in February 1974, with the province of Córdoba being intervened, and [[File:LeftPeronism.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism|Ricardo Obregón Cano]] (moderately affiliated with the left-wing of Peronism that threatened the idea of a centralized syndicalism) and [[File:SyndPron.png]] [[Syndicalism|Atilio López]] removed from power in a police coup led by [[File:PolState.png]] [[Police Statism|Antonio Domingo Navarro]] (former chief of the Córdoba police). This would increase tensions between the Perón government (aligned with [[File:OrthPeron.png]] [[Fascism|orthodoxy]]) and the sectors of revolutionary Peronism ([[File:Montoneros.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism|la Tendencia]], mainly Montoneros), causing a rupture that would be formalized on May 1, 1974. Perón, giving a speech on the occasion of the International Workers' Day, would respond bluntly to the chants of la Tendencia, who would decide to withdraw from the popular demonstration, being indirectly expulsed. Thanks to this, the process of integrating the [[File:YouthPeron.png]] [[Peronism|''Juventud Peronista'']] (JP) (Peronist Youth) as the fourth branch of the Peronist movement would be abandoned, getting that status later. |
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Perón finally died in July 1, 1974, and Perón's wife, [[File:Isabelita.png]] [[Kakistocracy|Isabel Perón]] (previously vice president), took over the presidency with a deteriorated economic situation and rising inflation. She, advised by López Rega and [[File:Argentiniantorturer.png]] [[Stratocracy|Emilio Massera]], carried out an orthodox economic plan after dismissing Gelbard as minister and favored the persecution of leftist university students through parapolice groups. [[File:Ultramil.png]] [[Stratocracy|Operation Independence]] of 1975 would stand out among these state-terrorist actions, being the first major operation of the [[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|Dirty War]] that began in 1974; this confrontation would occur in Tucumán between the [[File:StratoHelm.png]] [[Stratocracy|military]] and the [[File:LeftTerrorist.png]] {{PCBA|Terrorism#Left-Wing_Terrorism|ERP}} guerrilla, constituting the first decree of annihilation. |
Perón finally died in July 1, 1974, and Perón's wife, [[File:Isabelita.png]] [[Kakistocracy|Isabel Perón]] (previously vice president), took over the presidency with a deteriorated economic situation and rising inflation. She, advised by López Rega and [[File:Argentiniantorturer.png]] [[Stratocracy|Emilio Massera]], carried out an orthodox economic plan after dismissing Gelbard as minister and favored the persecution of leftist university students through parapolice groups. [[File:Ultramil.png]] [[Stratocracy|Operation Independence]] of 1975 would stand out among these state-terrorist actions, being the first major operation of the [[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|Dirty War]] that began in 1974; this confrontation would occur in Tucumán between the [[File:StratoHelm.png]] [[Stratocracy|military]] and the [[File:LeftTerrorist.png]] {{PCBA|Terrorism#Left-Wing_Terrorism|ERP}} guerrilla, constituting the first decree of annihilation. |
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In her presidency there were a total of 5 Ministers of Economy after Gelbard: [[File:ModFiscon.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Alfredo Gómez Morales]], [[File:Fiscon.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Celestino Rodrigo]], [[File:PatFisCon.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Pedro José Bonanni]], [[File:ChristDemHum.png]] [[Christian Democracy|Antonio Cafiero]] [[File:Econprag.png]] and [[File:$con.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Emilio Mondelli]]. The most relevant of them, Rodrigo, would be the material author of the [[File:DeficitHawk.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Rodrigazo]]: a program of economic shock, devaluation of the peso and [[File:Tax.png]] tax increase that triggered inflation, produced shortages and provoked an immediate reaction from the [[File:CGT.png]] [[Syndicalism|CGT]], which would conduct its first strike towards a Peronist government. Rodrigo and López Rega subsequently resigned from their positions, leaving a crisis that their successors were unable to reverse. |
In her presidency there were a total of 5 Ministers of Economy after Gelbard: [[File:ModFiscon.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Alfredo Gómez Morales]], [[File:Fiscon.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Celestino Rodrigo]], [[File:PatFisCon.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Pedro José Bonanni]], [[File:ChristDemHum.png]] [[Christian Democracy|Antonio Cafiero]] [[File:Econprag.png]] and [[File:$con.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Emilio Mondelli]]. The most relevant of them, Rodrigo, would be the material author of the [[File:DeficitHawk.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Rodrigazo]]: a program of economic shock, devaluation of the peso and [[File:Tax.png]] tax increase to the workers that triggered inflation, produced shortages and provoked an immediate reaction from the [[File:CGT.png]] [[Syndicalism|CGT]], which would conduct its first strike towards a Peronist government. Rodrigo and López Rega subsequently resigned from their positions, leaving a crisis that their successors were unable to reverse. |
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Between September 13 and October 16, 1975, absenting for health reasons, Isabelita designated [[File:ItaloLuder.png]] [[Moderatism|Ítalo Luder]], provisional president of the senate, to exercise executive power. Luder would sign three more decrees of annihilation and would begin a process of [[File:Mil.png]] [[Stratocracy|militarization]] of Argentina, maintaining a notable condescension with the military sector to fight against "subversion" (how the [[File:LeftTerrorist.png]] {{PCBA|Terrorism#Left-Wing_Terrorism|left-wing guerrillas}} and other revolutionary sectors were called). The idea of an institutional coup would be frustrated with the return of Isabelita to the presidency, who would firmly reject the possibility of resigning and leaving Luder as her successor. |
Between September 13 and October 16, 1975, absenting for health reasons, Isabelita designated [[File:ItaloLuder.png]] [[Moderatism|Ítalo Luder]], provisional president of the senate, to exercise executive power. Luder would sign three more decrees of annihilation and would begin a process of [[File:Mil.png]] [[Stratocracy|militarization]] of Argentina, maintaining a notable condescension with the military sector to fight against "subversion" (how the [[File:LeftTerrorist.png]] {{PCBA|Terrorism#Left-Wing_Terrorism|left-wing guerrillas}} and other revolutionary sectors were called). The idea of an institutional coup would be frustrated with the return of Isabelita to the presidency, who would firmly reject the possibility of resigning and leaving Luder as her successor. |
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In a panorama of destabilization and an increase in guerrilla activity |
In a panorama of destabilization and an increase in guerrilla activity, the military coup self-proclaimed [[File:NationalReorganizationProcess.png]] [[Stratocracy|"''Proceso de Reorganización Nacional''"]] (National Reorganization Process) was executed in 1976 and [[File:Isabelita.png]] [[Kakistocracy|Isabel Perón]] was arrested. |
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===Military dictatorship 1976 to 1983=== |
===Military dictatorship 1976 to 1983=== |
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With the establishment of the [[File:NationalReorganizationProcess.png]] [[Stratocracy|National Reorganization Process]] – as part of the [[File:OperationCondor.png]] [[Authoritarian Capitalism#Operation Condor|Operation Condor]] – , originally led by [[File:Videla.png]] [[National Capitalism|Jorge Rafael Videla]], [[File:Argentiniantorturer.png]] [[Stratocracy|Emilio Massera]] and [[File:Argentiniantorturer.png]] [[Stratocracy|Orlando Agosti]]; the dictatorship began to effect a state-terrorist scheme against people of "subversive" ideals (including [[File:Ormarxf.png]] [[Marxism|Marxists]], [[File:Socdem.png]] [[Social Democracy|social democrats]], [[File:Synd.png]] [[Syndicalism|syndicalists]], [[File:LeftPeronism.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism|revolutionary Peronists]], etc), unleashing imprisonment, disappearances, torture, murder and kidnapping of children. After the dissolution of the single [[File:SyndPron.png]] [[Syndicalism|CGT]] and the reorganization of syndicalism, a fairly divided Peronism opposed to dictatorship (represented by the [[File:RevSynd.png]] [[Syndicalism|CGT-Brasil]] of [[File:SyndieSam.png]] [[Syndicalism|Saúl Ubaldini]]) then resisted through [[File:SyndieSam.png]] [[Syndicalism|trade unionism]] and [[File:HumanRights.png]] human rights organizations, while the [[File:Azopardo.png]] [[Syndicalism|''Azopardo'']] branch of the CGT took a "dialoguist" position with the dictatorship. |
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[[File:Peron.3.jpg|thumb|Violent protests by left-wing, Peronist students in Rosario in 1969 against the banning of the PJ.]] |
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With the establishment of the [[File:NationalReorganizationProcess.png]] [[Stratocracy|National Reorganization Process]] – as part of the [[File:OperationCondor.png]] [[Authoritarian Capitalism#Operation Condor|Operation Condor]] – , originally led by [[File:Videla.png]] [[National Capitalism|Jorge Rafael Videla]], [[File:Argentiniantorturer.png]] [[Stratocracy|Emilio Massera]] and [[File:Argentiniantorturer.png]] [[Stratocracy|Orlando Agosti]]; the dictatorship began to effect a state-terrorist scheme against people of "subversive" ideals (including [[File:Ormarxf.png]] [[Marxism|Marxists]], [[File:Socdem.png]] [[Social Democracy|social democrats]], [[File:Synd.png]] [[Syndicalism|syndicalists]], [[File:LeftPeronism.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism|revolutionary Peronists]], etc.), unleashing imprisonment, disappearances, torture, murder and kidnapping of children. After the dissolution of the single [[File:SyndPron.png]] [[Syndicalism|CGT]] and the reorganization of syndicalism, a fairly divided Peronism opposed to dictatorship (represented by the [[File:RevSynd.png]] [[Syndicalism|CGT-Brasil]] of [[File:SyndieSam.png]] [[Syndicalism|Saúl Ubaldini]]) then resisted through [[File:SyndieSam.png]] [[Syndicalism|trade unionism]] and [[File:HumanRights.png]] human rights organizations, while the [[File:Azopardo.png]] [[Syndicalism|''Azopardo'']] branch of the CGT and some members of the [[File:Pron.png]] [[Peronism|PJ]] took a "dialoguist" position with the dictatorship. |
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Although at first both [[File:CGT.png]] [[Syndicalism|CGT]] supported the [[File:Cball-Falklands.png]] Falklands War, in the disbandment of the dictatorship after the defeat, they joined in a general strike backed by the [[File:Dem.png]] [[Democracy|"''multipartidaria''"]] (multiparty, coordinated political action of the [[File:Pron.png]] [[Peronism|PJ]], [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|UCR]], [[File:Revdemsoc.png]] [[Democratic Socialism|PI]] <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intransigent_Party</ref>, [[File:Cdem.png]] [[Christian Democracy|PDC]] <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Argentina)</ref> and [[File:EconNat.png]] [[Protectionism|MID]]<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_and_Development_Movement</ref>) demanding democratic elections and precipitating the fall of the civic-military dictatorship. |
Although at first both [[File:CGT.png]] [[Syndicalism|CGT]] supported the [[File:Cball-Falklands.png]] Falklands War, in the disbandment of the dictatorship after the defeat, they joined in a general strike backed by the [[File:Dem.png]] [[Democracy|"''multipartidaria''"]] (multiparty, coordinated political action of the [[File:Pron.png]] [[Peronism|PJ]], [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|UCR]], [[File:Revdemsoc.png]] [[Democratic Socialism|PI]] <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intransigent_Party</ref>, [[File:Cdem.png]] [[Christian Democracy|PDC]] <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Argentina)</ref> and [[File:EconNat.png]] [[Protectionism|MID]]<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_and_Development_Movement</ref>) demanding democratic elections and precipitating the fall of the civic-military dictatorship. |
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[[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|Reynaldo Bignone]], the last of the military dictators of Argentina, was forced to begin a democratic transition and prepare the 1983 elections, where the two national traditional political forces faced each other: [[File:Pron.png]] [[Nationalism|Peronism]] (PJ), under [[File:ItaloLuder.png]] [[Moderatism|Ítalo Luder]] and [[File:Cdem.png]] [[Christian Democracy|Deolindo Bittel]] (both ensured by the [[File:OrthPeron.png]] [[Fascism|Orthodox]]), and [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|radicalism]] (UCR), under [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|Raúl Alfonsín]]. |
[[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|Reynaldo Bignone]], the last of the military dictators of Argentina, was forced to begin a democratic transition and prepare the 1983 elections, where the two national traditional political forces faced each other: [[File:Pron.png]] [[Nationalism|Peronism]] (PJ), under [[File:ItaloLuder.png]] [[Moderatism|Ítalo Luder]] and [[File:Cdem.png]] [[Christian Democracy|Deolindo Bittel]] (both ensured by the [[File:OrthPeron.png]] [[Fascism|Orthodox]]), and [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|radicalism]] (UCR), under [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|Raúl Alfonsín]]. |
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[[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|Raúl Alfonsín]] |
[[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|Raúl Alfonsín]] ended up winning the election, supported by the bad image that [[File:Isabelita.png]] [[Kakistocracy|Isabel Perón]] had left in the PJ due to her authoritarian behavior. Peronism was forced to take a new direction for the elections of 1989, that would develop in an internal process known as the "Peronist Renovation": headed by [[File:Menem.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism|Carlos Menem]] (with a [[File:Fed.png]] [[Federalism|federalist]] focus), [[File:Pron.png]] [[Christian Democracy|Antonio Cafiero]] (with a [[File:Prog-u.png]] [[Progressivism|"modernizer"]] focus) and [[file:Pron.png]] [[Christian_Democracy#Christian_Social_Democracy|Carlos Grosso]] (with a more [[File:ChristSocdem.png]] [[Christian_Democracy#Christian_Social_Democracy|"social christian" focus]]) in the PJ, with the aim of guiding the party under the democratic ideals that Alfonsín espoused in his campaign and displacing the [[File:OrthPeron.png]] [[Fascism|orthodox Peronists]] and the members of [[File:Montoneros.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism|la Tendencia]] from their power in the movement and in the trade unions. |
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==Ideology== |
==Ideology== |
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===[[File:Kirch.png]] Kirchnerism=== |
===[[File:Kirch.png]] Kirchnerism=== |
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[[File:Kirchnerism flag.svg|thumb|220x220px|Flag of Kirchnerism]] |
[[File:Kirchnerism flag.svg|thumb|220x220px|Flag of Kirchnerism]] |
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'''Kirchnerism''' is an economically center-left |
'''Kirchnerism''' is an economically center-left and culturally moderate to progressive ideology based on the ideological postulates of the presidencies of [[File:Kirch.png]] [[Social Democracy|Néstor Kirchner]] (2003-2007) and [[File:CFK.png]] [[Social Democracy#Social_Feminism|Cristina Kirchner]] (2007-2015), gathered in a period called the "''Década Ganada''" (Won Decade) by its supporters. It brings together [[File:Socdem.png]] [[Social Democracy|social democratic]], [[File:Soc-h.png]] [[Socialism|socialist]], [[File:Ormarxf.png]] [[Marxism|Marxist]], [[File:Argrad.png]] "radical K" (Kirchnerist radical) [[File:Kirch.png]] and [[File:Argrad.png]] Alfonsinist (of President Raúl Alfonsín) parties in a nationalist and left-wing populist movement that focuses on [[File:Socjust.png]] [[Progressivism#Social_Justice|social justice]], human rights and [[File:Prog-u.png]] [[Progressivism|progressivism]]. It also has great support from the sector of [[File:KirchMilitant.png]] [[Social Democracy#Left-Social_Democracy|"Militant Peronism"]] and from [[File:KirchMilitant.png]] [[Social Democracy#Left-Social_Democracy|"''La Cámpora''"]], an organization made in honor of [[File:TioCampora.png]] [[Social Democracy#Left-Social_Democracy|Héctor Cámpora]] that is dedicated to Kirchnerist militancy and the promotion of human rights. |
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It arose within the crisis of December 2001 in Argentina (a social, economic and political crisis motivated by the slogan "All of them must go!" that caused the resignation of President [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|Fernando de la Rúa]] and triggered the rotation of the presidential power until 2003; |
It arose within the crisis of December 2001 in Argentina (a social, economic and political crisis motivated by the slogan "All of them must go!" that caused the resignation of President [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|Fernando de la Rúa]] and triggered the rotation of the presidential power until 2003; |
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included in this process 4 Peronist presidents: [[File:RamonPuerta.png]] [[National Liberalism|Ramón Puerta]], [[File:AdolfoSaa.png]] [[Nationalism|Adolfo Rodríguez Saá]], [[File:EduardoCamaño.png]] [[Nationalism|Eduardo Camaño]] and [[File:EduardoDuhalde.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Eduardo Duhalde]]) with the interim presidency of [[File:EduardoDuhalde.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Eduardo Duhalde]] underway, when the [[File:AntiNeoLib.png]] ''Grupo Calafate'' (Calafate Group, a group originally directed by Duhalde and coordinated by [[File:AlbertoFernandez.png]] [[Social Liberalism|Alberto Fernández]] that brought together anti-Menemist sectors and maintained as its main objective to avoid the "re-reelection" of Menem) presented Néstor Kirchner and [[File:Moder.png]] [[Internationalism|Daniel Scioli]] as the presidential ticket, |
included in this process 4 Peronist presidents: [[File:RamonPuerta.png]] [[National Liberalism|Ramón Puerta]], [[File:AdolfoSaa.png]] [[Nationalism|Adolfo Rodríguez Saá]], [[File:EduardoCamaño.png]] [[Nationalism|Eduardo Camaño]] and [[File:EduardoDuhalde.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Eduardo Duhalde]]) with the interim presidency of [[File:EduardoDuhalde.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Eduardo Duhalde]] underway, when the [[File:AntiNeoLib.png]] ''Grupo Calafate'' (Calafate Group, a group originally directed by Duhalde and coordinated by [[File:AlbertoFernandez.png]] [[Social Liberalism|Alberto Fernández]] that brought together anti-Menemist sectors and maintained as its main objective to avoid the "re-reelection" of Menem) presented Néstor Kirchner and [[File:Moder.png]] [[Internationalism|Daniel Scioli]] as the presidential ticket, losing the first round by a simple majority of Menem. Menem, wanting to avoid a humiliating defeat predicted for the runoff, withdrew, leaving Néstor Kirchner as president. He was then succeeded by his wife, Cristina Kirchner, in two presidential terms and in a vice presidency in the government of Fernández. |
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Kirchnerism can be summarized in the following economic and social tenets: |
Kirchnerism can be summarized in the following economic and social tenets: |
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*Accumulation of reserves in the [[File:Central_bank.png]] [[Financialism|Central Bank]]; |
*Accumulation of reserves in the [[File:Central_bank.png]] [[Financialism|Central Bank]]; |
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*Immediate payment of the external debt and the avoidance of its accumulation; |
*Immediate payment of the external debt and the avoidance of its accumulation; |
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* |
*Obtaining of twin surpluses ([https://www.infobae.com/2015/10/23/1763996-la-pesada-herencia-economica-que-deja-cristina-kirchner-pbi-estancado-mas-deuda-y-menos-reservas/ at least in theory]); |
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*Maintenance of the exchange rate at high levels to favor competition and exports; |
*Maintenance of the exchange rate at high levels to favor competition and exports; |
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*[[File:AntiNeoLib.png]] Anti-Neoliberalism (the Kirchners had a positive political relationship with Menem at first, but they turned on him later): a fervent opposition to the policies called [[File:New-Neoclassical.png]] [[Neoliberalism|"neoliberal"]] by the Kirchners, including "adjustment" measures, privatizations, shrinking of the state and cuts in public spending, liberalization of the internal and external markets, debt contraction, etc; |
*[[File:AntiNeoLib.png]] Anti-Neoliberalism (the Kirchners had a positive political relationship with Menem at first, but they turned on him later): a fervent opposition to the policies called [[File:New-Neoclassical.png]] [[Neoliberalism|"neoliberal"]] by the Kirchners, including "adjustment" measures, privatizations, shrinking of the state and cuts in public spending, liberalization of the internal and external markets, debt contraction, etc; |
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Néstor Kirchner held center to center-left economic ideals and moderate progressive cultural positions, being in favor of the [[File:Gay.png]] {{PCBA|LGBTism|LGBT}} community and [[File:Fem.png]] [[Feminism|feminism]], but [[File:Antiabort.png]] opposing abortion. He proposed a more moderate social democratic system than his wife's, focusing on income recovery (doubling the middle class), favoring exports and expressing the need for [[File:Fiscon.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|fiscal balance]]. |
Néstor Kirchner held center to center-left economic ideals and moderate progressive cultural positions, being in favor of the [[File:Gay.png]] {{PCBA|LGBTism|LGBT}} community and [[File:Fem.png]] [[Feminism|feminism]], but [[File:Antiabort.png]] opposing abortion. He proposed a more moderate social democratic system than his wife's, focusing on income recovery (doubling the middle class), favoring exports and expressing the need for [[File:Fiscon.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|fiscal balance]]. |
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The presidency of Néstor Kirchner was characterized by a broad and constant GDP growth driven by the 2000's commodities boom together with a fiscal and commercial surplus (the |
The presidency of Néstor Kirchner was characterized by a broad and constant GDP growth driven by the 2000's commodities boom together with a fiscal and commercial surplus (the "twin surpluses") and a drop in unemployment and poverty (inflation values increased, however, until the end of his term), the total cancellation of the debt contracted with the [[File:IMF.png]] IMF (which represented the 9% of the total public debt), high exportations, devaluation of the currency through the [[File:Central_bank.png]] [[Financialism|Central Bank]], increase in public services, fiscal balance, opposition to the [[File:Mediastocracy_flair.png]] [[Mediacracy|hegemonic media]] (such as Clarín and La Nación) and an active human rights policy to amend the damages and convict those responsible for the [[File:NationalReorganizationProcess.png]] [[Stratocracy|National Reorganization Process]]. With the rebounding economy that he had received after Duhalde's enormous fiscal adjustment, Néstor managed high positive indicators (mainly with [[File:3way.png]] [[Third Way|Roberto Lavagna]] as minister of economy) with [[File:MSocdem.png]] [[Social Democracy|moderate social democratic]] measures and ended his term in 2007, supporting his wife in her candidacy for the elections. He finally passed away on October 27, 2010, from a cardiac arrest. |
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======[[File:CFK.png]] Cristina Kirchner Thought====== |
======[[File:CFK.png]] Cristina Kirchner Thought====== |
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Cristina Kirchner held center-left economic ideals and progressive cultural positions, proposing a [[File:Socdem.png]] [[Social Democracy|social democratic]] economic scheme with a [[File:Keynes.png]] [[Keynesian School|Keynesian]] and [[File:CLPop.png]] [[Left-Wing Populism|left-wing populist]] tendency that defends a greater state intervention in the market compared to Néstor's policies. She advocated the approval of [[File:AntiAntiAbortion.png]] {{PCBA|Abortionism|abortion}} as vice president and had a strong affinity for [[File:4WF.png]] [[Feminism#Fourth_Wave_Feminism|feminist movements]]. She is normally referred by her initials "CFK" (Cristina Fernández de Kirchner). |
Cristina Kirchner held center-left economic ideals and progressive cultural positions, proposing a [[File:Socdem.png]] [[Social Democracy|social democratic]] economic scheme with a [[File:Keynes.png]] [[Keynesian School|Keynesian]] and [[File:CLPop.png]] [[Left-Wing Populism|left-wing populist]] tendency that defends a greater state intervention in the market compared to Néstor's policies. She advocated the approval of [[File:AntiAntiAbortion.png]] {{PCBA|Abortionism|abortion}} as vice president and had a strong affinity for [[File:4WF.png]] [[Feminism#Fourth_Wave_Feminism|feminist movements]]; despite not considering herself a [https://www.lavoz.com.ar/politica/cristina-kirchner-dijo-que-no-era-feminista-y-una-chica-le-respondio-con-un-grito-que-le-dijo/ feminist]. She is normally referred by her initials "CFK" (Cristina Fernández de Kirchner). |
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[[File:CFK.png]] [[Social Democracy#Social_Feminism|Cristina Kirchner]] ran with the approval of [[File:Kirch.png]] [[Social Democracy|Néstor Kirchner]] in the 2007 elections, along with [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|Julio Cobos]]. She won in the first round by a large margin and |
[[File:CFK.png]] [[Social Democracy#Social_Feminism|Cristina Kirchner]] ran with the approval of [[File:Kirch.png]] [[Social Democracy|Néstor Kirchner]] in the 2007 elections, along with [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|Julio Cobos]]. She won in the first round by a large margin and was elected president. |
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Her first period (2007-2011) was marked by the intervention in the INDEC (nucleated in the CPI sector: Consumer Price Index) by [[File:Pron.png]] [[Nationalism|Guillermo Moreno]], which caused a sanction by the [[File:IMF.png]] IMF and a general nebulosity in the data added to the underestimation of inflation and the unreliable measures of GDP. It can be affirmed, even so, that Cristina's presidency maintained remarkable indicators, avoiding the 2008 crisis with the profitable commodities boom that persisted in her term: the constant decline in poverty, indigence, unemployment and foreign debt continued, the strengthening of foreign relations was achieved through an autonomist and Latin Americanist policy, and [[File:Prog-u.png]] [[Progressivism|progressive]] policies were deepened, embodied in the legalization of [[File:Gay.png]] same-sex marriage and the approval of gender identity laws. The Ministry of Economy was occupied by three different officials: the first, [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|Martín Lousteau]], who was the author of "Resolution 125", a series of withholding tax measures that tried to capture part of the income obtained by the field with the favorable period and ended up provoking a convoluted national conflict between the agricultural sector and Kirchnerism; the second, [[File:Econprag.png]] [[Nationalism|Carlos Fernández]]; and the third, [[File:ProgNation.png]] [[Bull_Moose_Progressivism#National_Progressivism|Amado Boudou]], future vice president and president of ANSES (National Social Security Administration;) who was in charge of the elimination of the [[File:Gero.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|AFJP]] (''Administradora de Fondos de Jubilaciones y Pensiones'') (Retirement and Pension Fund Administrator), private companies that were dedicated to the administration of funds generated by contributions pensioners. |
Her first period (2007-2011) was marked by the intervention in the INDEC (nucleated in the CPI sector: Consumer Price Index) by [[File:Pron.png]] [[Nationalism|Guillermo Moreno]]<ref>https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/indec-case-guillermo-moreno-sentenced-to-3-years-imprisonment-and-6-year-disqualification-from-public-office.phtml</ref>, which caused a sanction by the [[File:IMF.png]] IMF and a general nebulosity in the data added to the underestimation of inflation and the unreliable measures of GDP. It can be affirmed, even so, that Cristina's presidency maintained remarkable indicators, avoiding the 2008 crisis with the profitable commodities boom that persisted in her term: the constant decline in poverty, indigence, unemployment and foreign debt continued, the strengthening of foreign relations was achieved through an autonomist and Latin Americanist policy, and [[File:Prog-u.png]] [[Progressivism|progressive]] policies were deepened, embodied in the legalization of [[File:Gay.png]] same-sex marriage and the approval of gender identity laws. The Ministry of Economy was occupied by three different officials: the first, [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|Martín Lousteau]], who was the author of "Resolution 125", a series of withholding tax measures that tried to capture part of the income obtained by the field with the favorable period and ended up provoking a convoluted national conflict between the agricultural sector and Kirchnerism; the second, [[File:Econprag.png]] [[Nationalism|Carlos Fernández]]; and the third, [[File:ProgNation.png]] [[Bull_Moose_Progressivism#National_Progressivism|Amado Boudou]], future vice president and president of ANSES (National Social Security Administration;) who was in charge of the elimination of the [[File:Gero.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|AFJP]] (''Administradora de Fondos de Jubilaciones y Pensiones'') (Retirement and Pension Fund Administrator), private companies that were dedicated to the administration of funds generated by contributions pensioners. |
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[[File:CFK.png]] [[Social Democracy#Social_Feminism|Cristina Kirchner]] then ran for the 2011 elections together with [[File:ProgNation.png]] [[ |
[[File:CFK.png]] [[Social Democracy#Social_Feminism|Cristina Kirchner]] then ran for the 2011 elections together with [[File:ProgNation.png]] [[Nationalism|Amado Boudou]] as vice president, being the first woman re-elected in America. Her second period (2011-2015) was characterized by an inconsistent economic growth, a notable drop in reserves, increase in foreign debt and uncontrolled inflation – which would rise to 38% and then stabilize until dropping to 26% –, restriction on the dollar and imports, the nationalization of YPF and the conflict with the [[File:AuthCorp.png]] [[Corporatocracy|vulture funds]]. With the Ministry of Economy under the tutelage of [[File:Postkeynes.png]] [[Keynesian School#Post-Keynesianism|Axel Kicillof]], poverty data stopped being published. This attitude and the measures taken by the government developed into a general malaise that fueled the idea of a political change, which would later come with the candidacy and election of [[File:Macri.png]] [[Liberal Conservatism|Mauricio Macri]] in 2015. |
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After Macri's term, that left negative macroeconomic indicators and contracted high debt, [[File:CFK.png]] [[Social Democracy#Social_Feminism|Cristina Kirchner]] resolved to present herself as vice president accompanying [[File:AlbertoFernandez.png]] [[Social Liberalism|Alberto Fernández]] for the 2019 elections. They achieved a victory in the first round, and the Fernández's government began; which, in a context of the [[File:Cball-Russia.png]] Russo-Ukrainian War [[File:Cball-Ukraine.png]] and the [[File:Covidism-icon.png]] COVID-19 pandemic, failed in the management of the country and caused great damage to the economy, with inflation, unemployment, poverty and the "blue dollar" – the one that operates outside of the State intervention – on the rise. The differences between Cristina and Alberto overflowed and |
After Macri's term, that left negative macroeconomic indicators and contracted high debt, [[File:CFK.png]] [[Social Democracy#Social_Feminism|Cristina Kirchner]] resolved to present herself as vice president accompanying [[File:AlbertoFernandez.png]] [[Social Liberalism|Alberto Fernández]] for the 2019 elections. They achieved a victory in the first round, and the Fernández's government began; which, in a context of the [[File:Cball-Russia.png]] Russo-Ukrainian War [[File:Cball-Ukraine.png]] and the [[File:Covidism-icon.png]] COVID-19 pandemic, failed in the management of the country and caused great damage to the economy, with inflation, unemployment, poverty and the "blue dollar" – the one that operates outside of the State intervention – on the rise. The differences between Cristina and Alberto overflowed and multiple clashes occurred, with the vice president distancing herself from him during his presidential term. |
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In 2022, Cristina Kirchner was sentenced to 6 years in prison and perpetual disqualification from holding public office in the political corruption case known as [[File:Klep.png]] [[Kleptocracy|"''Causa Vialidad''"]] |
In 2022, Cristina Kirchner was sentenced to 6 years in prison and perpetual disqualification from holding public office in the political corruption case known as [[File:Klep.png]] [[Kleptocracy|"''Causa Vialidad''"]] for fraudulent administration aggravated by presumably to have been committed to the detriment of the public administration. She, giving up the chance to be president, and qualifying the sentence as an attempt at [[File:Lpop-tinfoilhat.png]] [[Left-Wing Populism|"lawfare"]] and defamation by the [[File:Mediastocracy_flair.png]] [[Mediacracy|hegemonic media]], decided to support [[File:CentristPeronism.png]] [[Moderatism|Sergio Massa's]] candidacy for the 2023 elections; who lost again [[File:Milei.png]] [[Minarchism|Javier Milei]]. |
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===[[File:Tacuara.png]] Tacuarism=== |
===[[File:Tacuara.png]] Tacuarism=== |
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Its members were originally active in the [[File:Nacionalismo.png]] [[Nacionalismo|''Unión Nacionalista de Estudiantes Secundarios'']] (Nationalist Union of Secondary Students), a [[File:3P.png]] third position student organization that was a branch of the [[File:Nationalist_Alliance_liberation.png]] [[Nacionalismo|Nationalist Liberation Alliance]]. After separating from them due to their turn to Peronism and opposition to the [[File:Catheo.png]] [[Catholic Theocracy|Church]], they continued their criminal activities with the help of the nationalist sectors of the police and the Armed Forces, who saw in the group a youth force to stop the advance of the [[File:Commie.png]] [[Marxism|"communist danger"]] in Argentine society. |
Its members were originally active in the [[File:Nacionalismo.png]] [[Nacionalismo|''Unión Nacionalista de Estudiantes Secundarios'']] (Nationalist Union of Secondary Students), a [[File:3P.png]] third position student organization that was a branch of the [[File:Nationalist_Alliance_liberation.png]] [[Nacionalismo|Nationalist Liberation Alliance]]. After separating from them due to their turn to Peronism and opposition to the [[File:Catheo.png]] [[Catholic Theocracy|Church]], they continued their criminal activities with the help of the nationalist sectors of the police and the Armed Forces, who saw in the group a youth force to stop the advance of the [[File:Commie.png]] [[Marxism|"communist danger"]] in Argentine society. |
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As a political organization, the Tacuara Movement suffered multiple splits and divisions: the new militants were open supporters of [[File:Pron.png]] Peronism, [[File:Leftunity.png]] left-wing ideologies and [[File:Insarch.png]] anarchist ideologies [[File:AnSynd.png]], and many leaders of the movement began a process of ideological transformation towards adverse positions. The two main factions were represented by the priest [[File:Nacionalismo.png]] [[Nacionalismo|Julio Meinvielle]] and the French anthropologist and former member of the [[File:Waffen_SS.png]] [[Nazism|Waffen-SS]], [[File:Neonazi_ball.png]] [[Nazism#Neo-Nazism|Jacques de Mahieu]]. Mahieu, a vehement supporter of the Peronist movement, encouraged many members of Tacuara to join the Peronist Resistance, a cause rejected by Meinvielle, who impetuously accused the original core of Tacuara of having been led astray by [[File:HegelMarx.png]] [[Marxism|"Marxist deviations"]] and criticized Peronism for remaining neutral with the international climate of the Cold War and refusing to support the [[File:Cball-US.png]] [[American Model|United States]] (the "lesser evil"), which according to him led to the indirect validation of the bloc of [[File:Christophobia.png]] {{PCBA|Christophobia|"anti-Christian"}} nations |
As a political organization, the Tacuara Movement suffered multiple splits and divisions: the new militants were open supporters of [[File:Pron.png]] Peronism, [[File:Leftunity.png]] left-wing ideologies and [[File:Insarch.png]] anarchist ideologies [[File:AnSynd.png]], and many leaders of the movement began a process of ideological transformation towards adverse positions. The two main factions were represented by the priest [[File:Nacionalismo.png]] [[Nacionalismo|Julio Meinvielle]] and the French anthropologist and former member of the [[File:Waffen_SS.png]] [[Nazism|Waffen-SS]], [[File:Neonazi_ball.png]] [[Nazism#Neo-Nazism|Jacques de Mahieu]]. Mahieu, a vehement supporter of the Peronist movement, encouraged many members of Tacuara to join the Peronist Resistance, a cause rejected by Meinvielle, who impetuously accused the original core of Tacuara of having been led astray by [[File:HegelMarx.png]] [[Marxism|"Marxist deviations"]] and criticized Peronism for remaining neutral with the international climate of the Cold War and refusing to support the [[File:Cball-US.png]] [[American Model|United States]] (the "lesser evil"), which according to him led to the indirect validation of the bloc of [[File:Christophobia.png]] {{PCBA|Christophobia|"anti-Christian"}} nations composed of the [[File:Cball-USSR.png]] Soviet Union and its allies. Meinvielle then founded a parallel [[File:Ultranat.png]] [[Ultranationalism|ultra-nationalist]], [[File:Catheo.png]] [[Catholic Theocracy|ultra-Catholic]] and [[File:Anti-Semitic.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Semitism|anti-Semitic}} group baptized as the [[File:Ultranatcon.png]] [[Ultranationalism|"Nationalist Restoration Guard"]]. Shortly after, [[File:Montoneros.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism|Dardo Cabo]] also separated from the movement and founded the [[File:RightPeronism.png]] New Argentina Movement, one of the first right-wing Peronist formations. The biggest rupture, however, was that of the sector headed by [[File:JoseJoeBaxter.png]] [[Nationalism#Anti-Colonial_Nationalism|Joe Baxter]] and [[File:LeftPeronism.png]] [[Marxism-Leninism|José Luis Nell]], who structured the [[File:Leftnat.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism|Tacuara Nationalist Revolutionary Movement]] and migrated towards left-wing nationalist ideals close to [[File:Ormarxf.png]] [[Marxism|Marxism]], acquiring an [[File:Anticap.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Capitalism|anti-capitalist}} and [[File:Anti-Catholic.png]] anti-Catholic profile, in opposition to anti-Semitism and with an important connection with the [[File:LeftPeronism.png]] left-wing sectors of Peronism that would later form [[File:Montoneros.png]] [[Jingoism|FAR-Montoneros]]. |
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Tacuara began its decline with the exit of a large part of its members to organizations of the extreme [[File:RightPeronism.png]] [[National Conservatism|right]] and [[File:LeftPeronism.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism|left]] of Peronism. Baxter founded the [[File:LeftTerrorist.png]] {{PCBA|Terrorism|People's Revolutionary Army (ERP)}}, Nell joined [[File:Montoneros.png]] [[Jingoism|FAR-Montoneros]], Cabo joined the [[File:SyndieSamCon.png]] [[Syndicalism|Vandorist]] movement, while other members ended up collaborating with the [[File:ArgentineAnticommunistAlliance.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism|Triple A}} and the [[File:Argentiniantorturer.png]] military dictatorship in the 70's. Formally, the Tacuara Nationalist Movement ceased to operate in 1966. |
Tacuara began its decline with the exit of a large part of its members to organizations of the extreme [[File:RightPeronism.png]] [[National Conservatism|right]] and [[File:LeftPeronism.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism|left]] of Peronism. Baxter founded the [[File:LeftTerrorist.png]] {{PCBA|Terrorism|People's Revolutionary Army (ERP)}}, Nell joined [[File:Montoneros.png]] [[Jingoism|FAR-Montoneros]], Cabo joined the [[File:SyndieSamCon.png]] [[Syndicalism|Vandorist]] movement, while other members ended up collaborating with the [[File:ArgentineAnticommunistAlliance.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism|Triple A}} and the [[File:Argentiniantorturer.png]] military dictatorship in the 70's. Formally, the Tacuara Nationalist Movement ceased to operate in 1966. |
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===[[File:Biondini.png]] Biondinism=== |
===[[File:Biondini.png]] Biondinism=== |
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Biondinism is a far-right, [[File:Euras.png]] [[Fourth Theory|Fourth Positionist]] and culturally [[File:Trad.png]] [[Traditionalism|traditionalist]] ideology based on the ideas of [[File:Biondini.png]] [[Nazism#Neo-Nazism|Alejandro Biondini]], his son [[File:Biondini.png]] [[Nazism#Neo-Nazism|César Biondini]] and his political parties, [[File:Biondini.png]] [[Nazism#Neo-Nazism|New Triumph]] and [[File:Biondini.png]] [[Nazism#Neo-Nazism|Federal Patriot Front]]. It is of [[File:Antizion.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist}}, [[File:OrthPeron.png]] [[Fascism|orthodox Peronist]], [[File:Nacionalismo.png]] [[Nacionalismo|nacionalista]], [[File:Ultranat.png]] [[Ultranationalism|ultranationalist]], [[File:Ultracon.png]] [[Reactionaryism|ultraconservative]], [[File:Mil.png]] [[Stratocracy|militarist]], [[File:Anticommunism.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism|anti-communist}}, [[File:AntiFem.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Feminism|anti-feminist}}, [[File:Anti-LGBT.png]] {{PCBA|Homophobia|anti-LGBT}} and [[File:Anti-Globalism.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Globalism|anti-globalization}} ideals, and, although it has been denied on multiple occasions by Biondini himself and his supporters, it is often described as [[File:Neonazi_ball.png]] [[Nazism#Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]], [[File:NeoFash.png]] [[Fascism#Neo-Fascism|neo-fascist]], [[File:Reactcross.png]] [[Reactionaryism|reactionary]] and [[File:Anti-Semitic.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Semitism|antisemite}} by the press. |
Biondinism is a far-right, [[File:Euras.png]] [[Fourth Theory|Fourth Positionist]] and culturally [[File:Trad.png]] [[Traditionalism|traditionalist]] ideology based on the ideas of [[File:Biondini.png]] [[Nazism#Neo-Nazism|Alejandro Biondini]], his son [[File:Biondini.png]] [[Nazism#Neo-Nazism|César Biondini]] and his political parties, [[File:Biondini.png]] [[Nazism#Neo-Nazism|New Triumph]] and [[File:Biondini.png]] [[Nazism#Neo-Nazism|Federal Patriot Front]]. It is of [[File:Antizion.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist}}, [[File:OrthPeron.png]] [[Fascism|orthodox Peronist]], [[File:Nacionalismo.png]] [[Nacionalismo|nacionalista]], [[File:Ultranat.png]] [[Ultranationalism|ultranationalist]], [[File:Ultracon.png]] [[Reactionaryism|ultraconservative]], [[File:Mil.png]] [[Stratocracy|militarist]], [[File:Anticommunism.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism|anti-communist}}, [[File:AntiFem.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Feminism|anti-feminist}}, [[File:Anti-LGBT.png]] {{PCBA|Homophobia|anti-LGBT}} and [[File:Anti-Globalism.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Globalism|anti-globalization}} ideals, and, although it has been denied on multiple occasions by Biondini himself and his supporters, it is often described as [[File:Neonazi_ball.png]] [[Nazism#Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]], [[File:NeoFash.png]] [[Fascism#Neo-Fascism|neo-fascist]], [[File:Reactcross.png]] [[Reactionaryism|reactionary]] and [[File:Anti-Semitic.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Semitism|antisemite}} by the press. |
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Biondini and his followers claim to identify with [[File:Manuel_de_Rosas.png]] [[Federalism|Juan Manuel de Rosas]] and [[File:ArgentinaFederalist.png]] [[Federalism|the Federals]]. They propose the rejection of any boundary treaty with neighboring countries that has resulted in the surrender of territory (implying belligerent positions with bordering nations, specifically [[File:Cball-Chile.png]] Chile), the reconstitution of the armed forces, the illegalization of same-sex marriage and [[File:Antiabort.png]] abortion, compulsory military service, [[File:Police.png]] [[Police Statism|zero tolerance for crime]], [[File:Cball-Palestine.png]] claiming the state of Palestine as legitimate, [[File:Antizion.png]] expulsion of the [[File:Zio.png]] Israeli embassy, [[File:Antianglo.png]] breaking relations with the [[File:BritishEmpire.png]] United Kingdom until full sovereignty over the [[File:Cball-Falklands.png]] Falkland Islands is obtained and an [[File:AntiLibIcon.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Liberalism|anti-liberal}} and [[File:ChristNat.png]] [[Religious Nationalism#Christian_Nationalism|Christian nationalist]] economic order that places the state as a rector of the private life of people and of the economy, which it would control for the "common good". They are opposed to [[File:Kirch.png]] [[Social Democracy|Kirchnerism]] |
Biondini and his followers claim to identify with [[File:Manuel_de_Rosas.png]] [[Federalism|Juan Manuel de Rosas]] and [[File:ArgentinaFederalist.png]] [[Federalism|the Federals]]. They propose the rejection of any boundary treaty with neighboring countries that has resulted in the surrender of territory (implying belligerent positions with bordering nations, specifically [[File:Cball-Chile.png]] Chile), the reconstitution of the armed forces, the illegalization of same-sex marriage and [[File:Antiabort.png]] abortion, compulsory military service, [[File:Police.png]] [[Police Statism|zero tolerance for crime]], [[File:Cball-Palestine.png]] claiming the state of Palestine as legitimate, [[File:Antizion.png]] expulsion of the [[File:Zio.png]] Israeli embassy, [[File:Antianglo.png]] breaking relations with the [[File:BritishEmpire.png]] United Kingdom until full sovereignty over the [[File:Cball-Falklands.png]] Falkland Islands is obtained and an [[File:AntiLibIcon.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Liberalism|anti-liberal}} and [[File:ChristNat.png]] [[Religious Nationalism#Christian_Nationalism|Christian nationalist]] economic order that places the state as a rector of the private life of people and of the economy, which it would control for the "common good". They are opposed to [[File:Kirch.png]] [[Social Democracy|Kirchnerism]] and describe themselves as [[File:Pron.png]] 'Peronists of Perón': adhering to populist measures such as increased public spending and the nationalization of public service companies that reside in hands of the private sector, but mixing them with other orthodox ones as a high reduction in taxes. |
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The New Triumph Party emerged in 1990 as a derivation of another group founded by Biondini: [[File:Biondini.png]] National Alert, a division of the [[File:Pron.png]] Justicialist Party that eventually disintegrated. The party was originally called the [[File:Neonazi_ball.png]] "Nationalist Workers' Party" with the intention of copying the name of the [[File:Nationalsocialismus.png]] [[Nazism|Nazi Party (German National Socialist Workers' Party)]]. Biondini tried to obtain legal status on multiple occasions, until it was definitively denied by the Supreme Court and the organization ended up dissolving in 2009. |
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The Federal Patriot Front (originally called the [[File:Biondini.png]] [[Nazism#Neo-Nazism|Patriot Front Neighborhood Flag]]), on the other hand, achieved definitive legal status and participated in some presidential elections after merging with other political parties. |
The New Triumph Party emerged in 1990 as a derivation of another group founded by Biondini: [[File:Biondini.png]] National Alert, a division of the [[File:Pron.png]] Justicialist Party that eventually disintegrated. The party was originally called the [[File:Neonazi_ball.png]] "Nationalist Workers' Party" with the intention of copying the name of the [[File:Nationalsocialismus.png]] [[Nazism|Nazi Party (German National Socialist Workers' Party)]]. Biondini tried to obtain legal status on multiple occasions, until it was definitively denied by the Supreme Court and the organization ended up dissolving in 2009. The Federal Patriot Front (originally called the [[File:Biondini.png]] [[Nazism#Neo-Nazism|Patriot Front Neighborhood Flag]]), on the other hand, achieved definitive legal status and participated in some presidential elections after merging with other political parties. |
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===[[File:Menem.png]] Menemism=== |
===[[File:Menem.png]] Menemism=== |
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Menemism is an economically center-right to right-wing and culturally conservative ideology that comes from the policies of [[File:Menem.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism|Carlos Menem]] in his two terms (1989-1995 and 1995-1999). It would be represented first in the [[File:Neoliberal-icon.png]] [[Neoliberalism|''FREJUPO'' (''Frente Justicialista de Unidad Popular'')]] (1989) (Popular Unity Justicialist Front) and then in the [[File:Conlib.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism|''Frente por la Lealtad'']] (2003) (Front for Loyalty) as an internal current of Peronism in the JP (Justicialist Party). As an ideology it has been defined as [[File:Neoliberal-icon.png]] [[Neoliberalism|"neoliberal"]], [[File:Syncpop.png]] [[Populism|"neopopulist"]], [[File:Nalib.png]] [[National Liberalism|nationalist liberal]], [[File:Rpop.png]] [[Right-Wing Populism|right-wing populist]] and [[File:Conservative.png]] [[Conservatism|conservative]] by different Argentine media |
Menemism is an economically center-right to right-wing and culturally conservative ideology that comes from the policies of [[File:Menem.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism|Carlos Menem]] in his two terms (1989-1995 and 1995-1999). It would be represented first in the [[File:Neoliberal-icon.png]] [[Neoliberalism|''FREJUPO'' (''Frente Justicialista de Unidad Popular'')]] (1989) (Popular Unity Justicialist Front) and then in the [[File:Conlib.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism|''Frente por la Lealtad'']] (2003) (Front for Loyalty) as an internal current of Peronism in the JP (Justicialist Party). As an ideology it has been defined as [[File:Neoliberal-icon.png]] [[Neoliberalism|"neoliberal"]], [[File:Syncpop.png]] [[Populism|"neopopulist"]], [[File:Nalib.png]] [[National Liberalism|nationalist liberal]], [[File:Rpop.png]] [[Right-Wing Populism|right-wing populist]] and [[File:Conservative.png]] [[Conservatism|conservative]] by different Argentine media. Political figures who currently call themselves Menemists are [[File:Nationalconservativeliberalism-icon.png]] [[National Liberalism|Miguel Pichetto]] and his party [[File:RightPeronism.png]] Encuentro Republicano Federal (Federal Republic Encounter), [[File:Menem.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism|Martín Menem]], among others. |
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Menemism can be summarized in the following economic and social tenets: |
Menemism can be summarized in the following economic and social tenets: |
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*[[File:Keynes-Friedman.png]] |
*[[File:Keynes-Friedman.png]] Adherence to the economic measures proposed in the [[File:WashingtonConsensus.png]] [[Neoliberalism|Washington Consensus]]; |
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*[[File:Globcap.png]] Trade opening, tariff reduction and economic globalization; |
*[[File:Globcap.png]] Trade opening, tariff reduction and economic globalization; |
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*[[File:Fiscon.png]] Fiscal balance (sometimes in [https://www.pagina12.com.ar/1998/98-06/98-06-24/pag13.htm practice], sometimes just in [https://prensaobrera.com/politicas/por-que-menem-esta-en-bancarrota theory]), state reduction and strategic privatizations (a majority of them related to prebendary businessmen and corruption); |
*[[File:Fiscon.png]] Fiscal balance (sometimes in [https://www.pagina12.com.ar/1998/98-06/98-06-24/pag13.htm practice], sometimes just in [https://prensaobrera.com/politicas/por-que-menem-esta-en-bancarrota theory]), state reduction and strategic privatizations (a majority of them related to prebendary businessmen and corruption); |
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======Menem's Presidency (1989-1999)====== |
======Menem's Presidency (1989-1999)====== |
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Menem ran for president, along with [[File:EduardoDuhalde.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Eduardo Duhalde]], after defeating the other presidential ticket of the PJ composed of [[File:Pron.png]] [[Christian Democracy|Antonio Cafiero]] and [[File:Schiaretti.png]] [[Christian Democracy|José Manuel de la Sota]]. Under the promise of a "salariazo" (general increase in salaries) and a [[File:Indust.png]] [[Industrialism|"productive revolution"]], he was supported by other sectors of [[File:Pron.png]] Peronism and [[File:SyndieSam.png]] [[Syndicalism|syndicalism]], |
Menem ran for president, along with [[File:EduardoDuhalde.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Eduardo Duhalde]], after defeating the other presidential ticket of the PJ composed of [[File:Pron.png]] [[Christian Democracy|Antonio Cafiero]] and [[File:Schiaretti.png]] [[Christian Democracy|José Manuel de la Sota]]. Under the promise of a "salariazo" (general increase in salaries) and a [[File:Indust.png]] [[Industrialism|"productive revolution"]], he was supported by other sectors of [[File:Pron.png]] Peronism and [[File:SyndieSam.png]] [[Syndicalism|syndicalism]], winning in the first round and surpassing the radical [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|Eduardo Angeloz]]. Once his victory was consummated, Menem assumed the presidency five months earlier than stipulated due to the resignation of the then-president [[File:Argrad.png]] Raúl Alfonsín, consequence of the deep hyperinflation that was plaguing the economy. Seeking to solve the situation and straighten out the economic outlook, the elected president then meets with Bunge & Born, an Argentine economic board, and appoints [[File:Newkeynes.png]] [[Keynesian School#New_Keynesianism|Miguel Ángel Roig]] (general executive vice president of the corporation) as his minister of economy. He would suddenly die before carrying out his financial plan, the [[File:Monet.png]] [[Monetarism|"BB" Plan]] (inspired by the economic postulates of [[File:NuKeynesPix.png]] [[Keynesian School#Neo-Keynesianism|Lawrence Klein]]); this would force Menem to replace him with [[File:Newkeynes.png]] [[Keynesian School#New_Keynesianism|Néstor Rapanelli]]. |
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With Rapanelli in charge, the Menemist government partially adheres to the measures outlined by [[File:Neoliberal-icon.png]] [[Neoliberalism|John Williamson]] in the [[File:WashingtonConsensus.png]] [[Neoliberalism|Washington Consensus]], achieving the unblocking of [[File:IMF.png]] World Bank credits and managing to convince the entity to support the privatization of several state companies under the State Reform Law, approved in August 1989. The first privatizations were those of the telephone company Entel (with which the Argentine telephone service was modernized, increasing its popularity) and ''Aerolíneas Argentinas'' (Argentinian Airlines), followed by the road network, [[File:Mediastocracy_flair.png]] television channels (except ATC), most of the railway networks and ''Gas del Estado'' (State Gas). Despite the economic income provided by privatizations, a second hyperinflationary cycle |
With Rapanelli in charge, the Menemist government partially adheres to the measures outlined by [[File:Neoliberal-icon.png]] [[Neoliberalism|John Williamson]] in the [[File:WashingtonConsensus.png]] [[Neoliberalism|Washington Consensus]], achieving the unblocking of [[File:IMF.png]] World Bank credits and managing to convince the entity to support the privatization of several state companies under the State Reform Law, approved in August 1989. The first privatizations were those of the telephone company Entel (with which the Argentine telephone service was modernized, increasing its popularity) and ''Aerolíneas Argentinas'' (Argentinian Airlines), followed by the road network, [[File:Mediastocracy_flair.png]] television channels (except ATC), most of the railway networks and ''Gas del Estado'' (State Gas). Despite the economic income provided by privatizations, a second hyperinflationary cycle couldn't be avoided, causing Rapanelli to be replaced by [[File:Cdem.png]] [[Christian Democracy|Antonio Erman González]]. He, faced with a huge internal debt due to the discriminated issuance of public securities with high interest rates and non-payment to suppliers, would be the architect of the economic shock program [[File:Monet.png]] [[Monetarism|''Plan Bonex'']] ''(BONos EXternos)'' (Bonex Plan) (External Bonds). This price stabilization plan would consist of exchanging all fixed terms (''plazos fijos'') for state dollar bonds called "Bonex 89", which matured in 1999; also prohibiting banks from temporarily receiving deposits. Minister Erman, in his homonymous resolutions (Erman I, Erman II, etc) took multiple measures to accompany this process, liberalizing the exchange market, reducing monetary issuance, public spending and state personnel (suspending tenders, expenses and hiring), shrinking the state administrative apparatus, etc. The impact on Argentines with a fixed term was sharp and caused a general distrust in the people, who would begin to disbelieve in bank savings, as a prelude to the ''Corralito'' in 2001. Even so, inflation decreased and was contained, and a surplus was reached in trade balance. |
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Erman González finally submitted his resignation in 1991, after the corruption scandal popularly known as [[File:CronyCap.png]] [[Kleptocracy|"Swiftgate"]], in which he and [[File:StateIlleg.png]] [[Kleptocracy|Emir Yoma]], presidential advisor and brother-in-law of Menem, were involved. It was a complaint presented by the Swift-Armour refrigeration company to the United States embassy (which Ambassador [[File:Internation.png]] [[Internationalism|Terence Todman]] supported in a note dedicated to the Argentine government), in which they alleged the reception of requests for bribes so that the state would expedite the release of taxes on the company's products. |
Erman González finally submitted his resignation in 1991, after the corruption scandal popularly known as [[File:CronyCap.png]] [[Kleptocracy|"Swiftgate"]], in which he and [[File:StateIlleg.png]] [[Kleptocracy|Emir Yoma]], presidential advisor and brother-in-law of Menem, were involved. It was a complaint presented by the Swift-Armour refrigeration company to the United States embassy (which Ambassador [[File:Internation.png]] [[Internationalism|Terence Todman]] supported in a note dedicated to the Argentine government), in which they alleged the reception of requests for bribes so that the state would expedite the release of taxes on the company's products. |
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[[File:Conlib.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism|Domingo Cavallo]] would take the reins of the Ministry of Economy by establishing the convertibility law, a scheme that would mark the parity of the dollar with a new currency: the "convertible" peso, which would eliminate the austral from circulation. Liberal economic measures similar to the [[File:WashingtonConsensus.png]] [[Neoliberalism|Washington Consensus]] would be expanded, highlighting a generalized opening to foreign trade with the reduction of [[File:Tariff.png]] [[Protectionism|tariffs]], quotas and import prohibitions; more privatizations of public companies (related to Menemist corruption, but they had positive effects on electrical, telephone, water and sewage services; while having detrimental ones on railway transport), the reorganization of the tax system and a temporary curtailment of the state; the [[File:Industrial.png]] industry, however, would be punished by low salaries and high [[File:Tax.png]] taxes, which would favor cheap foreign products. In this period the [[File:Gero.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|AFJPs]] would be established for the reform of the retirement system and the economy would remain stable with the disinflation process linked to positive indicators in terms of economic growth, foreign investment, poverty, etc- Unemployment rates, regardless, would continue to rise, trade deficit would emerge and the fiscal deficit would reappear due to the Tequila Crisis in [[File:Cball-Mexico.png]] Mexico. This would not overshadow, anyway, the results of Cavallo's management and Menem's presidency, which would lead him to win the 1995 elections in the first round, defeating [[File:LeftPeronism.png]] [[Social Democracy|José Octavio Bordón]], of the party [[File:Socdem.png]] [[Social Democracy|''PAIS (Política Abierta para la Integridad Social)'']] (Country, Open Policy for Social Integrity). |
[[File:Conlib.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism|Domingo Cavallo]] would take the reins of the Ministry of Economy by establishing the convertibility law, a scheme that would mark the parity of the dollar with a new currency: the "convertible" peso, which would eliminate the austral from circulation. Liberal economic measures similar to the [[File:WashingtonConsensus.png]] [[Neoliberalism|Washington Consensus]] would be expanded, highlighting a generalized opening to foreign trade with the reduction of [[File:Tariff.png]] [[Protectionism|tariffs]], quotas and import prohibitions; more privatizations of public companies (related to Menemist corruption, but they had positive effects on electrical, telephone, water and sewage services; while having detrimental ones on railway transport), the reorganization of the tax system and a temporary curtailment of the state; the [[File:Industrial.png]] industry, however, would be punished by low salaries and high [[File:Tax.png]] taxes, which would favor cheap foreign products. In this period the [[File:Gero.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|AFJPs]] would be established for the reform of the retirement system and the economy would remain stable with the disinflation process linked to positive indicators in terms of economic growth, foreign investment, poverty, etc- Unemployment rates, regardless, would continue to rise, trade deficit would emerge and the fiscal deficit would reappear due to the Tequila Crisis in [[File:Cball-Mexico.png]] Mexico. This would not overshadow, anyway, the results of Cavallo's management and Menem's presidency, which would lead him to win the 1995 elections in the first round, defeating [[File:LeftPeronism.png]] [[Social Democracy|José Octavio Bordón]], of the party [[File:Socdem.png]] [[Social Democracy|''PAIS (Política Abierta para la Integridad Social)'']] (Country, Open Policy for Social Integrity). |
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After the re-election of Menem in 1995 with [[File:Cdem.png]] [[Christian Democracy|Carlos Ruckauf]] as vice president, Cavallo would continue as head of the Ministry of Economy, facing the consequences of the Tequila Effect with high unemployment and underemployment rates, a deindustrialized economy (situation that would be aggravated after he authorized an increase in the internal VAT of 16% to 21%) and other factors that led to the government taking external debt. |
After the re-election of Menem in 1995 with [[File:Cdem.png]] [[Christian Democracy|Carlos Ruckauf]] as vice president, Cavallo would continue as head of the Ministry of Economy, facing the consequences of the Tequila Effect with high unemployment and underemployment rates, a deindustrialized economy (situation that would be aggravated after he authorized an increase in the internal VAT of 16% to 21%) and other factors that led to the government taking external debt. The first crisis of the second Menemist period would then come, which would last from 1995 to 1997, as a result of the depreciation of the [[File:Cball-Brazil.png]] Brazilian Real and other currencies; and also due to the [[File:PanAsian.png]] 1997 Asian financial crisis. In the midst of this event, Cavallo would be replaced by the then president of the [[File:Central_bank.png]] [[Financialism|Central Bank]], [[File:ChicagoSchool.png]] [[Chicago School|Roque Fernández]], who would take office in 1996 to mitigate unemployment. |
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The first crisis of the second Menemist period would then come, which would last from 1995 to 1997, as a result of the depreciation of the [[File:Cball-Brazil.png]] Brazilian Real and other currencies, and also due to the [[File:PanAsian.png]] 1997 Asian financial crisis. In the midst of this event, Cavallo would be replaced by the then president of the [[File:Central_bank.png]] [[Financialism|Central Bank]], [[File:ChicagoSchool.png]] [[Chicago School|Roque Fernández]], who would take office in 1996 to mitigate unemployment. |
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After an entire year in economic recession, activity would grow again, leaving the Mexican crisis behind. Privatizations would continue, this time of Correo Argentino, Aeropuertos Argentinos 2000 and YPF; unemployment would fall in 1997 and the economy would continue its upward trend until 1999, receiving a hard blow with the second crisis of convertibility in 1998-1999, that happened within the |
After an entire year in economic recession, activity would grow again, leaving the Mexican crisis behind. Privatizations would continue, this time of Correo Argentino, Aeropuertos Argentinos 2000 and YPF; unemployment would fall in 1997 and the economy would continue its upward trend until 1999, receiving a hard blow with the second crisis of convertibility in 1998-1999, that happened within the devaluation of the ruble in [[File:Cball-Russia.png]] Russia and the [[File:Cball-Brazil.png]] Samba effect. From this moment on, unemployment rates deepened and the economic recession worsened due to the public debt resulting from the fiscal deficit accumulated since 1995, a problem that would extend until 2001 with the social outbreak in the presidency of [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|Fernando de la Rúa]] (who would win the elections against Duhalde in 1999 and appoint Cavallo as his economy minister, the future structurer of the Corralito). Convertibility would end in 2002, under the presidency of [[File:EduardoDuhalde.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Eduardo Duhalde]]. |
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In the 2003 elections, Menem would run for president alongside [[File:Nationalconservativeliberalism-icon.png]] [[National Liberalism|Juan Carlos Romero]], seeking the "re-re-election". He would secure a victory in the first round, but finding himself disadvantaged in the runoff and with a predicted defeat, he would end up relegating, leaving [[File:Kirch.png]] [[Social Democracy|Néstor Kirchner]] as president. |
In the 2003 elections, Menem would run for president alongside [[File:Nationalconservativeliberalism-icon.png]] [[National Liberalism|Juan Carlos Romero]], seeking the "re-re-election". He would secure a victory in the first round, but finding himself disadvantaged in the runoff and with a predicted defeat, he would end up relegating, leaving [[File:Kirch.png]] [[Social Democracy|Néstor Kirchner]] as president. |
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===[[File:FedPron.png]] Federal Peronism [[File:FedPeron-Alt.png]]=== |
===[[File:FedPron.png]] Federal Peronism [[File:FedPeron-Alt.png]]=== |
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Federal Peronism |
Federal Peronism, also called Dissident Peronism, is a term used to describe a heterogeneous and oscillating group of [[File:Anti-Kirch.png]] non-Kirchnerist leaders who are allied under a [[File:Fed.png]] [[Federalism|federal]] profile. It is economically variable (with [[File:EconNat.png]] |
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[[Protectionism|nationalist/developmentalist]], [[File:Fiscon.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|fiscally conservative]], [[File:Socdem.png]] [[Social Democracy|social democratic]] and [[File:3way.png]] [[Third Way|Third Way]] factions), culturally [[File:Progconf.png]] [[Progressive Conservatism|progressive conservative]] (with conservative factions) and civically statist. |
[[Protectionism|nationalist/developmentalist]], [[File:Fiscon.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|fiscally conservative]], [[File:Socdem.png]] [[Social Democracy|social democratic]] and [[File:3way.png]] [[Third Way|Third Way]] factions), culturally [[File:Progconf.png]] [[Progressive Conservatism|progressive conservative]] (with conservative factions) and civically statist. |
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It originates in |
It originates in the 2003 elections under the so-called "neolemmas law", which allowed three PJ candidates to run in the general elections to compete against each other, presenting themselves in practice as if they were part of different parties: [[File:Kirch.png]] [[Social Democracy|Néstor Kirchner]] (Front for Victory), [[File:Menem.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism|Carlos Menem]] (Front for Loyalty) and [[File:AdolfoSaa.png]] [[Nationalism|Adolfo Rodríguez Saá]] (Popular Movement Front). After Néstor Kirchner won the elections, an opposition Peronism would be formed, with two predominant factions established around Menem and Saá. |
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The Federal PJ would end up breaking up in 2019, after the dissolution of [[File:Fed.png]] [[Federalism|Alternativa Federal]] (an alliance that brought together figures such as [[File:Nationalconservativeliberalism-icon.png]] [[National Liberalism|Miguel Pichetto]], [[File:CentristPeronism.png]] [[Moderatism|Sergio Massa]], [[File:Schiaretti.png]] [[Third Way|Juan Schiaretti]], [[File:3way.png]] [[Third Way|Juan Urtubey]], etc), with Pichetto running as vice president of Mauricio Macri in the elections of the same year, |
The Federal PJ would end up breaking up in 2019, after the dissolution of [[File:Fed.png]] [[Federalism|Alternativa Federal]] (an alliance that brought together figures such as [[File:Nationalconservativeliberalism-icon.png]] [[National Liberalism|Miguel Pichetto]], [[File:CentristPeronism.png]] [[Moderatism|Sergio Massa]], [[File:Schiaretti.png]] [[Third Way|Juan Schiaretti]], [[File:3way.png]] [[Third Way|Juan Urtubey]], etc), with Pichetto running as vice president of Mauricio Macri in the elections of the same year, Massa joining the Frente de Todos to be part of the future government of [[File:AlbertoFernandez.png]] [[Social Liberalism|Alberto Fernández]] and Urtubey doing the same with [[File:3way.png]] [[Third Way|Consenso Federal]], supporting [[File:3way.png]] [[Third Way|Roberto Lavagna]]. |
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Federal Peronism persists today through parties such as [[File:RepubPron.png]] [[National Liberalism|Encuentro Republicano Federal]], [[File:3way.png]] [[Third Way|Hacemos por Nuestro País]] and ideological currents such as the [[File:Schiaretti.png]] [[Third Way|"''peronismo cordobés''"]] (Peronism of Córdoba). |
Federal Peronism persists today through parties such as [[File:RepubPron.png]] [[National Liberalism|Encuentro Republicano Federal]], [[File:3way.png]] [[Third Way|Hacemos por Nuestro País]] and ideological currents such as the [[File:Schiaretti.png]] [[Third Way|"''peronismo cordobés''"]] (Peronism of Córdoba). |
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Orthodox Peronism, also called National Justicialism, mainly refers to the [[File:RightPeronism.png]] right-wing sector of Peronism fervently opposed to [[File:Montoneros.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism|''la Tendencia'']] and any other Marxist or [[File:LeftPeronism.png]] left-wing interpretation of Peron's ideas, sticking to the traditional bases of the movement and reaffirming a [[File:3P.png]] Third Position distanced from both the socioeconomic systems of the [[File:AmericanModel_1.png]] [[American Model|United States]] (Capitalism) and the [[File:Cball-USSR.png]] [[Marxism-Leninism|Soviet Union]] (Communism). It has a culturally [[File:Ultracon.png]] [[Reactionaryism|ultra-conservative]] profile and defends a [[File:Natsynd.png]] [[National Syndicalism|national-syndicalist]] and [[File:Econfash.png]] [[Corporatism#Corporate_Statism|corporatist]] system similar to the first Peronism, but turning more openly to [[File:Fash.png]] [[Fascism|fascism]] and incorporating some ideas of a [[File:AntiLibNeoLib.png]] [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] nature while appealing to [[File:Rpop.png]] [[Right-Wing Populism|right-wing populist]] rhetoric to justify ideological aspects like [[File:Anti-Semitic.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Semitism|anti-Semitism}} and conspiracy theories related to a [[File:Esosoc.png]] [[Esoteric Socialism|"Marxist synarchy"]]. It also strongly adheres to the fundamentalism of the 20 Peronist Truths and advocates a "revisionist" nationalism in its historical reading. |
Orthodox Peronism, also called National Justicialism, mainly refers to the [[File:RightPeronism.png]] right-wing sector of Peronism fervently opposed to [[File:Montoneros.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism|''la Tendencia'']] and any other Marxist or [[File:LeftPeronism.png]] left-wing interpretation of Peron's ideas, sticking to the traditional bases of the movement and reaffirming a [[File:3P.png]] Third Position distanced from both the socioeconomic systems of the [[File:AmericanModel_1.png]] [[American Model|United States]] (Capitalism) and the [[File:Cball-USSR.png]] [[Marxism-Leninism|Soviet Union]] (Communism). It has a culturally [[File:Ultracon.png]] [[Reactionaryism|ultra-conservative]] profile and defends a [[File:Natsynd.png]] [[National Syndicalism|national-syndicalist]] and [[File:Econfash.png]] [[Corporatism#Corporate_Statism|corporatist]] system similar to the first Peronism, but turning more openly to [[File:Fash.png]] [[Fascism|fascism]] and incorporating some ideas of a [[File:AntiLibNeoLib.png]] [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] nature while appealing to [[File:Rpop.png]] [[Right-Wing Populism|right-wing populist]] rhetoric to justify ideological aspects like [[File:Anti-Semitic.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Semitism|anti-Semitism}} and conspiracy theories related to a [[File:Esosoc.png]] [[Esoteric Socialism|"Marxist synarchy"]]. It also strongly adheres to the fundamentalism of the 20 Peronist Truths and advocates a "revisionist" nationalism in its historical reading. |
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As an ideology it was strongly verticalist in the Peronist Resistance, rejecting both the revolutionary and leftist currents of Peronism |
As an ideology it was strongly verticalist in the Peronist Resistance, rejecting both the revolutionary and leftist currents of Peronism and the more "dialoguist" (in favor of negotiating with dictatorships and the radical civil governments until the return of Perón, such as [[File:Azopardo.png]] [[Syndicalism|Vandorism]]) or reconciling sectors of Neoperonism, maintaining an unrestricted loyalty to Perón. After participating as a fundamental [[File:OrthSyndPron.png]] [[National Syndicalism|faction]] in syndicalism during the Peronist Resistance, [[File:OrthPeron.png]] [[Fascism|orthodox Peronism]] would take on great importance in Perón's third term and in the subsequent presidency of [[File:Isabelita.png]] [[Kakistocracy|Isabel Perón]] with [[File:ArgentineAnticommunistAlliance.png]] [[Esoteric Fascism|José López Rega]]. |
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===[[File:Montoneros.png]] Tendencia Revolucionaria=== |
===[[File:Montoneros.png]] Tendencia Revolucionaria=== |
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"''Tendencia Revolucionaria''" (Revolutionary Tendency) or [[File:LeftPeronism.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism|Revolutionary Peronism]] is the name given to the leftist and insurrectional sector of Peronism, formed gradually between the 60s and 70s. With economically left to extreme left (factions) and culturally progressive stances, it interprets Peronism as a nationalist variant of [[File:Christsoc.png]] [[Christian Socialism|Christian socialism]] molded to the Argentine cultural context and advocates [[File:Jingoism.png]] [[Jingoism|armed struggle]] and other [[File:NatTerrorist.png]] {{PCBA|Terrorism#National_Terrorism|combative stances}} – such as the planting of bombs known as "caños" –, as legitimate strategies for its defense. It is also of a strong nationalist, [[File:Antiimp.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Imperialism|anti-imperialist}} and [[File:Anti-Elitism.png]] anti-oligarchic thought, holding national liberation and the construction of a [[File:Leftnat.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism|"nationalist socialism"]] as its main objectives. |
"''Tendencia Revolucionaria''" (Revolutionary Tendency) or [[File:LeftPeronism.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism|Revolutionary Peronism]] is the name given to the leftist and insurrectional sector of Peronism, formed gradually between the 60s and 70s. With economically left to extreme left (factions) and culturally progressive stances, it interprets Peronism as a nationalist variant of [[File:Christsoc.png]] [[Christian Socialism|Christian socialism]] molded to the Argentine cultural context and advocates [[File:Jingoism.png]] [[Jingoism|armed struggle]] and other [[File:NatTerrorist.png]] {{PCBA|Terrorism#National_Terrorism|combative stances}} – such as the planting of bombs known as "caños" –, as legitimate strategies for its defense. It is also of a strong nationalist, [[File:Antiimp.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Imperialism|anti-imperialist}} and [[File:Anti-Elitism.png]] anti-oligarchic thought, holding national liberation and the construction of a [[File:Leftnat.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism|"nationalist socialism"]] as its main objectives. |
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''La Tendencia'' gained importance during the Peronist resistance period, fighting for the return of Perón and facing the civil-military dictatorships prior to [[File:TioCampora.png]] [[Social Democracy#Left-Social_Democracy|Héctor Cámpora's]] government, with whom they also established a strong relationship in his government by promoting the creation of agrarian and educational reforms, the rise in real wages, industrialization of the interior of the country and the union of Argentina to the [[File:NAM.png]] Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). Due to its leftist and radical ideology, his followers began to be attacked by the most [[File:OrthPeron.png]] [[Fascism|"orthodox"]] sectors of Peronism, culminating in the infamous "Ezeiza massacre", an event that corresponds to Peron's definitive return to Argentina and implied the repression and death of multiple revolutionary Peronists at the hands of " |
''La Tendencia'' gained importance during the Peronist resistance period, fighting for the return of Perón and facing the civil-military dictatorships prior to [[File:TioCampora.png]] [[Social Democracy#Left-Social_Democracy|Héctor Cámpora's]] government, with whom they also established a strong relationship in his government by promoting the creation of agrarian and educational reforms, the rise in real wages, industrialization of the interior of the country and the union of Argentina to the [[File:NAM.png]] Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). Due to its leftist and radical ideology, his followers began to be attacked by the most [[File:OrthPeron.png]] [[Fascism|"orthodox"]] sectors of Peronism, culminating in the infamous "Ezeiza massacre", an event that corresponds to Peron's definitive return to Argentina and implied the repression and death of multiple revolutionary Peronists at the hands of "Orthodox" armed groups. |
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''La Tendencia'' was |
''La Tendencia'' was composed of [[File:Montoneros.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism|Montoneros]] and [[File:LeftTerrorist.png]] {{PCBA|Terrorism#Left-Wing_Terrorism|FAR}}, as core guerrilla organizations, and also by others terrorist formations, such as the [[File:LeftTerrorist.png]] {{PCBA|Terrorism#Left-Wing_Terrorism|Peronist Armed Forces}} and the [[File:LeftTerrorist.png]] {{PCBA|Terrorism#Left-Wing_Terrorism|Uturuncos}}. |
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===[[File:ArgentineAnticommunistAlliance.png]] Triple A=== |
===[[File:ArgentineAnticommunistAlliance.png]] Triple A=== |
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The "Triple A" (Argentine Anticommunist Alliance) was a far-right parapolice terrorist organization of [[File:Fash.png]] [[Fascism|fascist]], [[File:Pron.png]] Peronist (but some of its leaders, such as [[File:PolState.png]] [[Police Statism|Alberto Villar]] and [[File:PolState.png]] [[Police Statism|Luis Margaride]], were [[File:Anti-Peronism.png]] anti-Peronists), [[File:Trad.png]] [[Traditionalism|traditionalist]] and [[File:Anticommunism.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism|anti-communist}} ideals that arose in Argentina during the third presidency of Perón, and in the subsequent government of [[File:Isabelita.png]] [[Kakistocracy|Isabel Perón]], after [[File:Esofash.png]] [[Esoteric Fascism|José López Rega]] was appointed as Minister of Social Welfare under [[File:TioCampora.png]] [[Social Democracy#Left-Social_Democracy|Héctor Cámpora's]] term. |
The "Triple A" (Argentine Anticommunist Alliance) was a far-right parapolice terrorist organization of [[File:Fash.png]] [[Fascism|fascist]], [[File:Pron.png]] Peronist (but some of its leaders, such as [[File:PolState.png]] [[Police Statism|Alberto Villar]] and [[File:PolState.png]] [[Police Statism|Luis Margaride]], were [[File:Anti-Peronism.png]] anti-Peronists), [[File:Trad.png]] [[Traditionalism|traditionalist]] and [[File:Anticommunism.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism|anti-communist}} ideals that arose in Argentina during the third presidency of Perón, and in the subsequent government of [[File:Isabelita.png]] [[Kakistocracy|Isabel Perón]], after [[File:Esofash.png]] [[Esoteric Fascism|José López Rega]] was appointed as Minister of Social Welfare under [[File:TioCampora.png]] [[Social Democracy#Left-Social_Democracy|Héctor Cámpora's]] term. |
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López Rega coordinated the Triple A with the help of Villar (who was responsible for converting the original organization of López Rega into a parastatal death squad), Margaride and others such as [[File:Pron.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism|Julio Yessi}}, [[File:ArgentineAnticommunistAlliance.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism|Aníbal Gordon}} and [[File:PolState.png]] [[Police Statism|Juan Ramón Morales]], with the aim of persecuting individuals classified as "''zurdos''" ([[File:Leftunity.png]] leftists, that ranged from members of [[File:Montoneros.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism|''la Tendencia'']] and [[File:LeftPeronism.png]] left-wing Peronists in general to [[File:Ormarxf.png]] [[Marxism|Marxists]], [[File:Socdem.png]] [[Social Democracy|social democrats]], [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|radicals]], [[File:Gay.png]] {{PCBA|LGBTism|LGBT}} people, [[File:Fem.png]] [[Feminism|feminists]] and supporters of the [[File:LiberationTheo.png]] [[Liberation Theology|liberation theology]]). He had the support of Perón (although his exact level of involvement is debated, it is accepted that he was aware of the Triple A operations and even participated in the drafting and signing of a classified document declaring war against the "Marxist infiltrators" in the Peronist movement), the Italian anti-communist lodge [[File:Anticommunism.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism|"Propaganda Due"}} and the [[File:CIA.png]] CIA, having solid contact with Ambassador [[File:RepubUS.png]] {{PCBA|American Republicanism|Robert Hill}}, and engaging with the Triple A in the perpetration of acts of terrorism, torture, and kidnappings corresponded to a process of "internal purification" in the Peronist movement. López Rega was also known as "el Brujo" (the Warlock) due to his affinity with [[File:Esofash.png]] [[Esoteric Fascism|esotericism]]. |
López Rega coordinated the Triple A with the help of Villar (who was responsible for converting the original organization of López Rega into a parastatal death squad), Margaride and others such as [[File:Pron.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism|Julio Yessi}}, [[File:ArgentineAnticommunistAlliance.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism|Aníbal Gordon}} and [[File:PolState.png]] [[Police Statism|Juan Ramón Morales]], with the aim of persecuting individuals classified as "''zurdos''" ([[File:Leftunity.png]] leftists, that ranged from members of [[File:Montoneros.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism|''la Tendencia'']] and [[File:LeftPeronism.png]] left-wing Peronists in general to [[File:Ormarxf.png]] [[Marxism|Marxists]], [[File:Socdem.png]] [[Social Democracy|social democrats]], [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|radicals]], [[File:Gay.png]] {{PCBA|LGBTism|LGBT}} people, [[File:Fem.png]] [[Feminism|feminists]] and supporters of the [[File:LiberationTheo.png]] [[Liberation Theology|liberation theology]]). He had the support of Perón (although his exact level of involvement is debated, it is accepted that he was aware of the Triple A operations and even participated in the drafting and signing of a [https://www.laizquierdadiario.com/50-anos-del-documento-reservado-de-Peron-Rucci-la-Triple-A-y-la-guerra-al-marxismo#nb2-1 classified document declaring war against the "Marxist infiltrators" in the Peronist movement]), the Italian anti-communist lodge [[File:Anticommunism.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism|"Propaganda Due"}} and the [[File:CIA.png]] CIA, having solid contact with Ambassador [[File:RepubUS.png]] {{PCBA|American Republicanism|Robert Hill}}, and engaging with the Triple A in the perpetration of acts of terrorism, torture, and kidnappings corresponded to a process of "internal purification" in the Peronist movement. López Rega was also known as "el Brujo" (the Warlock) due to his affinity with [[File:Esofash.png]] [[Esoteric Fascism|esotericism]]. |
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The activities of the Triple A began to dissipate when in 1975, after the resignation of López Rega due to the violent reactions to the economic plan of the then Minister of Economy [[File:Fiscon.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Celestino Rodrigo]] (the "Rodrigazo", an economic adjustment plan that caused a huge rise in inflation and shortages, in addition to strong opposition from the unions), squadrons of grenadiers (of the Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers "General San Martín") raided the presidential headquarters and extracted an entire arsenal of weapons, forcing López Rega into exile in Spain after an emergency decree was signed to declare him an itinerant ambassador. With [[File:Isabelita.png]] [[Kakistocracy|Isabel Perón]] in solitude, the [[File:NationalReorganizationProcess.png]] [[Stratocracy|National Reorganization Process]] proceeded and López Rega alternated destinations after multiple extradition requests |
The activities of the Triple A began to dissipate when in 1975, after the resignation of López Rega due to the violent reactions to the economic plan of the then Minister of Economy [[File:Fiscon.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Celestino Rodrigo]] (the "Rodrigazo", an economic adjustment plan that caused a huge rise in inflation and shortages, in addition to strong opposition from the unions), squadrons of grenadiers (of the Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers "General San Martín") raided the presidential headquarters and extracted an entire arsenal of weapons, forcing López Rega into exile in Spain after an emergency decree was signed to declare him an itinerant ambassador. With [[File:Isabelita.png]] [[Kakistocracy|Isabel Perón]] in solitude, the [[File:NationalReorganizationProcess.png]] [[Stratocracy|National Reorganization Process]] proceeded and López Rega alternated destinations after multiple extradition requests until he finally surrendered in Miami, being arrested by FBI agents and dying in Argentina on June 9, 1982. |
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===[[File:SyndPron.png]] Syndicalist Peronism=== |
===[[File:SyndPron.png]] Syndicalist Peronism=== |
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"Syndicalist Peronism" or "union Peronism" is |
"Syndicalist Peronism" or "union Peronism" is how the third branch of Peronism is called: the [[File:Synd.png]] [[Syndicalism|syndicalist]], considered the backbone of the movement. It is an ambiguous current, but predominantly left-wing economically (identified with [[File:AnSynd.png]] [[Anarcho-Syndicalism|anarcho-syndicalism]] and [[File:RevSynd.png]] [[Syndicalism|revolutionary syndicalism]]) and socially progressive. It revolves around the figure of [[File:JuanPeron.png]] [[Peronism|Juan Domingo Perón]] as the "first worker", defending the union of the workforce, the establishment of unions that protect the interests of workers and a state that guarantees the rights of workers as a fundamental part of [[File:Pron.png]] Peronism. |
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It finds its roots in the [[File:ArgNatLab.png]] [[National Syndicalism|nationalist-laborist]] expression (to which union leaders such as [[File:Soc-h.png]] [[Socialism|Alcides Montiel]], [[File:Soc-h.png]] [[Socialism|Lucio Bonilla]] and [[File:Trot.png]] [[Trotskyism|Cipriano Reyes]] joined) that preceded Peronism and in the alliance that the unified CGT (after the intervention and dissolution of the CGT No. 2 for supporting communist ideals considered "extreme") sought with the pro-union sectors of the military government of the Revolution of '43, and has been substantial for the birth, maintenance and general structure of the movement; being mostly represented by the modern [[File:CGT.png]] [[Syndicalism|CGT]]. |
It finds its roots in the [[File:ArgNatLab.png]] [[National Syndicalism|nationalist-laborist]] expression (to which union leaders such as [[File:Soc-h.png]] [[Socialism|Alcides Montiel]], [[File:Soc-h.png]] [[Socialism|Lucio Bonilla]] and [[File:Trot.png]] [[Trotskyism|Cipriano Reyes]] joined) that preceded Peronism and in the alliance that the unified CGT (after the intervention and dissolution of the CGT No. 2 for supporting communist ideals considered "extreme") sought with the pro-union sectors of the military government of the Revolution of '43, and has been substantial for the birth, maintenance and general structure of the movement; being mostly represented by the modern [[File:CGT.png]] [[Syndicalism|CGT]]. |
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After an essential participation in |
After an essential participation in the first government of Perón (promoting the October 17 march and the constitutional reform of '49, catapulting Evita to the vice presidency, forming a union state in Chaco, etc), Peronist syndicalism would receive a hard blow with the [[File:StratoDictature-Antifurry.png]] [[Stratocracy|Liberating Revolution]] of 1955. Aramburu would intervene in the unions, replacing them with [[File:Anti-Peronism.png]] anti-Peronist "''comandos civiles'' ("civil commandos"); and after a failed "''Congreso Normalizador''" (Normalizing Congress), the CGT would suffer its first fracture, dividing into two groups: |
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*[[File:SyndPron.png]] [[Syndicalism|62 Organizations]]: opposed to the dictatorship, of Peronist ideals and initially with communist members (who would later separate). |
*[[File:SyndPron.png]] [[Syndicalism|62 Organizations]]: opposed to the dictatorship, of Peronist ideals and initially with communist members (who would later separate). |
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*[[File:Anti-Peronism.png]] [[Syndicalism|32 Democratic Guilds]]: of anti-Peronist and independent ideals, with radical and socialist members. |
*[[File:Anti-Peronism.png]] [[Syndicalism|32 Democratic Guilds]]: of anti-Peronist and independent ideals, with radical and socialist members. |
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By 1963, after the political system collapsed with a coup against [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|Arturo Frondizi]], who had applied the [[File:AuthNat.png]] [[Authoritarianism|CONINTES]] (Internal State Commotion) plan to justify a repressive regime against [[File:Synd.png]] [[Syndicalism|syndicalism]] and also defend himself from certain [[File:LeftTerrorist.png]] {{PCBA|Terrorism#Left-Terrorism|left-wing guerrillas}}, the CGT would be normalized under the presidency of [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|Arturo Illia]]. He, however, would maintain a conflictive position with syndicalism; and when he was overthrown in 1966, the dictatorship of the [[File:StratoOligarchy.png]] [[Stratocracy|"Argentine Revolution"]] would receive support from both factions of the national CGT (which the CGT Córdoba would oppose), until another internal discord would occur, grouping [[File:SyndPron.png]] [[Syndicalism|Peronist syndicalism]] into two main factions: |
By 1963, after the political system collapsed with a coup against [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|Arturo Frondizi]], who had applied the [[File:AuthNat.png]] [[Authoritarianism|CONINTES]] (Internal State Commotion) plan to justify a repressive regime against [[File:Synd.png]] [[Syndicalism|syndicalism]] and also defend himself from certain [[File:LeftTerrorist.png]] {{PCBA|Terrorism#Left-Terrorism|left-wing guerrillas}}, the CGT would be normalized under the presidency of [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|Arturo Illia]]. He, however, would maintain a conflictive position with syndicalism; and when he was overthrown in 1966, the dictatorship of the [[File:StratoOligarchy.png]] [[Stratocracy|"Argentine Revolution"]] would receive support from both factions of the national CGT (which the CGT Córdoba would oppose), until another internal discord would occur, grouping [[File:SyndPron.png]] [[Syndicalism|Peronist syndicalism]] into two main factions: |
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*[[File:Azopardo.png]] [[Syndicalism|CGT-Azopardo]]: [[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|pro-dictatorship]] (participationism and collaborationism with the military government), composed of [[File:Azopardo.png]] [[Syndicalism|Vandorists]], [[File:OrthSyndPron.png]] [[National Syndicalism|orthodox Alonsists]] (from José Alonso) and [[File:LegalSyndPron.png]] [[Machiavellianism|legalists of Córdoba]] [[File:Mach.png]]. |
*[[File:Azopardo.png]] [[Syndicalism|CGT-Azopardo]]: [[File:Strato.png]] [[Stratocracy|pro-dictatorship]] (participationism and collaborationism with the military government), composed of [[File:Azopardo.png]] [[Syndicalism|Vandorists]], [[File:OrthSyndPron.png]] [[National Syndicalism|orthodox Alonsists]] (from José Alonso) and [[File:LegalSyndPron.png]] [[Machiavellianism|legalists of Córdoba]] [[File:Mach.png]]. |
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*[[File:LibSyn.png]] [[Syndicalism|CGT of the Argentines]]: [[File:AntiMil.png]] {{PCBA|Pacifism|anti-dictatorship}} (in favor of [[File:Socjust.png]] [[Progressivism#Social_Justice|social justice]], [[File:RevNat.png]] [[Nationalism|popular sovereignty]] and [[File:Nation.png]] [[Nationalism|national unity]], rejecting any type of negotiation or cooperation with the dictatorship), composed of independent Ongarists (from [[File:RevSynd.png]] [[Syndicalism|Raimundo Ongaro]]) and [[File:OrthSyndPron.png]] [[National Syndicalism|orthodox/authentic of Córdoba]] [[File:Modsorelia.png]], in addition to well-known artists such as [[File:Montoneros.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism|Rodolfo Walsh]]. |
*[[File:LibSyn.png]] [[Syndicalism|CGT of the Argentines]]: [[File:AntiMil.png]] {{PCBA|Pacifism|anti-dictatorship}} (in favor of [[File:Socjust.png]] [[Progressivism#Social_Justice|social justice]], [[File:RevNat.png]] [[Revolutionary Nationalism|popular sovereignty]] and [[File:Nation.png]] [[Nationalism|national unity]], rejecting any type of negotiation or cooperation with the dictatorship), composed of independent Ongarists (from [[File:RevSynd.png]] [[Syndicalism|Raimundo Ongaro]]) and [[File:OrthSyndPron.png]] [[National Syndicalism|orthodox/authentic of Córdoba]] [[File:Modsorelia.png]], in addition to well-known artists such as [[File:Montoneros.png]] [[Left-Wing Nationalism|Rodolfo Walsh]]. |
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Between 1969 and 1971, the Cordobazo and the Viborazo occurred, and Vandor was also murdered in the |
Between 1969 and 1971, the Cordobazo and the Viborazo occurred, and Vandor was also murdered in the "Operation Judas." The idea of a "Peronism without Perón" would then be discarded, but collaborationist practices would persist within the [[File:OrthSyndPron.png]] [[National Syndicalism|Peronist syndicalist orthodoxy]] (mainly thanks to [[File:Azopardo.png]] [[Syndicalism|Rogelio Coria]]) and the [[File:SyndPron.png]] [[Syndicalism|62 Organizations]] would be unified under the leadership of [[File:Azopardo.png]] [[Syndicalism|José Ignacio Rucci]]; with [[File:Azopardo.png]] [[Syndicalism|Lorenzo Miguel]] remaining in charge of the UOM. The tensions between the different factions of the CGT Córdoba would not cease, however. |
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[[File:LegalSyndPron.png]] [[Syndicalism|Legalists]] and [[File:Leftunity.png]] [[Socialism|independents]] (not-Peronists leftists) would finally reach an agreement to which the [[File:OrthPeron.png]] [[National Syndicalism|orthodox]] would not adhere, withdrawing to approach the national Peronist syndicalism and leaving the CGT Córdoba in the hands of legalist pluralism and independent "''combativismo''" ("combativism"). Rucci and Miguel would then ally themselves with the orthodox in the hope of unifying all the workers' confederations into a single CGT, counting on the adhesion of the workers of the dissolved [[File:RevSynd.png]] [[Syndicalism|Sitrac-Sitram]] ("clasistas" or "classist" unions of Córdoba, of the revolutionary left, opposed to the dictatorship and from the Concord and Materfer companies). |
[[File:LegalSyndPron.png]] [[Syndicalism|Legalists]] and [[File:Leftunity.png]] [[Socialism|independents]] (not-Peronists leftists) would finally reach an agreement to which the [[File:OrthPeron.png]] [[National Syndicalism|orthodox]] would not adhere, withdrawing to approach the national Peronist syndicalism and leaving the CGT Córdoba in the hands of legalist pluralism and independent "''combativismo''" ("combativism"). Rucci and Miguel would then ally themselves with the orthodox in the hope of unifying all the workers' confederations into a single CGT, counting on the adhesion of the workers of the dissolved [[File:RevSynd.png]] [[Syndicalism|Sitrac-Sitram]] ("clasistas" or "classist" unions of Córdoba, of the revolutionary left, opposed to the dictatorship and from the Concord and Materfer companies). |
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Rucci would be assassinated by Montoneros in 1973 in the "Operation Traviata", and with Perón in his third presidency, the government would persecute combative and [[File:RevSynd.png]] [[Syndicalism|revolutionary syndicalism]]. Perón would reform the union laws to establish a central, vertical and unified syndicalism while the conflict between [[File:OrthSyndPron.png]] [[National Syndicalism|orthodox]] and [[File:LegalSyndPron.png]] [[Syndicalism|legalists]] persisted, which would lead to a campaign of terror by the [[File:RightPeronism.png]] [[Peronism|Peronist Right]] (mainly the [[File:ArgentineAnticommunistAlliance.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism|Triple A}} and finally to the Navarrazo. With the other syndicalist currents persecuted, the orthodox would gain control of the CGT until Perón's death in 1974, when [[File:Isabelita.png]] [[Kakistocracy|Isabel Perón]] would take over and discard the union policy of the [[File:Soccorp.png]] [[Corporatism#Social_Corporatism|Social Pact]] to implement the Rodrigazo. Syndicalist Peronism would respond with multiple strikes, the situation calming down only with the appointment of [[File:ChristDemHum.png]] [[Christian Democracy|Antonio Cafiero]] as Minister of Economy; while the [[File:Corp.png]] [[Corporatocracy|large business groups]], on the other hand, would call for an employer lock-out that |
Rucci would be assassinated by Montoneros in 1973 in the "Operation Traviata", and with Perón in his third presidency, the government would persecute combative and [[File:RevSynd.png]] [[Syndicalism|revolutionary syndicalism]]. Perón would reform the union laws to establish a central, vertical and unified syndicalism while the conflict between [[File:OrthSyndPron.png]] [[National Syndicalism|orthodox]] and [[File:LegalSyndPron.png]] [[Syndicalism|legalists]] persisted, which would lead to a campaign of terror by the [[File:RightPeronism.png]] [[Peronism|Peronist Right]] (mainly the [[File:ArgentineAnticommunistAlliance.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism|Triple A}} and finally to the Navarrazo. With the other syndicalist currents persecuted, the orthodox would gain control of the CGT until Perón's death in 1974, when [[File:Isabelita.png]] [[Kakistocracy|Isabel Perón]] would take over and discard the union policy of the [[File:Soccorp.png]] [[Corporatism#Social_Corporatism|Social Pact]] to implement the Rodrigazo. Syndicalist Peronism would respond with multiple strikes, the situation calming down only with the appointment of [[File:ChristDemHum.png]] [[Christian Democracy|Antonio Cafiero]] as Minister of Economy; while the [[File:Corp.png]] [[Corporatocracy|large business groups]], on the other hand, would call for an employer lock-out that promoted forms of [[File:AuthCorp.png]] [[Corporatocracy|"economic subversion"]].<ref>https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/argentina/140275186/economic-subversion-law-20840---derogation---full-text-of-the-norm.html</ref> |
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With the [[File:NationalReorganizationProcess.png]] [[Stratocracy|National Reorganization Process]] in control of the country, union leaders would be disappeared or arrested and the unions would be intervened, while José Martínez de Hoz carried out an [[File:Antisynd.png]] anti-syndicalist and gradualist economic plan inspired |
With the [[File:NationalReorganizationProcess.png]] [[Stratocracy|National Reorganization Process]] in control of the country, union leaders would be either disappeared or arrested and the unions would be intervened, while José Martínez de Hoz carried out an [[File:Antisynd.png]] anti-syndicalist and gradualist economic plan inspired partially by the [[File:ChicagoSchool.png]] [[Chicago School|Chicago School]] and other [[File:New-Neoclassical.png]] [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] tendencies. Collective bargaining was suspended and labor rights were settled, with the CGT intervening and forcing syndicalism to reorganize into two sectors: |
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*[[File:AntiMil.png]] {{PCBA|Pacifism|Confrontationism}}: confronted to the dictatorship, concentrated in the Commission of "the 25" and then in the CUTA (Conducción Única de los Trabajadores Argentinos) (Single Leadership of Argentine Workers) and the CGT-Brasil. Led by [[File:RevSynd.png]] [[Syndicalism|Saúl Ubaldini]]. |
*[[File:AntiMil.png]] {{PCBA|Pacifism|Confrontationism}}: confronted to the dictatorship, concentrated in the Commission of "the 25" and then in the CUTA (Conducción Única de los Trabajadores Argentinos) (Single Leadership of Argentine Workers) and the CGT-Brasil. Led by [[File:RevSynd.png]] [[Syndicalism|Saúl Ubaldini]]. |
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*[[File:Mil.png]] [[Stratocracy|Dialoguism]]: in favor of dialoguing and negotiating with the dictatorship, concentrated in the CNT and then in the CGT-Azopardo. Led by [[File:Azopardo.png]] [[Syndicalism|Jorge Triaca Sr]]. |
*[[File:Mil.png]] [[Stratocracy|Dialoguism]]: in favor of dialoguing and negotiating with the dictatorship, concentrated in the CNT and then in the CGT-Azopardo. Led by [[File:Azopardo.png]] [[Syndicalism|Jorge Triaca Sr]]. |
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*[[File:Nation.png]] [[Nationalism]] - For an Argentine, there is nothing better than another Argentine. |
*[[File:Nation.png]] [[Nationalism]] - For an Argentine, there is nothing better than another Argentine. |
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*[[File:Socauth.png]] [[Social Authoritarianism]] - I like where this is going... |
*[[File:Socauth.png]] [[Social Authoritarianism]] - I like where this is going... |
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*[[File:Progconf.png]] [[Progressive Conservatism]] - See? This is the kind of thinking I like. I'm also skeptic about those [[File:Prog-u.png]] |
*[[File:Progconf.png]] [[Progressive Conservatism]] - See? This is the kind of thinking I like. I'm also skeptic about those [[File:Prog-u.png]] postmodern savages, but societies need to progress. |
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*[[File:Fem.png]] [[Feminism]] - "The time has come for the woman who thinks, judges, rejects or accepts, and the time has died for the woman who assists, bound and powerless, in the capricious political elaboration of her country's destiny". |
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*[[File:Corptism.png]] [[Corporatism]] - My main economic system. |
*[[File:Corptism.png]] [[Corporatism]] - My main economic system. |
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*[[File:Indust.png]] [[Industrialism]] - We need a strong national industry. |
*[[File:Indust.png]] [[Industrialism]] - We need a strong national industry. |
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*[[File:Protect.png]] [[Protectionism]] - We have to <b>protect</b> the national industry. <s>Just forget about [[File:Menem.png]] Menem</s>. |
*[[File:Protect.png]] [[Protectionism]] - We have to <b>protect</b> the national industry. <s>Just forget about [[File:Menem.png]] Menem</s>. |
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*[[File:Regulationism.png]] [[Regulationism]] - Capital must be put at the service of the economy, and the economy at the service of social well-being. |
*[[File:Regulationism.png]] [[Regulationism]] - Capital must be put at the service of the economy, and the economy at the service of social well-being. |
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*[[File:Anticommunism.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism}} & [[File:Anticap.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Capitalism}} - I am not a supporter of capitalism or communism |
*[[File:Anticommunism.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism}} & [[File:Anticap.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Capitalism}} - "I am not a supporter of capitalism or communism". |
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*[[File:Synd.png]] [[Syndicalism]] - Thank you for basically helping me build my entire movement, we both want to dignify work. <s>Just ignore the fact that [[File:Menem.png]] Menem betrayed you.</s> |
*[[File:Synd.png]] [[Syndicalism]] - Thank you for basically helping me build my entire movement, we both want to dignify work. <s>Just ignore the fact that [[File:Menem.png]] Menem betrayed you.</s> |
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*[[File:Sorelia.png]] [[National Syndicalism]] - Friend, is it possible that I am looking in a mirror? |
*[[File:Sorelia.png]] [[National Syndicalism]] - Friend, is it possible that I am looking in a mirror? |
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*[[File:Long.png]] [[Longism]] - Pretty much my American equivalent. |
*[[File:Long.png]] [[Longism]] - Pretty much my American equivalent. |
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*[[File:National_Distributism.png]] [[Distributism#National_Distributism|National Distributism]] - It seems that there is no disagreement of any kind between us, a pleasure to consider you an ally. |
*[[File:National_Distributism.png]] [[Distributism#National_Distributism|National Distributism]] - It seems that there is no disagreement of any kind between us, a pleasure to consider you an ally. |
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*[[File:Franco-alt.png]] [[Francoism]] - He let me spend my exile in his country. |
*[[File:Franco-alt.png]] [[Francoism]] - He let me spend my exile in his country. |
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*[[File:Flang.png]] [[Falangism]] - "Justicialism and Falangism are the same thing separated only by space." |
*[[File:Flang.png]] [[Falangism]] - "Justicialism and Falangism are the same thing separated only by space." |
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*<s>[[File:Kak.png]] [[Kakistocracy]] - I appointed my third wife who didn't even get middle education as vice president. What can possibly go wrong?</s> |
*<s>[[File:Kak.png]] [[Kakistocracy]] - I appointed my third wife who didn't even get middle education as vice president. What can possibly go wrong?</s> |
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*[[File:Cap.png]] [[Capitalism]] - I don't despise you, but you have to be really well-controlled by powerful unions, labor laws, tariffs, etc... and pay lots of taxes. |
*[[File:Cap.png]] [[Capitalism]] - I don't despise you, but you have to be really well-controlled by powerful unions, labor laws, tariffs, etc... and pay lots of taxes. |
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*[[File:Soc-h.png]] [[Socialism]] - Too far, private property is unbreakable. |
*[[File:Soc-h.png]] [[Socialism]] - Too far, private property is unbreakable. |
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*[[File:Lpop.png]] [[Left-Wing Populism]] - Too much left-wing for my tastes, other than my |
*[[File:Lpop.png]] [[Left-Wing Populism]] - Too much left-wing for my tastes, other than my Kirchnerist side. |
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*[[File:Fash.png]] [[Fascism]] - Well, I don't approve your totalitarian demeanor, but you could say I took some inspiration from you. Mussolini was a great man who knew what he wanted. |
*[[File:Fash.png]] [[Fascism]] - Well, I don't approve your totalitarian demeanor, but you could say I took some inspiration from you. Mussolini was a great man who knew what he wanted. |
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*[[File:Nazi.png]] [[Nazism]] - Thanks for all the gold and talented refugees such as Skorzeny, but why the antisemitism? |
*[[File:Nazi.png]] [[Nazism]] - Thanks for all the gold and talented refugees such as Skorzeny, but why the antisemitism? |
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*[[File:Keynes.png]] [[Keynesian School]] - Useful theories, but I'm not a Keynesian. |
*[[File:Keynes.png]] [[Keynesian School]] - Useful theories, but I'm not a Keynesian. |
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*[[File:Neoliberal-icon.png]] [[Neoliberalism]] - Disgraceful globalists, you destroyed Argentina!!! <s>I'll only tolerate you because my Memenist side likes you and I can use you if it's convenient, ¡PERO LAS MALVINAS SON ARGENTINAS!</s> |
*[[File:Neoliberal-icon.png]] [[Neoliberalism]] - Disgraceful globalists, you destroyed Argentina!!! <s>I'll only tolerate you because my Memenist side likes you and I can use you if it's convenient, ¡PERO LAS MALVINAS SON ARGENTINAS!</s> |
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*[[File:Prog-u.png]] [[Progressivism]] - ¡Progres! |
*[[File:Prog-u.png]] [[Progressivism]] - ¡Progres! |
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*[[File:Milei.png]] [[Minarchism|Mileism]] - I mean, yes, you are one of those [[File:Libertarian.png]] libertarados, but you really capture the rebellious spirit of peronism. Just mature and make a good presidency, [https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/12/02/la-anecdota-de-zulemita-del-dia-que-carlos-menem-conocio-a-milei-el-chango-es-mas-menemista-que-ustedes/ chango], but know with precision that without an economic plan you are going to get depressed soon. |
*[[File:Milei.png]] [[Minarchism|Mileism]] - I mean, yes, you are one of those [[File:Libertarian.png]] libertarados, but you really capture the rebellious spirit of peronism. Just mature and make a good presidency, [https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/12/02/la-anecdota-de-zulemita-del-dia-que-carlos-menem-conocio-a-milei-el-chango-es-mas-menemista-que-ustedes/ chango], but know with precision that without an economic plan you are going to get depressed soon. |
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*[[File:Antcent.png]] [[Anti-Centrism]] - I know my party has meant and means a lot of different things, but we're not ''that'' extreme. |
*[[File:Antcent.png]] [[Anti-Centrism]] - I know my party has meant and means a lot of different things, but we're not ''that'' extreme. |
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*[[File:Nalib.png]] [[National Liberalism]] - On my federalist side you are alright, I guess. At least you are a sovereignist. |
*[[File:Nalib.png]] [[National Liberalism]] - On my federalist side you are alright, I guess. At least you are a sovereignist. |
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*[[File:Allende.png]] [[Democratic Socialism|Allendism]] - "If you want to do as Allende, then look how it goes for Allende. One has to be calm." |
*[[File:Allende.png]] [[Democratic Socialism|Allendism]] - "If you want to do as Allende, then look how it goes for Allende. One has to be calm." |
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*[[File:Pinochet-hat.png]] [[Pinochetism]] - Well, I in fact supported you, but you're pro-imperialist. |
*[[File:Pinochet-hat.png]] [[Pinochetism]] - Well, I in fact [https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2024/05/05/del-lado-de-chile-estamos-protegidos-la-reunion-entre-peron-y-pinochet-con-la-guerrilla-como-enemigo-en-comun/ supported you], but you're pro-imperialist. |
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*<s>[[File:Whitesup.png]] [[White Nationalism]] - Now, I'm not a racist. All I'm saying is that, unlike Mexicans, who came from the Indians, and Brazilians, who came from the jungle, we Argentinians came from boats from Europe.</s> |
*<s>[[File:Whitesup.png]] [[White Nationalism]] - Now, I'm not a racist. All I'm saying is that, unlike Mexicans, who came from the Indians, and Brazilians, who came from the jungle, we Argentinians came from boats from Europe.</s> |
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*[[File:necon.png]] [[Neoconservatism]] - YOU RUINED MY COUNTRY '''[Censored]'''! |
*[[File:necon.png]] [[Neoconservatism]] - YOU RUINED MY COUNTRY '''[Censored]'''! |
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*[[File:Authcap.png]] [[Authoritarian Capitalism]] - Right-wing dictatorships destroyed our country. |
*[[File:Authcap.png]] [[Authoritarian Capitalism]] - Right-wing dictatorships destroyed our country. |
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*[[File:Austrobert.png]] [[Austrian School]] - Your ideas don't correspond to reality. |
*[[File:Austrobert.png]] [[Austrian School]] - Your ideas don't correspond to reality. Grow up, economically you are in a...[https://www.c5n.com/politica/guillermo-moreno-en-terminos-economicos-milei-esta-la-edad-del-pavo-n112708 ''awkward age'']. |
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*[[File:Conlib.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism]] - No more oligarchies and agro-export model!! |
*[[File:Conlib.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism]] - No more oligarchies and agro-export model!! |
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*[[File:BritishEmpire.png]] [[Imperialism#British_Empire|British Imperialism]] - England? Disgraceful. Just go away, PIRATES. |
*[[File:BritishEmpire.png]] [[Imperialism#British_Empire|British Imperialism]] - England? Disgraceful. Just go away, PIRATES. |
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*[[File:Macrigato.png]] [[Liberal Conservatism|Macrism]] - ¡¡MACRI GATO!! YOU GOT US IN DEBT FOR 100 YEARS. |
*[[File:Macrigato.png]] [[Liberal Conservatism|Macrism]] - ¡¡MACRI GATO!! YOU GOT US IN DEBT FOR 100 YEARS. |
||
*[[File:Lennon.png]] [[Utopian Socialism|Lennonism]] - "I don't like the Beatles! No! Please! How am I going to like those hideous long-haired men!? How am I going to like those troglodyte squabs!?". |
*[[File:Lennon.png]] [[Utopian Socialism|Lennonism]] - "I don't like the Beatles! No! Please! How am I going to like those hideous long-haired men!? How am I going to like those troglodyte squabs!?". |
||
*[[File:Demsocstar.png]] [[Democratic Socialism]] - Enough chatter! You are going through the clouds of Úbeda! |
*[[File:Demsocstar.png]] [[Democratic Socialism]] - "[https://www.cronista.com/columnistas/entre-gritos-y-nubes-de-ubeda-como-fue-el-primer-debate-televisivo-de-la-democracia/ Enough chatter! You are going through the clouds of Úbeda!]" |
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*<s>[[File:Female.png]] Women - My dear Fabiola, I'm sorry, but I had a difficult day...[https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/fabiola-yanez-confirms-she-was-a-violence-victim-by-alberto-fernandez.phtml *BEATS THE SHIT OUT OF HER*]</s>. |
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==Further Information== |
==Further Information== |
||
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===Videos=== |
===Videos=== |
||
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f28Ber3NFmY Juan Perón: The Leader of Justicialism | A Revolutionary Figure in Argentine Politics | 1946 - 1974] by TheJayLino (best explanation) |
|||
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rndAJTQBET8/ What is Peronism?] by [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUzmizB92LJ9oxf5T_snZNA/ BadEmpanada] |
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rndAJTQBET8/ What is Peronism?] by [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUzmizB92LJ9oxf5T_snZNA/ BadEmpanada] |
||
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L7shkkdJeYQ/ Evita and Juan Perón: Argentina’s Power Couple] by [https://www.youtube.com/@Biographics/ Biographics] |
|||
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tvw20llA0MI/ Power to the People: Peronism] by [https://www.youtube.com/@UBCLatinAmericanStudies/UBC Latin American Studies] |
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*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yyVKZH_tD-Q/ How Did ARGENTINA'S Long CRISIS Begin?] by [https://www.youtube.com/@VisualPolitikEN/ VisualPolitik] |
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yyVKZH_tD-Q/ How Did ARGENTINA'S Long CRISIS Begin?] by [https://www.youtube.com/@VisualPolitikEN/ VisualPolitik] |
||
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= |
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCwtuttNdBM/ LA ECONOMÍA PERONISTA | APOGEO Y CRISIS - 1/2] by [https://www.youtube.com/@losherederosdealberdi/ Los Herederos de Alberdi] (Spanish) |
||
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9xTzIxeLDb4/ LA ECONOMÍA PERONISTA | SALIDA DE LA CRISIS - 2/2] by [https://www.youtube.com/@losherederosdealberdi/ Los Herederos de Alberdi] (Spanish) |
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===Notes=== |
===Notes=== |
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RandomRetard2137-9x9 Characters.png |
RandomRetard2137-9x9 Characters.png |
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Kirchner-jao.png|Kirchnerism (by [[File:Jao.png]] [[User:Jaoo|Jao]]) |
Kirchner-jao.png|Kirchnerism (by [[File:Jao.png]] [[User:Jaoo|Jao]]) |
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Peronism.png |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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Latest revision as of 14:47, 19 August 2024
"If I had not been born Perón, I would have liked to be Perón."
Peronism is a transversal,
syncretic and
third-positionist political ideology sustained in the
nationalist and
union-based doctrine that was formed around the figure of
Juan Domingo Perón since the mid-1940s. Peronism defends variable ideals given its
populist and
pragmatic
origin, and although it calls itself left-leaning and labourist, it has adopted multiple economic (such as
social democracy and
neoliberalism), civic (with actions ranging from
statist to
authoritarian that led it to be compared with
fascism, but at the same time having
left-libertarian and revolutionary supporters) and cultural (mostly
progressive, but with
conservative and
reactionary factions) frameworks since its creation to adapt to the changing and largely unstable political environment of
Argentina.
The "classical" or "historical" Peronism of Perón and Evita is synthesized in the 20 Peronist Truths (or Tenets) and in the principles of
economic independence,
social justice and
political sovereignty, borrowing inspiration from
Mussolini's Fascism and
Hitler's Nazism and proposing a
corporatist,
welfarist,
environmentalist,
protectionist,
industrialist,
syndicalist and labourist,
anti-communist and anti-marxist
, culturally
pragmatic (but mostly progressive) and civically
authoritarian socioeconomic system of a
Christian nationalist character (although later Perón would find himself confronted to the
Catholic Church in his second term).
History
The seizure of power by Perón and the origins of Peronism (Proto-Peronism)
![](http://static.miraheze.org/polcompballwiki/thumb/d/d3/Peron.2.jpg/300px-Peron.2.jpg)
In the late 1930s, "nacionalistas" groups gained strength, some of which were oriented towards the idea of the
corporative state model of European fascism, propagated
social justice ("justicia social") and found strong approval among the members of the urban industrial proletariat. In the spirit of this political current, which advocated a
third way between
capitalism and
socialism, the nationalist military of the
Grupo de Oficiales Unidos (GOU) staged a coup named "Revolution of '43" against the ruling regime of
Ramón Castillo; the last of the de facto presidents of the
"Década Infame" (Infamous Decade).
Juan Domingo Perón, accompanying
Arturo Rawson,
Pedro Ramírez and
Edelmiro Farrell, participated in this coup as a junior officer.
With the alliance between the socialist and revolutionary union currents (represented by Juan Atilio Bramuglia
,
Ángel Borlenghi
and
Luis Gay) and Perón (together with Colonel
Domingo Mercante), already established, a profound reform was developed in terms of labor rights, collective labor agreements and social security. Perón would lead the Department of Labor, which would soon be elevated to the Ministry of Labor and Welfare, repealing anti-union decrees and establishing policies to "dignify work". The Peronist welfare state was soon conceived and the unions were strengthened, causing immediate opposition from business sectors and the
conservative wing of the military government that would later condense into
anti-Peronism.
The Argentine economy, that was deeply affected since the Great Depression of 1929, recovered and underwent rapid industrialization through
import-substitution, enjoying large internal migrations from the rural interior to the urban periphery. The quality of life grew, and the working class expanded, giving birth to a
nationalist-laborist current of
syndicalism within the unified
'Confederación General del Trabajo'" (CGT) (General Confederation of Labor) that rejected
Soviet communism and laid the foundations of
Peronism.
In this period, prior to the 1946 elections, the conflict of Spruille Braden
with Perón and
Hortensio Quijano (candidate for vice president) would be unraveled.
Braden, as the
United States ambassador in Argentina, developed a great rivalry with Perón that would lead him to be used as the face of
American imperialism.
Perón's first term (1946 to 1952)
The popularity of Perón, who had risen to vice president, was soon perceived as a threat by the most conservative sectors of the military government. Edelmiro Farrell and
Eduardo Ávalos forced him to resign and he and
Eva Perón, his wife, were finally arrested in 1945 in the Martín García Island. On October 17 of the same year (a date considered the birth of Peronism and also know as the "Día de la Lealtad", or Day of Loyalty), he returned to office under massive pressure from his followers, whom initiated spontaneous strikes and mass rallies in his support. At this insistance, democratic elections were held in February 1946, in which Perón, as a candidate of the
"Partido Laborista" (Labourist Party, led by
Luis Gay), was elected president by a large majority. After the elections, the Labourist Party would be dissolved and Peronism would be divided into the
Peronist Party, the
Female Peronist Party (led by Eva Perón) and the
syndicalist Peronism concentrated in the CGT; thus beginning the first of Peron's terms.
Through the establishment of a comprehensive welfare state and social reforms that contributed to achieving high social and economic indicators – condensed in the Primer Plan Quinquenal (First Five-Year Plan), an industrialist
state-planning program that sought to guarantee the economic independence of Argentina –, Perón secured broad popular support, ensuring that the remuneration of labor exceeded that of capital and increasing the presence of union delegates in the workplace. This period would be headed by the "Wizard of Peronist finance"
Miguel Miranda, that implemented policies such as the nationalization of the
Central Bank and the creation of public companies,
import tariffs, the founding of the
IAPI (Argentina Institute for Promotion of Exchange) as a state monopoly of foreign trade to strengthen the industry with resources from the agricultural sector, and a general increase in wages and public employment, to achieve full employment and promote domestic industry. This policy plan would result in a modest growth in industrial GDP.
Then, as a consequence of the growth of the Peronist movement and union demands, a Constitutional Reform would be carried out to modernize the Argentine Constitution and incorporate
second-generation human rights
), also describing the
social function of private property (subject to the common good) and
economic interventionism as fundamental.
The economic and social prosperity experimented at the moment, however, began to wane in the wake of a phase of economic weakness initiated in 1949 and continued in the begginings of the 50's, with the ending of the postwar trade surplus. Faced with this productive slowdown, Perón attempted to reapproach to the United States and modified his economic plan to reverse the high fiscal deficit (largely as a result of growing public spending and monetary emission) and stagnation. At the end of 1951, with a drought and a drop in agricultural prices, a more orthodox economic team formed by
Alfredo Gómez Morales and
Antonio Cafiero set out to rethink its strategies to face the inevitable crisis that was brewing to explode around 1952 – one that until that moment had hit the country with an enormous decline in real wages and record inflation –. Then, Perón brought forward the elections from 1952 to November 1951, achieving re-election by a landside with
Eva Perón as vice president (thanks to the support of
syndicates) and beginning his second term on June 1952, with a high tension between
peronists and
anti-peronists. Before taking office, Perón announces to the country the
"Plan de Emergencia Económica" (Emergency Economic Plan), a mixed austerity plan that incorporated
orthodox-liberal economic measures with
syndicalist ones.
Perón's second term (1952-1955)
In 1952, the plan is put into action and there is a sharp narrowing in public spending, reducing mainly the public works sector. Attached to this, and consequently, the fiscal deficit is considerably decreased; state loans are limited and, as part of his strategy, Perón agrees to an increase in wages and freezes them for two years, promoting saving and production among workers and discouraging consumption. Private investment is also fomented and foreign capital is attracted, allowing the establishment of multinational companies. This would be the same year in which Evita would die, on July 26.
In 1953, the measures of the "Plan de Emergencia Económica" were expanded and formalized with the "Segundo Plan Quinquenal" (Second Five-Year Plan), which maintained the orthodox measures but accompanied them with some
interventionist ones, such as a price agreement, a tenacious opposition to speculators and government incentives for the development of the agricultural sector. The stabilization plan began to bear fruit and objectives such as lowering inflation were quickly achieved.
Real wages, however, never increased, and multiple sectors of the economy were affected, earning Perón multiple labor strikes and an increasingly strained relationship with the militar opposition, which responded violently to the disappearances of oppositors of the government and the devotion that began to take shape around the figure of Perón and his wife, which used to be manifestated through acts commonly denoted as
"social indoctrination techniques". These signs of wanting to "Peronize" society (forcing public employees to join the PJ, establishing the reading of books such as La razón de mi vida as mandatory in schools and provincializing la Pampa and Chaco as "Provincia Eva Perón" and "Provincia Presidente Perón", etc) would lead to terrorist acts by
anti-Peronists such as the Plaza de Mayo Attack on April 15, 1953; to which Peronist civil groups would respond by burning the headquarters of opposition political parties.
One of the most notable events during this period would also be Perón's break with Catholicism and the separation of church and state, adopting the law of divorce and the
secularization of schools in 1954.
Overthrow, Peronist Resistance (1955-1973) and split in the movement
![](http://static.miraheze.org/polcompballwiki/2/2e/Peron.3.jpg)
Finally, in 1955, the civic-military dictatorship self-proclaimed "Revolución Libertadora" (Liberating Revolution), headed by generals
Eduardo Lonardi and
Pedro Aramburu, overthrew Perón on September 16, 1955; after a failed attempt on June 16, 1955, where a group of designated soldiers bombed the Casa Rosada and the Plaza de Mayo in hopes of killing Perón. This cicle is marked by a policy of
"de-peronization" of society attached to events such as the kidnapping of Evita's corpse and the proscription of Peronism in Lonardi's government; in addition to the Levantamiento de Valle (Valle's uprising) (failed uprising of the
General Juan José Valle against Aramburu's dictatorship) that would lead to the Fusilamientos de José León Suárez (Executions of José León Suárez) – in which Valle himself and several civilians would be killed) – and the dictatorship to be called "Revolución Fusiladora" (Executing Revolution).
In the following years, after Perón fled into exile and the Revolución Libertadora ended in 1958; the presidency rotated between radicals and
military dictators.
Arturo Frondizi was the first of them, and he had a broad confrontation with the Peronist sectors. Even so, he allowed the participation of the Neoperonist party
"Unión Popular" (Popular Union) in the 1962 elections to renew half of the deputies and elect provincial governors, in which Peronism emerged triumphant in several of the provinces.
Andrés Framini would be the new governor of Buenos Aires, and although Frondizi annulled the election, this caused the military forces to carry out a coup on March 29 of the same year, putting the civilian
José María Guido in office under the "ley de acefalía" (law of succession). Guido, with military pressure, put the Congress in reccess and called for elections in 1963, in which
Arturo Umberto Illia, for the
"Unión Cívica Radical del Pueblo" (Radical Civic Union of the People), was elected president. Illia removed the ban on the PJ, but he did not allow Perón to return to the country.
In June 26, given the weakness of Illia's government, the military finally intervened in a process known as the "Revolución Argentina" (Argentine Revolution); protagonized by Generals
Juan Onganía,
Roberto Levingston and
Alejandro Lanusse. In this period of time, from 1955 to 1973 (Cámpora's presidency), the "Peronist Resistance" was initiated, a period in which autonomous unions, neighborhood and student organizations, among others, opposed and resisted dictatorships and civil governments that followed the departure of Perón. Attached to this uprising,
Neo-Peronism arose, as a tendency that defended Peronist ideas against the ban of the movement, with its highest fronts being the
"Unión Popular Federal" (Federal Popular Union) and the refounded
Partido Laborista (Labourist Party). In response to the acts of oppression of the civic-military dictatorships and from constitutional government (such as the one of Frondizi and Guido), the different branches of Peronism responded from clandestinity using various tactics, ranging from the boycott of public and private companies, attempts at political participation (the aforementioned Neo-Peronist parties, for example) to even acts of
terrorism.
A new generation of syndicalist leaders would also emerge, the most prominent of them being Augusto Vandor (general secretary of the
Metallurgical Worker Union), who would carry out his own movement (Vandorism) within the Neoperonist current, defending a "Peronism without Perón" that would soon be perceived as a threat by the most
orthodox sectors of Peronist syndicalism and by Perón himself. With Vandor killed in 1969,
José Ignacio Rucci and
Lorenzo Miguel (backed by Perón) would continue his legacy, but within the orthodoxy and seeking to unify the
CGT before the arrival of Perón.
Perón's third term
After the military regime of the "Revolución Argentina" failed to get control over the country's economic problems and faced the civil uprisings of the Cordobazo (1969) and the Viborazo (1971), democratic elections were held in 1973. The military was unable to keep the PJ away from the government and reluctantly allowed it to participate, but without Perón's presence. Héctor José Cámpora ran as the presidential candidate of Peronism, in an electoral alliance called the
"Frente Justicialista de Liberación" (FREJULI), an anti-imperialist gathering of
conservative,
christian democrat,
socialist,
radical and
Peronist parties, with the latter being the majority. He won the elections and began his short presidential term, known as the "Primavera Camporista" (Camporist Spring), distinguished for the policies of
social agreements between the government, unions and employers (Social Pact), the adoption of a
non-alignment position in the Cold War and Cámpora's
progressive visions. Cámpora quickly removed the ban on Perón so that he would settle permanently in Argentina and participate in the elections on September of the same year, after Cámpora and his vice president,
Vicente Solano Lima resigned from their charges. In this short period of time,
Raúl Alberto Lastiri temporarily held the position of president as an interim before the elections and immediately outlawed the
ERP (Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo) (People's Revolutionary Army).
When Perón arrived to the country, the tense relations between the orthodox Peronists and the
"Tendencia Revolucionaria" (Revolutionary Tendency) led to the "Masacre de Ezeiza" (Ezeiza Massacre), a mass murder occurred at the Ezeiza Airport, where both sectors of Peronism gathered to receive their leader. Supporters of
revolutionary Peronism were then shot by members of the
"Comando de Organización de la Juventud Peronista" (CdO) (Peronist Youth Organization Command); an insurrectionary Peronist organization that rejected both the center-left and center-right factions of Peronism. Perón then ran for president with his wife,
Isabel Perón, under the FREJULI, and won by wide difference. With the unstable panorama of Peronism and the murder of Rucci, Perón decided to return to his
traditionalist and orthodox roots, attacking
Marxism and seeking its total elimination from the movement. He proposed an
industrialist policy commanded by
José Gelbard
(who had already been Minister of Economy of Cámpora and Lastiri), kept the
Social Pact and reaffirmed
a non-aligned international position in favor of Third World integration. He also approved the operations of the
"Alianza Anticomunista Argentina" (Triple A) (Argentine Anti-Communist Alliance), which was in charge of persecuting militants of
revolutionary Peronism and was led by
José López Rega and
Alberto Villar.
Gelbard saw initial success within the framework of the Social Pact: he diversified the foreign market and achieved the largest trade surplus in Argentinian history, in addition to achieving (virtually) full employment. However, when international inflation unbalanced the fixed prices, a "great national joint meeting" was called to update prices and a corporate black market began to emerge due to the hoarding of goods from the business sector. Furthermore, the gigantic fiscal deficit and the artificially low exchange rate caused the loss of international reserves.
The Navarrazo, endorsed by Perón, would then occur in February 1974, with the province of Córdoba being intervened, and Ricardo Obregón Cano (moderately affiliated with the left-wing of Peronism that threatened the idea of a centralized syndicalism) and
Atilio López removed from power in a police coup led by
Antonio Domingo Navarro (former chief of the Córdoba police). This would increase tensions between the Perón government (aligned with
orthodoxy) and the sectors of revolutionary Peronism (
la Tendencia, mainly Montoneros), causing a rupture that would be formalized on May 1, 1974. Perón, giving a speech on the occasion of the International Workers' Day, would respond bluntly to the chants of la Tendencia, who would decide to withdraw from the popular demonstration, being indirectly expulsed. Thanks to this, the process of integrating the
Juventud Peronista (JP) (Peronist Youth) as the fourth branch of the Peronist movement would be abandoned, getting that status later.
Perón finally died in July 1, 1974, and Perón's wife, Isabel Perón (previously vice president), took over the presidency with a deteriorated economic situation and rising inflation. She, advised by López Rega and
Emilio Massera, carried out an orthodox economic plan after dismissing Gelbard as minister and favored the persecution of leftist university students through parapolice groups.
Operation Independence of 1975 would stand out among these state-terrorist actions, being the first major operation of the
Dirty War that began in 1974; this confrontation would occur in Tucumán between the
military and the
ERP guerrilla, constituting the first decree of annihilation.
In her presidency there were a total of 5 Ministers of Economy after Gelbard: Alfredo Gómez Morales,
Celestino Rodrigo,
Pedro José Bonanni,
Antonio Cafiero
and
Emilio Mondelli. The most relevant of them, Rodrigo, would be the material author of the
Rodrigazo: a program of economic shock, devaluation of the peso and
tax increase to the workers that triggered inflation, produced shortages and provoked an immediate reaction from the
CGT, which would conduct its first strike towards a Peronist government. Rodrigo and López Rega subsequently resigned from their positions, leaving a crisis that their successors were unable to reverse.
Between September 13 and October 16, 1975, absenting for health reasons, Isabelita designated Ítalo Luder, provisional president of the senate, to exercise executive power. Luder would sign three more decrees of annihilation and would begin a process of
militarization of Argentina, maintaining a notable condescension with the military sector to fight against "subversion" (how the
left-wing guerrillas and other revolutionary sectors were called). The idea of an institutional coup would be frustrated with the return of Isabelita to the presidency, who would firmly reject the possibility of resigning and leaving Luder as her successor.
In a panorama of destabilization and an increase in guerrilla activity, the military coup self-proclaimed "Proceso de Reorganización Nacional" (National Reorganization Process) was executed in 1976 and
Isabel Perón was arrested.
Military dictatorship 1976 to 1983
With the establishment of the National Reorganization Process – as part of the
Operation Condor – , originally led by
Jorge Rafael Videla,
Emilio Massera and
Orlando Agosti; the dictatorship began to effect a state-terrorist scheme against people of "subversive" ideals (including
Marxists,
social democrats,
syndicalists,
revolutionary Peronists, etc), unleashing imprisonment, disappearances, torture, murder and kidnapping of children. After the dissolution of the single
CGT and the reorganization of syndicalism, a fairly divided Peronism opposed to dictatorship (represented by the
CGT-Brasil of
Saúl Ubaldini) then resisted through
trade unionism and
human rights organizations, while the
Azopardo branch of the CGT took a "dialoguist" position with the dictatorship.
Although at first both CGT supported the
Falklands War, in the disbandment of the dictatorship after the defeat, they joined in a general strike backed by the
"multipartidaria" (multiparty, coordinated political action of the
PJ,
UCR,
PI [6],
PDC [7] and
MID[8]) demanding democratic elections and precipitating the fall of the civic-military dictatorship.
Role in the democratization of Argentina after 1983
Reynaldo Bignone, the last of the military dictators of Argentina, was forced to begin a democratic transition and prepare the 1983 elections, where the two national traditional political forces faced each other:
Peronism (PJ), under
Ítalo Luder and
Deolindo Bittel (both ensured by the
Orthodox), and
radicalism (UCR), under
Raúl Alfonsín.
Raúl Alfonsín ended up winning the election, supported by the bad image that
Isabel Perón had left in the PJ due to her authoritarian behavior. Peronism was forced to take a new direction for the elections of 1989, that would develop in an internal process known as the "Peronist Renovation": headed by
Carlos Menem (with a
federalist focus),
Antonio Cafiero (with a
"modernizer" focus) and
Carlos Grosso (with a more
"social christian" focus) in the PJ, with the aim of guiding the party under the democratic ideals that Alfonsín espoused in his campaign and displacing the
orthodox Peronists and the members of
la Tendencia from their power in the movement and in the trade unions.
Ideology
Twenty Peronist Tenets (or Truths)
From Perón's "Peronist Philosophy":
- "A true democracy is that one in which the government does what the people want and defends only one interest: the people's."
- "Peronism is essentially of the common people. Any political elite is anti-people, and thus, not Peronist."
- "A Peronist works for the movement. Whoever, in the name of Peronism, serves an elite or a leader, is a Peronist in name only."
- "For Peronism, there is only one class of person: those who work."
- "In Perón's new Argentina, working is a right that creates the dignity of men; and it's a duty, because it's fair that everyone should produce as much as they consume at the very least."
- "For a good Peronist, there is nothing better than another Peronist." (In 1973, after coming back from exile, in a conciliatory attempt, and in order to lessen the division in society, Perón reformed this tenet to: "For an Argentine, there is nothing better than another Argentine.")
- "No Peronist should feel more than what he is, nor less than what he should be. When a Peronist feels more than what he is, he begins to turn into an oligarch."
- "When it comes to political action, the scale of values of every Peronist is: the homeland first; the movement second; and thirdly, the men."
- "Politics are not an end for us, but only the means for the well-being of the homeland, which is happiness for our children and national greatness."
- "The two arms of Peronism are social justice and social assistance. With them, we give a hug of justice and love to the people."
- "Peronism desires national unity and not struggle. It wants heroes, but not martyrs."
- "In the new Argentina, the only privileged ones are the children."
- "A government without doctrine is a body without soul. That's why Peronism has a political, economic and social doctrine: Justicialism."
- "Justicialism is a new philosophy of life: simple, practical, of the common people, and profoundly Christian and humanist."
- "As a political doctrine Justicialism realizes the equilibrium between the rights of the individual and those of the community."
- "As economic doctrine Justicialism realizes the social economy, placing capital at the service of the economy and the latter at the service of social well-being."
- "As a social doctrine Justicialism realizes social justice, which gives every person their right in a social function."
- "We want a socially just, economically free, and politically sovereign Argentina."
- "We constitute a centralized government, an organized state, and a free people."
- "In this land, the best thing we have, is our people."
Variants
Kirchnerism
Kirchnerism is an economically center-left and culturally moderate to progressive ideology based on the ideological postulates of the presidencies of Néstor Kirchner (2003-2007) and
Cristina Kirchner (2007-2015), gathered in a period called the "Década Ganada" (Won Decade) by its supporters. It brings together
social democratic,
socialist,
Marxist,
"radical K" (Kirchnerist radical)
and
Alfonsinist (of President Raúl Alfonsín) parties in a nationalist and left-wing populist movement that focuses on
social justice, human rights and
progressivism. It also has great support from the sector of
"Militant Peronism" and from
"La Cámpora", an organization made in honor of
Héctor Cámpora that is dedicated to Kirchnerist militancy and the promotion of human rights.
It arose within the crisis of December 2001 in Argentina (a social, economic and political crisis motivated by the slogan "All of them must go!" that caused the resignation of President Fernando de la Rúa and triggered the rotation of the presidential power until 2003;
included in this process 4 Peronist presidents:
Ramón Puerta,
Adolfo Rodríguez Saá,
Eduardo Camaño and
Eduardo Duhalde) with the interim presidency of
Eduardo Duhalde underway, when the
Grupo Calafate (Calafate Group, a group originally directed by Duhalde and coordinated by
Alberto Fernández that brought together anti-Menemist sectors and maintained as its main objective to avoid the "re-reelection" of Menem) presented Néstor Kirchner and
Daniel Scioli as the presidential ticket, losing the first round by a simple majority of Menem. Menem, wanting to avoid a humiliating defeat predicted for the runoff, withdrew, leaving Néstor Kirchner as president. He was then succeeded by his wife, Cristina Kirchner, in two presidential terms and in a vice presidency in the government of Fernández.
Kirchnerism can be summarized in the following economic and social tenets:
State intervention in the economy;
Industrialization and developmentalism;
- Accumulation of reserves in the
Central Bank;
- Immediate payment of the external debt and the avoidance of its accumulation;
- Obtaining of twin surpluses (at least in theory);
- Maintenance of the exchange rate at high levels to favor competition and exports;
Anti-Neoliberalism (the Kirchners had a positive political relationship with Menem at first, but they turned on him later): a fervent opposition to the policies called
"neoliberal" by the Kirchners, including "adjustment" measures, privatizations, shrinking of the state and cuts in public spending, liberalization of the internal and external markets, debt contraction, etc;
Regional alignment and rejection of free trade agreements with the United States
;
- Promotion of human rights through the state and organizations like the
UN;
Gender and sexuality policies (although Kirchnerism was always ambivalent regarding abortion, with a sharp rejection by Néstor Kirchner and an ambiguity by Cristina Kirchner that was only broken with the approval of the Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy Law in 2020, in the Fernández's government);
Social justice and a tendency to appeal to
left-wing populism.
Kirchnerism (Néstor)
Néstor Kirchner held center to center-left economic ideals and moderate progressive cultural positions, being in favor of the LGBT community and
feminism, but
opposing abortion. He proposed a more moderate social democratic system than his wife's, focusing on income recovery (doubling the middle class), favoring exports and expressing the need for
fiscal balance.
The presidency of Néstor Kirchner was characterized by a broad and constant GDP growth driven by the 2000's commodities boom together with a fiscal and commercial surplus (the "twin surpluses") and a drop in unemployment and poverty (inflation values increased, however, until the end of his term), the total cancellation of the debt contracted with the IMF (which represented the 9% of the total public debt), high exportations, devaluation of the currency through the
Central Bank, increase in public services, fiscal balance, opposition to the
hegemonic media (such as Clarín and La Nación) and an active human rights policy to amend the damages and convict those responsible for the
National Reorganization Process. With the rebounding economy that he had received after Duhalde's enormous fiscal adjustment, Néstor managed high positive indicators (mainly with
Roberto Lavagna as minister of economy) with
moderate social democratic measures and ended his term in 2007, supporting his wife in her candidacy for the elections. He finally passed away on October 27, 2010, from a cardiac arrest.
Cristina Kirchner Thought
Cristina Kirchner held center-left economic ideals and progressive cultural positions, proposing a social democratic economic scheme with a
Keynesian and
left-wing populist tendency that defends a greater state intervention in the market compared to Néstor's policies. She advocated the approval of
abortion as vice president and had a strong affinity for
feminist movements; despite not considering herself a feminist. She is normally referred by her initials "CFK" (Cristina Fernández de Kirchner).
Cristina Kirchner ran with the approval of
Néstor Kirchner in the 2007 elections, along with
Julio Cobos. She won in the first round by a large margin and was elected president.
Her first period (2007-2011) was marked by the intervention in the INDEC (nucleated in the CPI sector: Consumer Price Index) by
Guillermo Moreno[9], which caused a sanction by the
IMF and a general nebulosity in the data added to the underestimation of inflation and the unreliable measures of GDP. It can be affirmed, even so, that Cristina's presidency maintained remarkable indicators, avoiding the 2008 crisis with the profitable commodities boom that persisted in her term: the constant decline in poverty, indigence, unemployment and foreign debt continued, the strengthening of foreign relations was achieved through an autonomist and Latin Americanist policy, and
progressive policies were deepened, embodied in the legalization of
same-sex marriage and the approval of gender identity laws. The Ministry of Economy was occupied by three different officials: the first,
Martín Lousteau, who was the author of "Resolution 125", a series of withholding tax measures that tried to capture part of the income obtained by the field with the favorable period and ended up provoking a convoluted national conflict between the agricultural sector and Kirchnerism; the second,
Carlos Fernández; and the third,
Amado Boudou, future vice president and president of ANSES (National Social Security Administration;) who was in charge of the elimination of the
AFJP (Administradora de Fondos de Jubilaciones y Pensiones) (Retirement and Pension Fund Administrator), private companies that were dedicated to the administration of funds generated by contributions pensioners.
Cristina Kirchner then ran for the 2011 elections together with
Amado Boudou as vice president, being the first woman re-elected in America. Her second period (2011-2015) was characterized by an inconsistent economic growth, a notable drop in reserves, increase in foreign debt and uncontrolled inflation – which would rise to 38% and then stabilize until dropping to 26% –, restriction on the dollar and imports, the nationalization of YPF and the conflict with the
vulture funds. With the Ministry of Economy under the tutelage of
Axel Kicillof, poverty data stopped being published. This attitude and the measures taken by the government developed into a general malaise that fueled the idea of a political change, which would later come with the candidacy and election of
Mauricio Macri in 2015.
After Macri's term, that left negative macroeconomic indicators and contracted high debt, Cristina Kirchner resolved to present herself as vice president accompanying
Alberto Fernández for the 2019 elections. They achieved a victory in the first round, and the Fernández's government began; which, in a context of the
Russo-Ukrainian War
and the
COVID-19 pandemic, failed in the management of the country and caused great damage to the economy, with inflation, unemployment, poverty and the "blue dollar" – the one that operates outside of the State intervention – on the rise. The differences between Cristina and Alberto overflowed and multiple clashes occurred, with the vice president distancing herself from him during his presidential term.
In 2022, Cristina Kirchner was sentenced to 6 years in prison and perpetual disqualification from holding public office in the political corruption case known as
"Causa Vialidad" for fraudulent administration aggravated by presumably to have been committed to the detriment of the public administration. She, giving up the chance to be president, and qualifying the sentence as an attempt at
"lawfare" and defamation by the
hegemonic media, decided to support
Sergio Massa's candidacy for the 2023 elections; who lost again
Javier Milei.
Tacuarism
Tacuarism is an economically Third Positionist, culturally
reactionary and civically
authoritarian ideology based on the ideals of the Tacuara Nationalist Movement, an
insurrectional,
fascist,
Falangist and
neo-nazi heterogeneous political organization that brought together various ideological currents under the objective of establishing a
national-syndicalist state in Argentina. The Tacuaras spread a
Catholic,
anti-Semitic,
anti-communist,
anti-capitalist,
anti-oligarchic,
anti-imperialist and
anti-zionist platform that supported the fight against Judaism and the promotion of
Nacionalismo as their highest principles. They sought the formation of a "revolutionary aristocracy" that would establish a
third positionist,
corporatist,
militarist and
Catholic national-syndicalist system whose government, in opposition to the parliament and the electoral system, would be selected by chambers of labour, with a State that would control the strategic economic sectors without annulling private property.
Its members were originally active in the Unión Nacionalista de Estudiantes Secundarios (Nationalist Union of Secondary Students), a
third position student organization that was a branch of the
Nationalist Liberation Alliance. After separating from them due to their turn to Peronism and opposition to the
Church, they continued their criminal activities with the help of the nationalist sectors of the police and the Armed Forces, who saw in the group a youth force to stop the advance of the
"communist danger" in Argentine society.
As a political organization, the Tacuara Movement suffered multiple splits and divisions: the new militants were open supporters of Peronism,
left-wing ideologies and
anarchist ideologies
, and many leaders of the movement began a process of ideological transformation towards adverse positions. The two main factions were represented by the priest
Julio Meinvielle and the French anthropologist and former member of the
Waffen-SS,
Jacques de Mahieu. Mahieu, a vehement supporter of the Peronist movement, encouraged many members of Tacuara to join the Peronist Resistance, a cause rejected by Meinvielle, who impetuously accused the original core of Tacuara of having been led astray by
"Marxist deviations" and criticized Peronism for remaining neutral with the international climate of the Cold War and refusing to support the
United States (the "lesser evil"), which according to him led to the indirect validation of the bloc of
"anti-Christian" nations composed of the
Soviet Union and its allies. Meinvielle then founded a parallel
ultra-nationalist,
ultra-Catholic and
anti-Semitic group baptized as the
"Nationalist Restoration Guard". Shortly after,
Dardo Cabo also separated from the movement and founded the
New Argentina Movement, one of the first right-wing Peronist formations. The biggest rupture, however, was that of the sector headed by
Joe Baxter and
José Luis Nell, who structured the
Tacuara Nationalist Revolutionary Movement and migrated towards left-wing nationalist ideals close to
Marxism, acquiring an
anti-capitalist and
anti-Catholic profile, in opposition to anti-Semitism and with an important connection with the
left-wing sectors of Peronism that would later form
FAR-Montoneros.
Tacuara began its decline with the exit of a large part of its members to organizations of the extreme right and
left of Peronism. Baxter founded the
People's Revolutionary Army (ERP), Nell joined
FAR-Montoneros, Cabo joined the
Vandorist movement, while other members ended up collaborating with the
Triple A and the
military dictatorship in the 70's. Formally, the Tacuara Nationalist Movement ceased to operate in 1966.
Biondinism
Biondinism is a far-right, Fourth Positionist and culturally
traditionalist ideology based on the ideas of
Alejandro Biondini, his son
César Biondini and his political parties,
New Triumph and
Federal Patriot Front. It is of
anti-Zionist,
orthodox Peronist,
nacionalista,
ultranationalist,
ultraconservative,
militarist,
anti-communist,
anti-feminist,
anti-LGBT and
anti-globalization ideals, and, although it has been denied on multiple occasions by Biondini himself and his supporters, it is often described as
neo-Nazi,
neo-fascist,
reactionary and
antisemite by the press.
Biondini and his followers claim to identify with
Juan Manuel de Rosas and
the Federals. They propose the rejection of any boundary treaty with neighboring countries that has resulted in the surrender of territory (implying belligerent positions with bordering nations, specifically
Chile), the reconstitution of the armed forces, the illegalization of same-sex marriage and
abortion, compulsory military service,
zero tolerance for crime,
claiming the state of Palestine as legitimate,
expulsion of the
Israeli embassy,
breaking relations with the
United Kingdom until full sovereignty over the
Falkland Islands is obtained and an
anti-liberal and
Christian nationalist economic order that places the state as a rector of the private life of people and of the economy, which it would control for the "common good". They are opposed to
Kirchnerism and describe themselves as
'Peronists of Perón': adhering to populist measures such as increased public spending and the nationalization of public service companies that reside in hands of the private sector, but mixing them with other orthodox ones as a high reduction in taxes.
The New Triumph Party emerged in 1990 as a derivation of another group founded by Biondini: National Alert, a division of the
Justicialist Party that eventually disintegrated. The party was originally called the
"Nationalist Workers' Party" with the intention of copying the name of the
Nazi Party (German National Socialist Workers' Party). Biondini tried to obtain legal status on multiple occasions, until it was definitively denied by the Supreme Court and the organization ended up dissolving in 2009. The Federal Patriot Front (originally called the
Patriot Front Neighborhood Flag), on the other hand, achieved definitive legal status and participated in some presidential elections after merging with other political parties.
Menemism
Menemism is an economically center-right to right-wing and culturally conservative ideology that comes from the policies of Carlos Menem in his two terms (1989-1995 and 1995-1999). It would be represented first in the
FREJUPO (Frente Justicialista de Unidad Popular) (1989) (Popular Unity Justicialist Front) and then in the
Frente por la Lealtad (2003) (Front for Loyalty) as an internal current of Peronism in the JP (Justicialist Party). As an ideology it has been defined as
"neoliberal",
"neopopulist",
nationalist liberal,
right-wing populist and
conservative by different Argentine media. Political figures who currently call themselves Menemists are
Miguel Pichetto and his party
Encuentro Republicano Federal (Federal Republic Encounter),
Martín Menem, among others.
Menemism can be summarized in the following economic and social tenets:
Adherence to the economic measures proposed in the
Washington Consensus;
Trade opening, tariff reduction and economic globalization;
Fiscal balance (sometimes in practice, sometimes just in theory), state reduction and strategic privatizations (a majority of them related to prebendary businessmen and corruption);
Deregulation of the economy and price freedom;
A theoretical "anti-imperialism" (with
pro-western positions anyway) and a
subtle conservatism;
Political pragmatism.
Taking stock of both presidential periods, public spending went from 30 to 33 points of GDP, also increasing the fiscal deficit, primary spending, public debt (external and internal), unemployment and poverty rates. Inflation would be one of the strongest points, being contained and relegated to almost zero levels.
Menem's Presidency (1989-1999)
Menem ran for president, along with Eduardo Duhalde, after defeating the other presidential ticket of the PJ composed of
Antonio Cafiero and
José Manuel de la Sota. Under the promise of a "salariazo" (general increase in salaries) and a
"productive revolution", he was supported by other sectors of
Peronism and
syndicalism, winning in the first round and surpassing the radical
Eduardo Angeloz. Once his victory was consummated, Menem assumed the presidency five months earlier than stipulated due to the resignation of the then-president
Raúl Alfonsín, consequence of the deep hyperinflation that was plaguing the economy. Seeking to solve the situation and straighten out the economic outlook, the elected president then meets with Bunge & Born, an Argentine economic board, and appoints
Miguel Ángel Roig (general executive vice president of the corporation) as his minister of economy. He would suddenly die before carrying out his financial plan, the
"BB" Plan (inspired by the economic postulates of
Lawrence Klein); this would force Menem to replace him with
Néstor Rapanelli.
With Rapanelli in charge, the Menemist government partially adheres to the measures outlined by John Williamson in the
Washington Consensus, achieving the unblocking of
World Bank credits and managing to convince the entity to support the privatization of several state companies under the State Reform Law, approved in August 1989. The first privatizations were those of the telephone company Entel (with which the Argentine telephone service was modernized, increasing its popularity) and Aerolíneas Argentinas (Argentinian Airlines), followed by the road network,
television channels (except ATC), most of the railway networks and Gas del Estado (State Gas). Despite the economic income provided by privatizations, a second hyperinflationary cycle couldn't be avoided, causing Rapanelli to be replaced by
Antonio Erman González. He, faced with a huge internal debt due to the discriminated issuance of public securities with high interest rates and non-payment to suppliers, would be the architect of the economic shock program
Plan Bonex (BONos EXternos) (Bonex Plan) (External Bonds). This price stabilization plan would consist of exchanging all fixed terms (plazos fijos) for state dollar bonds called "Bonex 89", which matured in 1999; also prohibiting banks from temporarily receiving deposits. Minister Erman, in his homonymous resolutions (Erman I, Erman II, etc) took multiple measures to accompany this process, liberalizing the exchange market, reducing monetary issuance, public spending and state personnel (suspending tenders, expenses and hiring), shrinking the state administrative apparatus, etc. The impact on Argentines with a fixed term was sharp and caused a general distrust in the people, who would begin to disbelieve in bank savings, as a prelude to the Corralito in 2001. Even so, inflation decreased and was contained, and a surplus was reached in trade balance.
Erman González finally submitted his resignation in 1991, after the corruption scandal popularly known as "Swiftgate", in which he and
Emir Yoma, presidential advisor and brother-in-law of Menem, were involved. It was a complaint presented by the Swift-Armour refrigeration company to the United States embassy (which Ambassador
Terence Todman supported in a note dedicated to the Argentine government), in which they alleged the reception of requests for bribes so that the state would expedite the release of taxes on the company's products.
Domingo Cavallo would take the reins of the Ministry of Economy by establishing the convertibility law, a scheme that would mark the parity of the dollar with a new currency: the "convertible" peso, which would eliminate the austral from circulation. Liberal economic measures similar to the
Washington Consensus would be expanded, highlighting a generalized opening to foreign trade with the reduction of
tariffs, quotas and import prohibitions; more privatizations of public companies (related to Menemist corruption, but they had positive effects on electrical, telephone, water and sewage services; while having detrimental ones on railway transport), the reorganization of the tax system and a temporary curtailment of the state; the
industry, however, would be punished by low salaries and high
taxes, which would favor cheap foreign products. In this period the
AFJPs would be established for the reform of the retirement system and the economy would remain stable with the disinflation process linked to positive indicators in terms of economic growth, foreign investment, poverty, etc- Unemployment rates, regardless, would continue to rise, trade deficit would emerge and the fiscal deficit would reappear due to the Tequila Crisis in
Mexico. This would not overshadow, anyway, the results of Cavallo's management and Menem's presidency, which would lead him to win the 1995 elections in the first round, defeating
José Octavio Bordón, of the party
PAIS (Política Abierta para la Integridad Social) (Country, Open Policy for Social Integrity).
After the re-election of Menem in 1995 with Carlos Ruckauf as vice president, Cavallo would continue as head of the Ministry of Economy, facing the consequences of the Tequila Effect with high unemployment and underemployment rates, a deindustrialized economy (situation that would be aggravated after he authorized an increase in the internal VAT of 16% to 21%) and other factors that led to the government taking external debt. The first crisis of the second Menemist period would then come, which would last from 1995 to 1997, as a result of the depreciation of the
Brazilian Real and other currencies; and also due to the
1997 Asian financial crisis. In the midst of this event, Cavallo would be replaced by the then president of the
Central Bank,
Roque Fernández, who would take office in 1996 to mitigate unemployment.
After an entire year in economic recession, activity would grow again, leaving the Mexican crisis behind. Privatizations would continue, this time of Correo Argentino, Aeropuertos Argentinos 2000 and YPF; unemployment would fall in 1997 and the economy would continue its upward trend until 1999, receiving a hard blow with the second crisis of convertibility in 1998-1999, that happened within the devaluation of the ruble in Russia and the
Samba effect. From this moment on, unemployment rates deepened and the economic recession worsened due to the public debt resulting from the fiscal deficit accumulated since 1995, a problem that would extend until 2001 with the social outbreak in the presidency of
Fernando de la Rúa (who would win the elections against Duhalde in 1999 and appoint Cavallo as his economy minister, the future structurer of the Corralito). Convertibility would end in 2002, under the presidency of
Eduardo Duhalde.
In the 2003 elections, Menem would run for president alongside Juan Carlos Romero, seeking the "re-re-election". He would secure a victory in the first round, but finding himself disadvantaged in the runoff and with a predicted defeat, he would end up relegating, leaving
Néstor Kirchner as president.
Federal Peronism ![](//static.miraheze.org/polcompballwiki/6/65/FedPeron-Alt.png)
Federal Peronism, also called Dissident Peronism, is a term used to describe a heterogeneous and oscillating group of non-Kirchnerist leaders who are allied under a
federal profile. It is economically variable (with
nationalist/developmentalist,
fiscally conservative,
social democratic and
Third Way factions), culturally
progressive conservative (with conservative factions) and civically statist.
It originates in the 2003 elections under the so-called "neolemmas law", which allowed three PJ candidates to run in the general elections to compete against each other, presenting themselves in practice as if they were part of different parties:
Néstor Kirchner (Front for Victory),
Carlos Menem (Front for Loyalty) and
Adolfo Rodríguez Saá (Popular Movement Front). After Néstor Kirchner won the elections, an opposition Peronism would be formed, with two predominant factions established around Menem and Saá.
The Federal PJ would end up breaking up in 2019, after the dissolution of
Alternativa Federal (an alliance that brought together figures such as
Miguel Pichetto,
Sergio Massa,
Juan Schiaretti,
Juan Urtubey, etc), with Pichetto running as vice president of Mauricio Macri in the elections of the same year, Massa joining the Frente de Todos to be part of the future government of
Alberto Fernández and Urtubey doing the same with
Consenso Federal, supporting
Roberto Lavagna.
Federal Peronism persists today through parties such as
Encuentro Republicano Federal,
Hacemos por Nuestro País and ideological currents such as the
"peronismo cordobés" (Peronism of Córdoba).
Orthodox Peronism
Orthodox Peronism, also called National Justicialism, mainly refers to the right-wing sector of Peronism fervently opposed to
la Tendencia and any other Marxist or
left-wing interpretation of Peron's ideas, sticking to the traditional bases of the movement and reaffirming a
Third Position distanced from both the socioeconomic systems of the
United States (Capitalism) and the
Soviet Union (Communism). It has a culturally
ultra-conservative profile and defends a
national-syndicalist and
corporatist system similar to the first Peronism, but turning more openly to
fascism and incorporating some ideas of a
neoliberal nature while appealing to
right-wing populist rhetoric to justify ideological aspects like
anti-Semitism and conspiracy theories related to a
"Marxist synarchy". It also strongly adheres to the fundamentalism of the 20 Peronist Truths and advocates a "revisionist" nationalism in its historical reading.
As an ideology it was strongly verticalist in the Peronist Resistance, rejecting both the revolutionary and leftist currents of Peronism and the more "dialoguist" (in favor of negotiating with dictatorships and the radical civil governments until the return of Perón, such as Vandorism) or reconciling sectors of Neoperonism, maintaining an unrestricted loyalty to Perón. After participating as a fundamental
faction in syndicalism during the Peronist Resistance,
orthodox Peronism would take on great importance in Perón's third term and in the subsequent presidency of
Isabel Perón with
José López Rega.
Tendencia Revolucionaria
"Tendencia Revolucionaria" (Revolutionary Tendency) or Revolutionary Peronism is the name given to the leftist and insurrectional sector of Peronism, formed gradually between the 60s and 70s. With economically left to extreme left (factions) and culturally progressive stances, it interprets Peronism as a nationalist variant of
Christian socialism molded to the Argentine cultural context and advocates
armed struggle and other
combative stances – such as the planting of bombs known as "caños" –, as legitimate strategies for its defense. It is also of a strong nationalist,
anti-imperialist and
anti-oligarchic thought, holding national liberation and the construction of a
"nationalist socialism" as its main objectives.
La Tendencia gained importance during the Peronist resistance period, fighting for the return of Perón and facing the civil-military dictatorships prior to Héctor Cámpora's government, with whom they also established a strong relationship in his government by promoting the creation of agrarian and educational reforms, the rise in real wages, industrialization of the interior of the country and the union of Argentina to the
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). Due to its leftist and radical ideology, his followers began to be attacked by the most
"orthodox" sectors of Peronism, culminating in the infamous "Ezeiza massacre", an event that corresponds to Peron's definitive return to Argentina and implied the repression and death of multiple revolutionary Peronists at the hands of "Orthodox" armed groups.
La Tendencia was composed of Montoneros and
FAR, as core guerrilla organizations, and also by others terrorist formations, such as the
Peronist Armed Forces and the
Uturuncos.
Triple A
The "Triple A" (Argentine Anticommunist Alliance) was a far-right parapolice terrorist organization of fascist,
Peronist (but some of its leaders, such as
Alberto Villar and
Luis Margaride, were
anti-Peronists),
traditionalist and
anti-communist ideals that arose in Argentina during the third presidency of Perón, and in the subsequent government of
Isabel Perón, after
José López Rega was appointed as Minister of Social Welfare under
Héctor Cámpora's term.
López Rega coordinated the Triple A with the help of Villar (who was responsible for converting the original organization of López Rega into a parastatal death squad), Margaride and others such as Julio Yessi,
Aníbal Gordon and
Juan Ramón Morales, with the aim of persecuting individuals classified as "zurdos" (
leftists, that ranged from members of
la Tendencia and
left-wing Peronists in general to
Marxists,
social democrats,
radicals,
LGBT people,
feminists and supporters of the
liberation theology). He had the support of Perón (although his exact level of involvement is debated, it is accepted that he was aware of the Triple A operations and even participated in the drafting and signing of a classified document declaring war against the "Marxist infiltrators" in the Peronist movement), the Italian anti-communist lodge
"Propaganda Due" and the
CIA, having solid contact with Ambassador
Robert Hill, and engaging with the Triple A in the perpetration of acts of terrorism, torture, and kidnappings corresponded to a process of "internal purification" in the Peronist movement. López Rega was also known as "el Brujo" (the Warlock) due to his affinity with
esotericism.
The activities of the Triple A began to dissipate when in 1975, after the resignation of López Rega due to the violent reactions to the economic plan of the then Minister of Economy Celestino Rodrigo (the "Rodrigazo", an economic adjustment plan that caused a huge rise in inflation and shortages, in addition to strong opposition from the unions), squadrons of grenadiers (of the Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers "General San Martín") raided the presidential headquarters and extracted an entire arsenal of weapons, forcing López Rega into exile in Spain after an emergency decree was signed to declare him an itinerant ambassador. With
Isabel Perón in solitude, the
National Reorganization Process proceeded and López Rega alternated destinations after multiple extradition requests until he finally surrendered in Miami, being arrested by FBI agents and dying in Argentina on June 9, 1982.
Syndicalist Peronism
"Syndicalist Peronism" or "union Peronism" is how the third branch of Peronism is called: the syndicalist, considered the backbone of the movement. It is an ambiguous current, but predominantly left-wing economically (identified with
anarcho-syndicalism and
revolutionary syndicalism) and socially progressive. It revolves around the figure of
Juan Domingo Perón as the "first worker", defending the union of the workforce, the establishment of unions that protect the interests of workers and a state that guarantees the rights of workers as a fundamental part of
Peronism.
It finds its roots in the nationalist-laborist expression (to which union leaders such as
Alcides Montiel,
Lucio Bonilla and
Cipriano Reyes joined) that preceded Peronism and in the alliance that the unified CGT (after the intervention and dissolution of the CGT No. 2 for supporting communist ideals considered "extreme") sought with the pro-union sectors of the military government of the Revolution of '43, and has been substantial for the birth, maintenance and general structure of the movement; being mostly represented by the modern
CGT.
After an essential participation in the first government of Perón (promoting the October 17 march and the constitutional reform of '49, catapulting Evita to the vice presidency, forming a union state in Chaco, etc), Peronist syndicalism would receive a hard blow with the Liberating Revolution of 1955. Aramburu would intervene in the unions, replacing them with
anti-Peronist "comandos civiles ("civil commandos"); and after a failed "Congreso Normalizador" (Normalizing Congress), the CGT would suffer its first fracture, dividing into two groups:
62 Organizations: opposed to the dictatorship, of Peronist ideals and initially with communist members (who would later separate).
32 Democratic Guilds: of anti-Peronist and independent ideals, with radical and socialist members.
The regional CGT of Córdoba, which at that time was the only one over which its workers had control, would organize the historic "Programa de La Falda" (Program of La Falda) in 1957, where they would define the labor movement as favorable towards the
anti-imperialist ideas of the national liberation movements (aligned with the
NAM and the Third World) and as supporter of a
planned state economy with strong participation of unions. As a result of this, a new generation of Peronist syndicalist leaders would emerge, among whom were included:
Augusto Vandor (UOM),
Andrés Framini (AOT),
Amado Olmos (Health) and
Atilio López (Urban Collective Transport).
The national Peronist syndicalism, contained in the 62 Organizations, would be affected by another internal breakdown with Perón in exile:
Orthodox (called "authentic" in Córdoba): in favor of an internal vertical association (movement conducted by a leader),
traditionalist and intransigent that responds directly to Perón's ideas, rejecting dialogue with other syndicalist currents. Represented by the 62 standing with Perón and supported by Perón himself during his exile. Led by
José Alonso.
Legalists: opposed to orthodox verticalism,
moderate and
pragmatic, in favor of dialogue with other syndicalist currents and an institutional (legal) syndicalism independent of Perón. Represented by the "Loyal to Perón"/62 Vandorists and with an internal distinction between the
democratic legalists and the
Vandorists (collaborationists, participacionists and "dialogists" with the dictatorship, in favor of a Peronism without Perón with Vandor as leader). Led by
Augusto Vandor.
By 1963, after the political system collapsed with a coup against Arturo Frondizi, who had applied the
CONINTES (Internal State Commotion) plan to justify a repressive regime against
syndicalism and also defend himself from certain
left-wing guerrillas, the CGT would be normalized under the presidency of
Arturo Illia. He, however, would maintain a conflictive position with syndicalism; and when he was overthrown in 1966, the dictatorship of the
"Argentine Revolution" would receive support from both factions of the national CGT (which the CGT Córdoba would oppose), until another internal discord would occur, grouping
Peronist syndicalism into two main factions:
CGT-Azopardo:
pro-dictatorship (participationism and collaborationism with the military government), composed of
Vandorists,
orthodox Alonsists (from José Alonso) and
legalists of Córdoba
.
CGT of the Argentines:
anti-dictatorship (in favor of
social justice,
popular sovereignty and
national unity, rejecting any type of negotiation or cooperation with the dictatorship), composed of independent Ongarists (from
Raimundo Ongaro) and
orthodox/authentic of Córdoba
, in addition to well-known artists such as
Rodolfo Walsh.
Between 1969 and 1971, the Cordobazo and the Viborazo occurred, and Vandor was also murdered in the "Operation Judas." The idea of a "Peronism without Perón" would then be discarded, but collaborationist practices would persist within the Peronist syndicalist orthodoxy (mainly thanks to
Rogelio Coria) and the
62 Organizations would be unified under the leadership of
José Ignacio Rucci; with
Lorenzo Miguel remaining in charge of the UOM. The tensions between the different factions of the CGT Córdoba would not cease, however.
Legalists and
independents (not-Peronists leftists) would finally reach an agreement to which the
orthodox would not adhere, withdrawing to approach the national Peronist syndicalism and leaving the CGT Córdoba in the hands of legalist pluralism and independent "combativismo" ("combativism"). Rucci and Miguel would then ally themselves with the orthodox in the hope of unifying all the workers' confederations into a single CGT, counting on the adhesion of the workers of the dissolved
Sitrac-Sitram ("clasistas" or "classist" unions of Córdoba, of the revolutionary left, opposed to the dictatorship and from the Concord and Materfer companies).
Rucci would be assassinated by Montoneros in 1973 in the "Operation Traviata", and with Perón in his third presidency, the government would persecute combative and revolutionary syndicalism. Perón would reform the union laws to establish a central, vertical and unified syndicalism while the conflict between
orthodox and
legalists persisted, which would lead to a campaign of terror by the
Peronist Right (mainly the
Triple A and finally to the Navarrazo. With the other syndicalist currents persecuted, the orthodox would gain control of the CGT until Perón's death in 1974, when
Isabel Perón would take over and discard the union policy of the
Social Pact to implement the Rodrigazo. Syndicalist Peronism would respond with multiple strikes, the situation calming down only with the appointment of
Antonio Cafiero as Minister of Economy; while the
large business groups, on the other hand, would call for an employer lock-out that promoted forms of
"economic subversion".[10]
With the National Reorganization Process in control of the country, union leaders would be either disappeared or arrested and the unions would be intervened, while José Martínez de Hoz carried out an
anti-syndicalist and gradualist economic plan inspired partially by the
Chicago School and other
neoliberal tendencies. Collective bargaining was suspended and labor rights were settled, with the CGT intervening and forcing syndicalism to reorganize into two sectors:
Confrontationism: confronted to the dictatorship, concentrated in the Commission of "the 25" and then in the CUTA (Conducción Única de los Trabajadores Argentinos) (Single Leadership of Argentine Workers) and the CGT-Brasil. Led by
Saúl Ubaldini.
Dialoguism: in favor of dialoguing and negotiating with the dictatorship, concentrated in the CNT and then in the CGT-Azopardo. Led by
Jorge Triaca Sr.
The CGT, having joined the ICFTU (International Confederation of Free Trade Unions), received help from this organization and from others such as the
WCL (World Confederation of Labor). However, the
WFTU (World Federation of Trade Unions) would remain neutral in this regard due to the strong commercial relationship between the
Soviet Union and the military dictatorship of
Jorge Videla and
Roberto Viola.
The CGT-Brazil, despite its anti-dictatorship stance, would support the Falklands War under a patriotic vision, until the defeat and fall of the military government; it would then be that both
CGT (Brasil and Azopardo) would carry out a historic general strike to demand democratic elections. This would finally be achieved in 1983, with the victory of Alfonsín, who as a campaign strategy would denounce a "military-union" pact and oppose the Peronist unions in his presidency, sending a union law without consulting the Peronist syndicalism. The unions would respond with 13 consecutive strikes, forcing him to negotiate with them.
With Menem's victory in 1989, the CGT, surprised by its economic turnaround, would divide into a total of 4 groups:
Syndicalist Menemism: in favor of Menem's liberal measures and cooperating with him. Led by
Luis Barrionuevo.
The Fat Ones: in favor of negotiating without confronting him openly. Composed by service unions who today support
Héctor Daer.
MTA-Moyano: in favor of confronting him without breaking the CGT. Led by
Hugo Moyano,
Alicia Castro y
Juan Manuel Palacios in the MTA (Movimiento de los Trabajadores Argentinos) (Argentine Workers Movement), which would later be divided into the MTA-Moyano and Núcleo del MTA (MTA's Core).
The CTA: in favor of confronting him by creating a new union center. Led by Peronist-christians who created the CTA (Argentine Workers' Central Union), which in the future would be divided into the CTA-A (Autonomous, "maintaining" the autonomy of the CTA, led by
Hugo Godoy) and the CTA-T (Workers, with kirchnerist ideals, led by
Hugo Yasky)
All these historical currents (except the MTA) would be maintained from the Kirchnerist presidencies, also emerging the trend of "Aligned to Moyano" (from the leadership of Hugo and
Pablo Moyano).
Libertarian Peronism ![](//static.miraheze.org/polcompballwiki/8/88/LeftBertPron.png)
Libertarian Peronism is an umbrella term that encompasses the most anti-authoritarian and anti-bureaucratic expressions of the Peronist movement that claim the libertarian filaments of Perón, as a "driver of disorder" and supporter of the "state as a slave of the people", and adhere to his ideas under pragmatic reasons. Although it is usually used for satirical purposes, it is a term that can be attributed to the most radical Menemists such as Jorge Castro and left-wing libertarians such as
Horacio González and multiple members of
la Tendencia. It can be summarized in three main trends:
Right-Wing Libertarian Peronism,
Left-Wing Libertarian Peronism and
Anarcho-Peronism.
Right-Wing Libertarian Peronism is an economically center-right (wants a kind of
social market economy) and culturally
syncretic internal current of Peronism proposed by
Daniel Montoya that defends the use of the Peronist political structure and movement for the expansion of
libertarianism in Argentina. It seeks to join both
libertarian and
classical liberal movements as a kind of "Peronist leg" and transfer Peronist militants to them. Libertarian Peronism opposes
Kirchnerism and the
Tendencia Revolucionaria, and derives from a moderate sector of
orthodox Peronism, of affinity with
Menemism. It supports a tax cut on the working class, the reduction of the state in favor of the expulsion of the
"political caste" and the fight against corruption, the liberalization of the external market to attract foreign capital and the shortening of regulations in the economy to facilitate the development of SMEs (Small and medium-sized enterprises), while maintaining certain regulations.
Peronism of Córdoba
"Peronismo Cordobés" (Peronism of Córdoba), also known as cordobesismo, is a regional current of Peronism that emerged in Córdoba in 1999, with the victory of José Manuel de la Sota in the provincial elections, which would begin an uninterrupted 24-year alternation between him and
Juan Schiaretti. Although at first it maintained a political friendship with Néstor Kirchner, the movement would become contrary to
Kirchernism after the "agrarian crisis" of 2008 [11], distancing itself to forge its own identity and carry out successful mandates in Córdoba that are currently continued by
Martín Llaryora.
As an ideology it strongly adheres to the postulates of the Third Way, adopting an "anti-grieta" profile ("la grieta" refers to the political rift or chasm in Argentina) and encompassing positions from the center-left to the center-right, united under a federal ideal. It defends
social justice and ideological plurality, believing in the common good, the strengthening of the provinces and a
social market economy. It can be summarized in the following tenets:
Defense of the provinces: seeks to eliminate arbitrary benefits to Buenos Aires and equalize its conditions with the interior of the country.
Synthesis between individual freedom and social justice
: a balance between the individual and the common good, with a State that intervenes only to activate the market and support social progress.
Productive and industrial development with fiscal surplus
.
Investment in public education: larger budget in higher education, public universities and kindergartens.
Personality
Peronism is very formal, pragmatic and patriotic and you will see him boasting about the greatness of Argentina in every possible aspect. He praises General Perón whenever he can, has a picture of
Evita in his fridge and usually mocks
radicals (except for Balbín). He loves animals (mainly poodles), sports like football (his favourite teams are Boca Juniors and Racing) and fencing, asado, mate, tango, the potato pie,
fiscal deficit and everything that is "national and popular".
He is usually calm, but will lose his composure at the slightest comparison with Nazis and harbors a deep hatred for
English people, whom he usually calls "pirates" and insults because of the
Malvinas. He can't stand
gorillas and detests
"Yankee" imperialism.
Every October 17 he has a schizophrenic attack in which he accuses Menemism,
Kirchnerism and the rest of his children of not being true Peronists and not following the doctrine.
How to Draw
Drawing Peronism requires a few steps:
- Draw a ball
- Draw a Light-blue line and fill the right part with the same color and the left part with white.
- Draw the Justicialist symbol
- Add the eyes, and you're done!
Color Name | HEX | RGB | |
---|---|---|---|
Light-blue | #74ACDF | 116, 172, 223 | |
White | #FFFFFF | 255, 255, 255 |
Relationships
Friends
Political Cultism - ¡VIVA PERÓN!
Illiberal Democracy - Democracy is good...
as long as I'm the one to get electedPopulism - We need support from our folks, whatever the cost!
Nationalism - For an Argentine, there is nothing better than another Argentine.
Social Authoritarianism - I like where this is going...
Progressive Conservatism - See? This is the kind of thinking I like. I'm also skeptic about those
postmodern savages, but societies need to progress.
Feminism - "The time has come for the woman who thinks, judges, rejects or accepts, and the time has died for the woman who assists, bound and powerless, in the capricious political elaboration of her country's destiny".
Corporatism - My main economic system.
Industrialism - We need a strong national industry.
Protectionism - We have to protect the national industry.
Just forget about.Menem
Regulationism - Capital must be put at the service of the economy, and the economy at the service of social well-being.
Anti-Communism &
Anti-Capitalism - "I am not a supporter of capitalism or communism".
Syndicalism - Thank you for basically helping me build my entire movement, we both want to dignify work.
Just ignore the fact thatMenem betrayed you.
National Syndicalism - Friend, is it possible that I am looking in a mirror?
Christian Nationalism - "Justicialism is a new philosophy of life: simple, practical, of the common people, and profoundly Christian and humanist."
I broke relations with theCatholic Church in my second government, though.
Welfare Chauvinism - "Keeping books on social aid is capitalistic nonsense".
Communitarianism - An organized community!
Eco-Nationalism &
Eco-Authoritarianism - "We must protect our natural resources tooth and nail from the voracity of international monopolies that seek them to feed an absurd type of industrialization and development in the high-tech centers where the market economy rules".
Longism - Pretty much my American equivalent.
National Distributism - It seems that there is no disagreement of any kind between us, a pleasure to consider you an ally.
Francoism - He let me spend my exile in his country.
Falangism - "Justicialism and Falangism are the same thing separated only by space."
Kakistocracy - I appointed my third wife who didn't even get middle education as vice president. What can possibly go wrong?
Frenemies
Guevarism - Good friend, but what's all this foco stuff?
Left-Social Democracy - "...estos aventureros marxistas están entrando en el gobierno, ¡este es un gobierno de putos y de aventureros!".
Social Democracy - I like labor parties, though they seem to be very mild when compared to me.
Paternalistic Conservatism - I liked the Tories back when they actually cared about the common man.
Libertarian Paternalism - Believe me...I was not referring to this when I said that the state was a slave of the people.
Social Economy - Well, yes, I practice a social economy, but I didn't mean this either.
Capitalism - I don't despise you, but you have to be really well-controlled by powerful unions, labor laws, tariffs, etc... and pay lots of taxes.
Socialism - Too far, private property is unbreakable.
Left-Wing Populism - Too much left-wing for my tastes, other than my Kirchnerist side.
Fascism - Well, I don't approve your totalitarian demeanor, but you could say I took some inspiration from you. Mussolini was a great man who knew what he wanted.
Nazism - Thanks for all the gold and talented refugees such as Skorzeny, but why the antisemitism?
Esoteric Fascism - I harbor you, but you really scare me.
Don't look up José López Rega.National Capitalism - I supported Stroessner in the Paraguayan civil war of 1947, sheltered Skorzeny, and he in return saved my life in 1955!
but Videla instead overthrew me in 1976.National Bolshevism - I don't know exactly what you are, but Joe Baxter was a fantastic guy, he seemed capable of making the revolution alone.
Left-Wing Nationalism - We're pretty similar, but you want to establish socialism instead of just limiting capitalism and nationalizing certain services. Also, you should stop putting bombs everywhere.
Totalitarianism - People keep confusing me with you. No, I am not a dictator, I'm a conductor.
Caudillismo - For the last time, I'm not a dictator, I'm a CONDUCTOR. Know the difference!
Socialism of the 21st Century - My
Menemist side wants to kill you, but my
Kirchnerist side loves you. A bit conflicting, to say the least...
Classical Liberalism - Well, I'm a classical, but not a liberal by any means.
Keynesian School - Useful theories, but I'm not a Keynesian.
Neoliberalism - Disgraceful globalists, you destroyed Argentina!!!
I'll only tolerate you because my Memenist side likes you and I can use you if it's convenient, ¡PERO LAS MALVINAS SON ARGENTINAS!Progressivism - ¡Progres!
Mileism - I mean, yes, you are one of those
libertarados, but you really capture the rebellious spirit of peronism. Just mature and make a good presidency, chango, but know with precision that without an economic plan you are going to get depressed soon.
Anti-Centrism - I know my party has meant and means a lot of different things, but we're not that extreme.
Nacionalismo - My... let's say, antiquated father. I started as his secretary of labor before rising above him.
National Liberalism - On my federalist side you are alright, I guess. At least you are a sovereignist.
Allendism - "If you want to do as Allende, then look how it goes for Allende. One has to be calm."
Pinochetism - Well, I in fact supported you, but you're pro-imperialist.
White Nationalism - Now, I'm not a racist. All I'm saying is that, unlike Mexicans, who came from the Indians, and Brazilians, who came from the jungle, we Argentinians came from boats from Europe.
Enemies
American Model &
Marxism - Ni yanquis ni marxistas, ¡peronistas!
Neoconservatism - YOU RUINED MY COUNTRY [Censored]!
Authoritarian Capitalism - Right-wing dictatorships destroyed our country.
Austrian School - Your ideas don't correspond to reality. Grow up, economically you are in a...awkward age.
Conservative Liberalism - No more oligarchies and agro-export model!!
British Imperialism - England? Disgraceful. Just go away, PIRATES.
Yankee Imperialism - BRADEN, YOU IMPERIALIST SCUM!
Libertarianism - You want to go back to
laissez-faire capitalism and reduce the power of unions. Also quit calling me
socialist!
Radicalism - You are the only one who can stop me from winning the elections.
I will never forget that hug with Balbín, though.Anti-Peronism - GORILLAS!
Indigenism - ¡Balas originarias para esos pueblos originarios!
Macrism - ¡¡MACRI GATO!! YOU GOT US IN DEBT FOR 100 YEARS.
Lennonism - "I don't like the Beatles! No! Please! How am I going to like those hideous long-haired men!? How am I going to like those troglodyte squabs!?".
Democratic Socialism - "Enough chatter! You are going through the clouds of Úbeda!"
.Women - My dear Fabiola, I'm sorry, but I had a difficult day...*BEATS THE SHIT OUT OF HER*
Further Information
Literature
- Organized Community by
Juan Domingo Perón
- La razón de mi vida (My mission in life) by
Manuel Penella de Silva (translated by Ethel Cherry)
- Juan Perón: The Life of the People's Colonel by Jill Hedges
- Peron, a biography by Joseph Page
- Eva Perón, the myths of a woman by Julie Taylor
- Juan Perón and the reshaping of Argentina by Frederick Turner
- Peronism Is Fascism by Judas and Zoltanous
Wikipedia
Peronism
- Justicialist Party
Juan Perón
Eva Perón
Isabel Perón
Orthodox Peronism
Federal Peronism
Renovation Peronism/Peronist Renovation
Neo-Peronism/Vandorism
Menemism
New Triumph Party & Patriot Front
Kirchnerism
Tendencia Revolucionaria
Triple A
Female Peronist Party
General Confederation of Labour (CGT)
- Descamisado
- Hands of Perón
- Ezeiza massacre
- Expulsion of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo
- Huemul Project
- Railway nationalisation in Argentina
- Five-Year Plans of Argentina
Attempted assassination of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
Website
Videos
- What is Peronism? by BadEmpanada
- Evita and Juan Perón: Argentina’s Power Couple by Biographics
- Power to the People: Peronism by Latin American Studies
- How Did ARGENTINA'S Long CRISIS Begin? by VisualPolitik
- LA ECONOMÍA PERONISTA | APOGEO Y CRISIS - 1/2 by Los Herederos de Alberdi (Spanish)
- LA ECONOMÍA PERONISTA | SALIDA DE LA CRISIS - 2/2 by Los Herederos de Alberdi (Spanish)
Notes
Gallery
- ↑ https://youtu.be/KsLcCau2-Sg
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigazo
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelly_Rivas
- ↑ Not kidding, she dropped out after 5th grade of school.
- ↑ Another Peronist who did not finish primary school.
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intransigent_Party
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Argentina)
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_and_Development_Movement
- ↑ https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/indec-case-guillermo-moreno-sentenced-to-3-years-imprisonment-and-6-year-disqualification-from-public-office.phtml
- ↑ https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/argentina/140275186/economic-subversion-law-20840---derogation---full-text-of-the-norm.html
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Argentine_agrarian_strike